Author(s): Gopinath Choudhury

Abstract: This review article examines the persistent barriers and emerging breakthroughs for women in Indian electoral politics, drawing on historical, social, economic, and institutional perspectives. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality, women have historically been underrepresented in legislative bodies, facing multifaceted obstacles including patriarchal norms, economic disparities, and party gatekeeping. The article traces the evolution from pre-independence feminist movements to contemporary reforms like the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which mandated reservations in local governance, and the stalled Women's Reservation Bill. A detailed literature review and analysis of empirical data highlight incremental progress, such as increased voter turnout among women and the rise of female leaders in state assemblies. Comparative tables illustrate disparities across elections, states, and policy impacts. Ultimately, the article argues for holistic strategies to dismantle structural inequalities and foster genuine gender parity in India's democracy.

Keywords: Women in politics, Indian electoral system, gender barriers, political reservations, feminist movements, representation gaps, voter mobilisation

Article Info: Received: 16 Jan 2025; Received in revised form: 18 Feb 2025; Accepted: 21 Feb 2025; Available online: 25 Feb 2025

DOI: 10.22161/ijels.101.43