The Role of the Infographic in the Electronic Portals of Egypt's National Press in Dealing with the Economic Development

The study deals with the qualitative analysis of the infographic in three electronic portals of the Egypt's national press. It focuses on the utilizing the infographic in dealing with economic development. One of the study's outcomes is that the superficial addressing of such issues counts on just statistics and figures without analyzing or explaining. The sample websites depended on the government sources of information only and used the infographic for advertising the attitudes of the government. Keywords— Electronic press portals, Egypt's national press, Economic development, Infographic.


INTRODUCTION
These days, the Egyptian economy is going through many major problems that require suggestion of solutions on the part of all institutions. This study does not mean to highlight the problems in detail or make accusations against any institutions as the details are overwhelming and would consume much time. Rather, currently every citizen should start with themselves contributing to the economic development according to the economic liberal vision that postulates that individualism is a means to an end, and the end is the good and flourishment of the society.
Reforming individuals is the main mission of the economic media which is seen as figures, statistics and complicated equations by people. In order to rectify this concept, the information of the economic development should be presented in an attractive and simple way, and also should be presented in various forms so that all types of people can be satisfied in the age of the digital media which expose people to visual materials more than written ones. And because people always prefer visual materials, the infographic becomes more important in terms of simplifying the economic information.

Conceptual Framework:
Previous studies, Researches, Foreign studies

Study of Kaleyn Godoy, 2015
This study illustrates how the infographic addresses a huge burning over a wide area in Arizona State in 2013. Nineteen firemen were killed in that burning. The study presents a general view of the process used for designing that infographic as it summarizes the techniques of collecting data and giving pictures in a better way. Based on that, the study has given some details on the opportunities of the future design related to that topic.

The Study of Siricharoen, 2015
The objective of the study is defining the meaning of infographic and its usages, types and interactive effects. Also, the study has discussed the importance of the components of the infographic especially pictures, colors and designs. It presents information in a lovely attractive way. The study evaluates the infographic based on what it displays, its components and the types of pictures used in it.

The study of Dick,2014
The study aims at knowing the practices of making the interactive infographic in the news websites in the UK. In

The study of Milatz, 2013
The study has worked on discovering the impact of the interactive infographic on the user's memory, and the researcher carried out experiments as a tool of identifying the types of effect (fixed, interactive, timetable) on recalling information. One of the experiments was an infographic of the map of Europe displaying the German immigration. 122 German speakers were involved in that experiment, and the outcome was that there was no correlation between interactive infographic and the overall recovery of the information and timetables proved to be less effective in recalling the information.

The study of Giardina& Medina, 2012
The study aimed at identifying the impact of the infographic and disseminating it to the work departments of the media companies. Relying on some infographic models of those published on New York Times; both the electronic and the printed, the way it is used, its effect on the activities of the media organizations, analyzing 50 infographic models and having interviews with the designers, the study discovered that developing the interactive infographic requires setting up special departmentsto work independently and improve the abilities of the newspapers' readership.

The study of Maren, 2011
The study examined the history of the infographic, its types, and how it was used in British newspapers and magazines. The study handled five daily newspapers and two weekly magazines for two weeks. The outcome was that the infographic was used more in the newspapers than the magazines, and it is utilized to simplify complicated analysis, reinforce long stories and give an aesthetic appearance to the page.

Researches, Arabic studies:
Jawad Ragheb, Infographic in the Palestinian Press, 2018: The study aims at identifying how far Al-resala newspaper is interested in infographic, the issues it deals with, its types, contents, sources and its publishing sites. According to this study, Al-resala pays more attention to using the infographic than the other Palestinian newspapers and focuses on main 4 issues; political, social, Palestinian factions and local elections. Based on that fact, infographic basically deals with local status.

Abeer Mohammad Salem, Using the Infographic by the Palestinian Electronic Websites, 2018
The study aims to identify the degree of interest of Palestinian websites in the art of infographic and its main fields,components and the most important issues and topics posed by infographic in the websites. The study revealed the varying degrees of interest in the infographic and that the focus was more on the visuals than the readings by (70.7%). The study aims to identify the importance of infographic as one of the modern arts in attracting the readership, and also identify its types, history and ways of design from January 1 st ,2011 to December 31 st ,2011. The two newspapers used in this study were Alahram and Almasry Today. Besides, the study proved that private newspapers use the infographic more the national ones, and they train their journalists on using and designing it.

The study of AlsayedBekhit, Infographics in the United Arab Emirates Newspapers, 2009
ISSN: 2456-7620 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.61.14 115 -represents complicated information in an attractive and simple way -gives a comprehensive concept of multimedia as it combines audio and motion elements, which is exciting -provides the page with an aesthetic appearance Based on the important role of infographic in dealing with the economic development on the news websites, we had to: -enrich the Arabic library with a lot of studies that cope with the digital age and the cutting edge technology used in the mass media these days.
-simplify the information, figures, statistics of the economic development, and represent them in an appealing way for the digital age readership.
-realize the importance of infographic as it is a new editing and directing tool to the press and Arab news websites, and so Arabic studies are required for making progress in that field.
By doing so, we focus on howelectronic portals of Egypt's national press; the study sample, use the infographic in dealing with the economic development issues as we aim to: -identify the value of the economic issues represented by infographic as against other issues -identify the types, sources, elements and the geographical area of infographic and its artistic basis of covering the economic issues -identify how the infographic uses colors and pictures how coherent its design is -identify the used techniques for presenting the information of the economic development by infographic -compare between the electronic portals; the study sample, for how to be used

II. DATA AND METHODS
We conducted a comparative study of three electronic portals of Egypt's national newspapers that were selected based on what previous researchers concluded: -they hold an advanced rank in the field of Arab electronic press, and the largest readership as well. The readers increasingly trust the information of those newspapers (Ahmed Fathi 2017, Abduljawad Saeed 2014) The portals are: -The electronic portal of Al-Ahram newspaper.
-The electronic portal of Al-Akhbar newspaper.
-The electronic portal of Al-Jumhurayea newspaper.

Type of Study:
The study is descriptive and aims to describe the phenomenon, identify its elements, components and data, analyze and explain them in order to provide a specific objective image of the phenomenon which is used by the researcher to describe "infographics" and how it deals with the economic development issues.

Study Methods: Media Survey Method:
The researcher surveyed all the infographics that deal with the economic development on the websites of (the sample study) to identify the way it works in that regard.

Comparison Method:
Holding a comparison between the journalistic infographics in terms of dealing with the economic development on the three electronic portals of the sample study.

Case Study Method:
The researcher used it so as to collect complete data on the infographics of the study websites.

The tools of the Study: Content Analysis Form
The researcher relied on the content analysis form of the infographics which deal with the economic development on the electronic portals of the national newspapers (the sample study). The form is divided into two categories: The category of what is said: It contains the types of issues dealt with by the infographic and the technique used for that.
The category of how it is said: It contains the types of the infographics used in dealing with the economic development, issues, the geographical area, sources of information and other factors such colors and pictures.

Procedures of honesty and consistency:
The researcher used steps to verify truthfulness, namely the precise definition of all categories of analysis, identification of unit of analysis, method of measurement, presentation of form to judges.

Used Statistical Methods:
The researcher relied on the method of simple refining as she found out that it is the most appropriate for reaching the results of the study.
It is the optimal utilization of the available resources more consciously and efficiently and with a higher mental capacity of the individual, and the community to achieve self-sufficiency first, and then work to raise the level of national income per capita to improve the standard of living.

Infographics:
It is an integration of multimedia in a single template and presenting it to the public in an attractive way in order to make the information, data and statistics more memorable with the help ofmaps and graphics, images and colors. So designers should make their infographics as narratives that can be seen and heard by the audience.
Addressing the economic development issues has a special character compared to other political and societal issues as the economic ones are relatively complex, correlate variables, use statistics and figures, analyze data and cares about what is behind scenes.
The role of the infographic in dealing with issues of economic development in an attractive manner is as follows: -Not only presenting numbers but converting them into appropriate visual forms.
-To provide analysis of data by providing it hierarchically to determine the most important of it so that the dealing appears as more coherent.
-To engage the citizen in the development process by providing a simple explanation of various developments in the economic reality.
-The utilization of topographic in an optimal waywhich ensures the quality of its design.  AkhbarAlyoum is excelling in using infographics as against other study websites. However, it is still relatively less than private news portals. The electronic portal of Aljumhureya is the least of them.

Infographic components consists of three parts
Ismail Raheel proved AlmasryAlyoum to be exceeding other portals of the national press, and that it provided its journalists with training of how to use to design infographics (Ismail Raheel 2015) Also, Maren study (2011) proved that British newspapers (the 5 newspapers of the study) had infographics almost every day on them. Meanwhile, Emarati newspapers were noticed to be decreasing its use of the infographics according to the study of AlsayedBekhit 2009) ) hehata S ally S

From the above table:
The local issues occupied the first place, and then came the international ones. Arab issues were not dealt with by the infographic although they are many and related to the local issues.
International issues were given the highest attention on the electronic portal of AlAhram. The studies of both Abeer Salem & Jawad Raghib agree upon the fact that local issues occupy the front rank of all issues covered by infographics.

Types of the Infographic The design of the infographic is divided into the following:
Interactive First type, Motionless Infographics: It explains complicated information and affects readers quickly and instantly.

Second type, Motional Infographics:
It presents information in a serial way. Videotaping: It comes with data on it in a graphical motional way which helps to transfer some facts and concepts, but not profusely used.

The design of motional infographics:
All data and information are designed to be completely motional which requires a lot of creation and choice of expressive motion, the thing that guarantees an interesting and exciting piece of work. Besides, such a type of infographic always has specific scenario that need direction, and it is the most used type.

Third type, Interactive infographic:
It is the type that enables readers to participate in choosing the information and picking up what is useful for presentation. (Mahmoud Shaltot, 2015) It is clear from the above table that all the electronic portals of the national press basically counts on motionless infographic with the exception of the portal of AkhbarAlyoum that used infographics by 9.4% only. Motionless infographics explains the given information instantly and does not include as much and deep detail as the motional one. As for the interactive infographics, although it allows readers to participate in the content, Miltaz 2013 proved that there was no link between it and the comprehensive recovery of information.
MeanwhileGiardina& Medina proved right the opposite as it improves the capabilities of the news readership.

Types of infographic in terms of content:
-  While the most used type of infographic on the sample study is "Presentation of ideas" which presents only the information without explanation, the type of "data analysis" came last and completely disappeared on the portal of AlAkhbarAlyoum and Aljumhurayea all over the period of study, and AlAhram used a little of it.
The study of Ubaida proved that journalism paid more attention to the quantity than the quality of covering the economic development issues. (Ubaida 2009) And that caused the readership being careless about what was behind figures or chasing more data on other portals, the thing that contradicts the core profession of mass mediawhich is explanation and analysis. That type simplifies the information and makes it understandable by just presenting the overall amount of information in brief.  It is clear from the above table that: All the electronic portals, the sample study, relied on the government sources only, the thing that made readers doubt their integrity and honesty as the issues in question were dealt with from one point of view, and were biased in favor of the government only. The electronic portals, the sample study, used colors harmoniously by 87.2%. AlAkhbarAlyoum was the top in that regard by 94%.  Images were harmoniously used on all electronic portals, the sample study. AlAhram was the top in that regard by 100%. The design is coherent and highly fulfils the required basics of the design by (97.4%), and 2.6% incoherent. The websites of AlAkhbarAlyoum and Aljumhurayea both achieved coherence by 100% which means the websites of the sample study are keen to achieve coherence and keep the basics of designing infographic. The infographics on the electronic portals largely relied on the statement method. As for the analysis method was the least used on them (by 12.8%). Aljumhurayea never used the analysis method despite the importance of the infographic in analyzing information and data. Some news and issues are hard to understand, so they need analysis and explanation. The means of information becomes more effective by analyzing the overwhelming information that is full of details.  The use of ready-made images increased to 83.3% and Aljmhurayea used them by 100 %. That type of images helped designers a lot and saved much time and effort although it cannot convey much of the messages to the audience. So it should not be largely used.
Forms, pictures and arrows were less used (by 7.7 %) although it is a simple way of presenting information to the common readers. They use few words, however they help make the information more memorable specially that of the economic development issues which count on many figures and terms. Statistics and figures came in the first place and was noted to be the most used on the study websites. AlAkhbarAlyoum recorded the highest percentage (72%) and this matches (Dick 2014) Meanwhile, Aljumhurayea focused more on presenting information and facts to be in the first place by (71%).In general, visual and reading materials are usually complementary for ordinary readers to understand all the data smoothly.

III. SUMMARY & DISCUSSION
The study has analyzed the ways used by the infographic on the electronic portals in dealing with the economic development issues. The study used statistical tables for comparing the study websites in terms of the infographic types of content, design, sources of information, geographical areas, components, coherence of design, matching of colors and matching of images and pictures with the topics in question.

IV. CONCLUSION
All study websites agreed upon: -The use of infographic on the electronic portals of the national press is less than expected as against the need of the readership in the digital age.
-The government sources of information are only used.
-The local issues come first.
-There is no focus on the economic development issues in the Arab world.
-Dealing with the economic development issues in terms of their quantity rather than quality.
-Presentation of figures and statistics without analysis of data. -The electronic ready-made images come first in the study sample and then come the matching of colors, the matching of images with the topics and the coherence of the infographic design.
These conclusions came in the same line with other studies on the infographics such as the study of (Ismail Ibrahim, 2015) which proved that the infographics was poorly used on the national press websites, the study of (Dick 2014) which proved that figures and statistics was in the first rank, and the studies of Jawad Ragheb 2018 and Abeer Saleem 2018 which proved that the infographics paid the most attention to local issues.
Each study website was distinguished by: -AlAhram website: It had the advantage of dealing with international issues but by only 14%, Also, it used data analysis by 7% only.
-AlAkhbarAlyoum website: It excelled at the motional infographic but only 3 times all over the study.
-AlJumhurayea website: It excelled at utilizing the topographic elements so colors appeared as matching, pictures and images were matching with the topics and the design was more coherent than others on the websites.

Notes
-The infographic on the Arab websites is still poor, few and not up to the needs of the digital media audience.
-The infographic of the Arabic studies and researches is not enough and not satisfactory.
-The websites of the national press were targeted by researchers as they depend on the government sources, and were biased in favor of the government views.
-Infographic integrates the editorial aspects and the topographical aspects. Therefore, in our design of the analysis form, we have included the two sides to have a fairly fair evaluation.