Author(s): Kushal Nandi

Abstract: Within the last decade, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, has been increasingly diagnosed, studied, and treated. Emerging research suggests that the condition is not as rare as once believed; rather, it often remains unrecognized due to overlapping symptoms with other psychiatric disorders. DID is widely understood as a trauma-related condition, frequently associated with severe childhood abuse and conceptualized as a chronic dissociative form of post-traumatic stress disorder. This study examines the etiology, symptomatology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment approaches associated with DID, along with the historical controversies surrounding its classification. Individuals with DID typically exhibit two or more distinct personality states, each with its own memories, behaviors, and identity characteristics, leading to significant disruptions in functioning and continuity of self. Despite challenges in diagnosis, the disorder shows a favourable prognosis when managed through intensive and long-term psychotherapy conducted by experienced clinicians. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of DID and highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions.

Keywords: Dissociative Identity Disorder, Personality Disorder, Etiology, Diagnosis, Trauma, Psychotherapy.

Article Info: Received: 05 Mar 2026; Received in revised form: 03 Apr 2026; Accepted: 06 Apr 2026; Available online: 11 Apr 2026

DOI: 10.22161/ijels.112.61