Author(s): Richa, Dr. Sunita Yadav

Abstract: Rapid urbanization in India has led to the expansion of slum settlements marked by overcrowding, inadequate housing, poor sanitation, water scarcity, and limited access to healthcare services. These conditions collectively pose serious threats to the health and well-being of slum dwellers. The study employs a descriptive and analytical research design using primary data collected from 500 households through structured questionnaires. Major indicators analyzed include prevalence of vaccination coverage, maternal and child health practices, substance use, and social exclusion. Findings reveal that poor sanitation, open drainage, and water scarcity significantly contribute to the spread of waterborne and vector-borne diseases. Although polio vaccination coverage is universal, immunization for pneumonia and hepatitis remains inadequate, reflecting gaps in awareness and healthcare outreach. While institutional deliveries have increased due to government schemes, a substantial proportion of home births persists, exposing mothers and infants to avoidable risks. Economic vulnerability forces most households to depend on government hospitals, self-medication, or traditional healers, often delaying timely treatment. Alarmingly, nearly 45 percent of households reported fatalities due to financial constraints in accessing healthcare. Substance use, particularly tobacco and alcohol, is widespread, further aggravating health and economic stress. Poverty and unemployment emerged as the most critical challenges, underpinning poor housing, food insecurity, and health outcomes. The study underscores the need for integrated urban health policies focusing on strengthened primary healthcare, improved sanitation and water infrastructure, nutrition security, substance-abuse intervention, and inclusive social support systems.

Keywords: Urban Slums, Environmental Conditions, Health Outcomes, Healthcare Accessibility, Socio-Economic Vulnerability

Article Info: Received: 09 Jan 2025; Received in revised form: 08 Feb 2026; Accepted: 11 Feb 2026; Available online: 15 Feb 2026

DOI: 10.22161/ijels.111.49