Author: Regie S. Edduba

Abstract: The study examined the role and effectiveness of Bodong Holders in the indigenous conflict resolution system of the Kalinga ethnolinguistic groups. For centuries, the Bodong system played a crucial role in resolving disputes, maintaining peace, and promoting social cohesion within and between Kalinga ethnolinguistic groups. The Bodong is based on a bilateral peace pact and represents a sacred covenant of non-aggression maintained by the wisdom and authority of the Bodong holders, who are considered guardians of the system. Despite its historical significance, current challenges such as evolving societal disputes, legal complexities, and resource limitations pose significant obstacles to the effectiveness of the system. These challenges, coupled with the limited literature on the effectiveness and challenges faced by Bodong Holders, require a closer examination of their crucial role in resolving disputes and maintaining community harmony. This study aimed to address this gap by examining how Bodong Holders deal with disputes, maintain their legitimacy, and address the challenges that affect their ability to mediate effectively.

Keywords: Bodong system, Indigenous conflict resolution, Kalinga natives, Bodong holders, Restorative justice, Pagta (by-laws), Tribal disputes

Article Info: Received: 01 Jul 2025; Received in revised form: 30 Jul 2025; Accepted: 03 Aug 2025; Available online: 08 Aug 2025

DOI: 10.22161/ijels.104.51