The effectiveness of the Social media “ as new means of communications ” in formulating youth directions against terrorism : field study

Social media plays a significant role in shaping the attitudes of young people and their values, beliefs towards many social issues. Due to the spread of terrorism in both the bloody and intellectual areas in many countries of the world in general and Egypt in particular, the necessity obliges us to study the impact of these methods on the trends of the youth to be able to implement the most appropriate strategies. The study was conducted on a sample of 400 university youth, considering the classification of gender and the scientific categories (theoretical faculties practical faculties). The study used the method of collective application of a questionnaire prepared and generalized to identify the effect of the modern means of communication in shaping Trends of the study sample of university youth. The most important results of the field study indicated that the average use of social media in the sample (two hours) was 44.5% from the students, Facebook accounted for 28.9% from the sample, followed by Google 21.2%, then WhatsApp 18.9%. As for the ways of using the means of social communication the mobile phones came on the top by 62% then home Internet 26.9%. Keywords— communications, formulating, Social media, terrorism, youth.


I. INTRODUCTION
Most countries in the Arab world are currently suffering from the dreadful terrorism, Governments, institutions and individuals have to do their best to demolish the terrorism.Security defense is no longer sufficient to carry out this difficult social task, and the current study is in this direction.It is assured that spread of terrorism and its effectiveness is based on the wise planning of how to use modern technological means of communication to disseminate extremist ideas, rumors, aimed at undermining the morale of individuals and affecting them negatively, from this point specifically the researcher is targeting through this field study to identify the nature and quality of those means, and the importance of the spread of this phenomenon, especially among the youth, Which is characterized by the age of vitality and movement of the importance of study.This study focuses on identifying the nature and quality of these means, and the extent of its importance in the spread of this phenomenon, especially among the youth segment, which is characterized by the age of vitality.
The study of the impact of e-media on individuals is no longer a trivial matter, but rather a necessity for all of us for the sake of our country.Mahmoud Taymour and others researchers confirmed that computers are the most challenging problem that this age faces (Mahmud Taymour and others 1997).They are mixed blessing which means that they can cause either evolution or destruction , hence it is very important to study its effects.It is reported in a research published by Ahmad Jalal in 2009 that the percentage of those who use Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp and others reached 47% (Ahmad Jalal 2009).
There is no doubt that unemployment, the fast growing frustration created by low living standards, as well as the destruction caused by terrorism on people and properties, may lead the youth to increase their use of these means, either to watch the news or express their opinions and beliefs through this virtual world, behind the screens, and in all cases, this excessive use of social media may expose him to the negative or positive impact of what is published in the social media from terrorist attacks, objectives... etc.In this study the researcher focused on the subject of trends, because the trend plays a significant role in determining the behavior of the individual, the negative trends towards a particular issue makes the individual more able to resist it , and affect it more than it could influence him (Sharkawi 2007).In this sense, the researcher seeks to identify the general features for the attitudes of young people towards the news, topics and events related to the terrorism.
The researcher recognizes the importance of clarifying the factors that lead in turn to the formation of individual trends, given their importance and relevance to the subject of the current study (terrorism).In this regard, Salah (1968) and Mustafa Suef (1966) confirmed that there are s everal factors that are required to create the psychosocial trends, including: a.
Criticism acceptance of social norms by inspiration: Inspiration is one of the common factors in the formation of psychological trends, since the individual often accepts a trend without having any direct contact with objects or topics related to that trend.The trend or creation of an opinion is not acquired but is determined by the general social norms that children absorb from their parents without criticism or thinking and become a normal part of their traditions and civilization which is difficult for them to get rid of.Inspiration is one of the means by which the one get the prevailing norms in the society, these norms may be religious, social, moral or aesthetic.If the tendency in a country is democratic, individuals in it adopt this principle.
According to the above, the researcher believes that the use of the youth to these modern means of communication will expose them to many ideas and this may lead to the formulation of a trend towards these ideas, and over time, this trend will begin to appear and stabilize.b.
Generalization of experiences: It is the second factor through which the individual creates his trends and views.A person always learns from his past experiences and connects them to the present life.For example, a child is trained from a young age to be honest, not to lie or not to take something that is not his, or to show respect for the older people,…etc.The child obeys the orders of his parents in those fields without having any idea of the reasons for these orders.He also doesn't know that if he violates those orders, he will be considered a traitor, but when he reaches maturity he will realize the difference between these acts and the other acts, and then a principle will be created (the norm) and can be generalized in his private and public life.
According to the researcher, and based on the idea of generalization, some young people, based on past experiences and past perceptions, may be influenced by ideas, beliefs and news, which align their previous ideas, making them more focused on those issues, and that kind of news and topics.And this could be noticed from the frequent visitors to certain news websites.c.
Differentiation of the Experience: The difference in the unity of experience and its differentiation from the other, highlights it and confirms it by repetition, to be related to the similar units to be a psychological trend, we mean that the experience faced by the individual must have specific and clear dimensions in the content of its realization to relate them to similar previous experience or to what he will face in the future from his interaction with the elements of Social environment d.
Intense of the Experience: The experience of intense emotion helps to shape the trend more than the experience that accompanies such emotion.The intense emotion deepens the experience and makes it more profound in the soul of the individual and more related to its bias and behavior in the social s ituations associated with the content of this experience and by this way the emotion is created and become influential on his provisions and standards.At this point the researcher felt that it's necessary to identify the stages of building directions, and the types of these directions as follows:

Stages of building directions:
Directions will be created in three main stages:

Research Problem & Importance:
First, Mohammed Abdul Razeq Ibrahim believes that youth represent not only a distinct group in any society, but They are also the most active group in the society and one of the sources for social change.This category is characterized by production, bestowal and creativity in all fields since they are qualified to promote the responsibilities of building society.(Mohamed Abdul Razek 2009).
Secondly, the trend towards terrorism and its resistance is no longer the responsibility of a specific individual or institution, but rather has become a scientific generalization of scientific and research centers in terms of studying its dimensions and how to face the negative trends that sympathetic to it.In view of what is happening now in the Arab societies in general and Egypt in specific, from the spread of terror and its negative effects on all aspects of life and at the same time the severe phenomenon of using electronic communication techniques among young people, a new generation of young people emerged who are no longer dealing with media in its traditional view as much as the focus and preference of the sources of modern electronic communication, who called the network generation or the Internet generation; and there have been means of social networking networks such as Twitter, Facebook characterized by the elements of immediacy, Interactivity, multimedia and updating.Based on the above comes the importance of the current study of the attempt to identify the trends of a sample of young people who use the social networks towards the phenomenon of terrorism.

Study objective:
The main objective of this study is to identify the extent to which a sample of young people is influenced by the modern means of communication in relation to the issue of terrorism and how this affects their attitudes toward this phenomenon.A number of sub-goals emerge from the main objective: -What are the most social means of communication used by young people?.
-What are the most topics that capture the interests of young people in their use of social media?-What is the trend of youth in the phenomenon of terrorism, which is presented through social media?-Does the use of social media vary according to gender, quality of study (theory / process) and age groups?
Previous studies: Some of the field studies conducted on the youth sector in general and university students in particular indicate that more than 90% of the study sample, which reached 500 students, are using social media means to increase their knowledge or for entertainment (Sami Tayaa 2000).This indicates that these means have become one of the important tributaries in increasing the information and knowledge of young people, as well as its influence on the system of attitudes and values they have.Therefore, these means should be addressed in relation to the trend towards an important phenomenon such as terrorism and the trend toward the Internet as an educational tool.The study of Bakhit 2000 indicates that the positive trends were more than the negative one especially that the sample of this study was students of the media who are qualified by their media studies to practice the profession of media and the formation of public awareness through these means and others.On the other hand, regarding the relationship between social media and political knowledge, which corresponds in terms of premises with the current study,In a study carried out by Eman Gomaa 2001 on the impact of exposure to these methods, the study pointed out that exposure to the corresponding increase the level of political knowledge, with increasing exposure to the means of communication, as well as the broad debate in the interpretation of what offered by those means between supporters and opponents, Towards the use of social media.Al-Khulaifi pointed out that 90% of his study was from society of young people that stressed the importance of using it, whether on the level of knowledge, entertainment or human communication with each other.Although the sample warns of the cultural invasion that may be accompanied by those means.As for the youth's use of Internet networks through these means, Al Shami 2004 referred in his field study that obtaining information comes first, followed by e-mail, then conducting studies and scientific research, and finally as a means of human communication with others.And consistent with the previous study that was done by Tahseen Mansour 2004 in the Bahraini society, where his study pointed out that the first goal of the use of the net is the search for knowledge, and then recreation, and then human communication, and it is striking in the previous two studies that access to knowledge comes In the first place, indicating that the information presented by these means in general and social and political in particular which is related to the issue of terrorism, become important to identify the extent of their impact on the attitudes of young people.In a study carried out by Muhammad Yunus (2005), 21 on the use of the students of the university of the UAE of the internet as a source of Islamic culture with the aim of identifying the nature of the students' use of the Internet and their dependence on it as a source of Islamic culture.Using a sample of (500) from both sexes from the theoretical and practical colleges, the study ended with the multiplicity of religious topics that students are interested in while surfing the Internet, especially the worship and the Holy Quran.The researcher Bryant (2006) conducted a study to identify the relationship between the use of text messages and the formation of social networks for adolescents, applied to a sample of 40 respondents ranging in age (11)(12)(13) years The study confirmed that there is limited overlap between friendships in the lives of individuals and friends through interactive technology, there are several friends on the Internet to communicate with them on-line, it has proved that instant messaging is not an alternative source of social support for the most isolated people.While a study of Ali Lila (2009) focused on the role of media in information technology in the erosion of the family fabric, and it stressed on the erosion of the fabric of the family because of the negative impact of the performance of information technology in our societies, which erodes values systems and meanings directed to the interaction of families, and recommended the formation of young people and youth according to a value system that supports their identity.In a study conducted by Ashraf Jalal Hassan on the impact of modern communication technologies (sites -blogssatellite) on the social and communication relations of the Egyptian and Qatari families to identify the limits of the impact of modern media on the nature of social relations within the family and it recommended that there should be a kind of control Values and behavior of modern communication technology.The researcher ended with a review of some studies that dealt with the impact of social media with several determinants: -First: the adoption of youth on those means in the achievement of many benefits to them.-Secondly: the means of communication are important sources in the formation of knowledge and social construction for its users.

Study Concepts:
-Social media: is the new and advanced means of communication that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking, and it has different kinds of applications i.e.: Facebook, twitter, Instagram .. etc.
formulating directions: it's the stage that someone is convinced by some ideas and thoughts and start following them.
-Youth: it's the critical period between childhood and maturity in which the character of the person is formulated and start adopting certain trends in his life.
-Terrorism: defined as the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

Procedure methodology Study Tools:
The present study was based mainly on the questionnaire, which was prepared by the researcher.The questionnaire contains three parts: -First: The preliminary demographic data of the sample of the study includes young people.
-Second: includes indicators of the percentages and times of exposure to the means of communication of young people, as well as the most attractive topics to them during their use of these means.-Third: the trend of young people towards the materials presented to the networks in connection with the phenomenon of terrorism Study Sample: The total number of the current study sample was 400 university youth.The researcher took care of their choice according to the following dimensions: First dimension: There should be homogeneity in the sample in terms of gender (males and females) Second dimension: There should be homogeneity in the sample in terms of the nature of the specialized scientific study (theory and process) Third dimension: There should be homogeneity in the sample in terms of the nature of the universities in which students study (government and private) the sample of the research was based on The method of collective application, after clarifying the objectives of the study for them.The following tables explain in detail the characteristics of the study sample.

Statistical analysis:
The current study will rely on duplicates and percentages to illustrate the direction of the research indicators and then comment on them in the light of their significance.

III. RESULTS
After 4 month of study it was clear from the results that social media had both negative and positive impact on the formation of youth knowledge and information and also their direction, these results are detailed below:                    IV.CONCLUSION It is clear from Table 4 that both males and females continue to use the means of communication permanently, which reflects the importance of these means, and how they affect them negatively or positively in the formation of their knowledge and information and also their direction.
It is clear from Table 5 that both males and females of the study sample spend approximately two hours following these methods, even if we add the percentages associated with the three hours and above, we immediately recognize the importance of these means in attracting the interests of young people and other life matters.
It is clear from Table 6 that Facebook is at the forefront of these means for both males and females.This may be due to the qualitative nature of this method, which relies more than others on human interests and social interaction based on human communication.YouTube comes in the second place according to males, while Google comes in the second place according to females.This may be due to the fact that girls still suffer from repeated exit restrictions from their homes compared with young people who often have greater chances of getting out.A girl who wants to do her studies and scientific activities, or entertainment and spend their leisure time only look at the Google index unlike the young people who have the opportunity to move and exit easily.As for the WhatsApp, it came in the third place among the girls and The interpretation of the arrival of YouTube to the second place among the youth, this may be due to the nature of male interest in the follow-up sports activities, which rely on the vision rather than reading and verbal follow-up, since it is by nature a means of reassurance for females and their families, in terms of using it as a means to check on the girls if they are delayed outside their homes.
It is clear from Table 7 that human communication and social interaction comes in the first place for both males and females.This may be due to the difficulty of achieving this communication by direct visits and also the nature of the current societal conditions that the terrorist incidents have become targeting the defenseless civilians anywhere and anytime, either the second place in the male is the entertainment and pleasure, either the second place according to female is completion of scientific tasks.
It is clear from Table 8 that the first major concerns for both males and females were the social issues.This may be due to the fact that the Egyptian society has remained for long periods of almost four years, during these the society was occupied with all its sects and its social levels in political subjects and elections and when The attacks of black terror that began to take the lives of innocent people, the interest gradually began to turn to the attention of social aspects, especially after the stability of the Egyptian authority, and move to the stage of construction and rearrange things for the benefit of the homeland and citizens on all levels.
It is clear from Table 9 that the sample members of the study believe that there are many negatives can be used by this means of communication, whether on the individual or society level and one these negatives that ranked first for both males and females, and it is easy for some individuals and groups to use these means to broadcast and disseminate political, military and social rumors, to influence the ideas of those who follow these means, Which should be sought for decisive solutions in the imposition of strict control over these delinquents and at the same time the need of paying attention to guidance for media, educational and cultural awareness of users to reduce the means of risk of rumors published through these means especially in light of the remarkable rise in the level of modern technical techniques, from control of votes, images, bytes, etc.The second place comes in both females and males is destructive ideas to the community, even if we collect the first proportion with the second one, we finally recognize the extent of awareness of young people Which is used to destroy the society and try to undermine it, although there is a need for more attention to this aspect, especially in the light of the low levels of culture and education of many individuals using these means, making them fall prey to attempts to mislead and rumors.
Table 10 shows that the most places where people tend to use the net with all the means of communication and social communication was the mobile phones because of the low prices and easy to acquire and carry them anywhere and at any time and to use the means of communication permanently and continuously.
It is clear from Table 11 that 63% of the youth sample see that their follow-up to terrorist incidents in the category sometimes, and 59.5% of the women participate.This may be due to the fact that the audio and visual media usually deal with these events intensively, from both the perspective of the news report, the interpretative analytical perspective so that young people do not need to follow up unless the purpose is to follow up the news through the websites of newspapers, magazines, television programs and other electronic publications.
Table 12 shows that 54.3% of the male sample and 57.4% of the Females population believe that what individuals write about support and defend terrorist acts are often false and unrealistic attempts, all of which are erroneous data and information with the aim of influencing the morale of those who follow these means.However, 8.3% of males, 5.7% of females, despite the straying of these proportions, there is an indicator that needs to take attention and necessary measures, especially that the individual conviction of terrorism, may increase its intensity and expand as a result of communication between these few and others of the lower levels culturally, educationally and socially.
It is clear from Table 13 that reading about what is written about the terrorism of individuals on social networking pages came in the first according to males with 45.5%, while ranked the first among females by 56% neglecting these writings and not paying attention to them.
It is clear from Table 14 that 50.5% of the male sample respondents came in the first place and 49% of the female sample in the first rank also, do not support or even reject the views, analyzes and opinions of individuals who deal with terrorism and defend it through social media ,But it is striking and raises question marks, despite the weakness of the percentage, that 22% of the males support that everyone writes what he sees from his point of view, while the ratio to 12% in females, so there is a risk on us despite the weakness of the ratio and this lead to emotional vulnerability to these ideas, and thus their transition to the behavioral field.
Table 15 shows that 38.5% of the youth sample (first rank) reject the idea of censoring the net entirely.This may be due to their belief that this censorship will extend to topics other than terrorism, thus restricting their freedom in this direction.calls for freedom, human rights are guaranteed to all.We need to made it clear to these young people that the goal is not restricting freedoms, insofar as it is specifically the focus of electronic terrorism, which exploits those means to the detriment of the interests of society and its members.On the other hand, if we collect full consent and approval of censorship, we find the percentage up to 40%, On the other hand support for censorship is on the other hand.However, the 38.5% opposition to censorship requires a double effort in this direction to address young people and convince them of the usefulness of this important step, especially if it concerns the interests of the homeland and the higher society.41.5% of the females following approval to control such means.
Table 16 shows that 56% of youth (first place) believe that what is written on social networking sites about terrorism, support and justification, and all the associated repercussions seen by proponents of terrorism and its operations, may have a great impact on the trends of those who follow these subjects, especially those with low cultural, educational and social levels and illiterate and semi-literate.The same opinion is shared by 49.5% of females (ranked first).

V.
RECOMMENDATIONS Through the extracted research indicators, some recommendations can be made: 1.The need to intensify the campaigns of guidance and education on the dangers of using the Internet network by various means on the attitudes of young people, especially those who are subject to aversion by virtue of their qualitative nature of the illiterate and deprived of education and culture.2. The concerned regulatory monitoring bodies should be careful with monitoring of websites and individuals, who exploit the means of communication in spreading their extremist ideas.3. The establishment of cultural and religious institutions to follow up these extremist ideas and to prepare scientific people specialized in the fields of culture, religion, economy and politics, and to develop perceptions that refute these ideas, and to disseminate them through these means as well to become available to follower, so as not to be captive to individual opinions.

Fig. 1 :
Fig.1: A fig. showing the extent to which the members of the research sample (males and females) are using the means of social communication.

Fig. 3 :
Fig.3: A fig. showing the most important programs used by members of the research sample (males and females) using the social media.

Fig. 4 :
Fig.4: A fig. showing the objectives of the research sample members associated with the use for the means of social communication

Fig. 5 :
Fig.5: A fig showing the most important topics of interest of the research sample (males and females) during following means of social communication

Fig. 6 :
Fig.6: A fig showing the negatives associated with the use of social media, as perceived by members of the research sample of males and females.

Fig. 7 :
Fig.7: A fig showing the use of the research sample (male and female) for the internet network through the means of social communication.

Fig. 9 :
Fig.9: A fig showing the extent of the conviction of members of the research sample (male and female) by topics published that support and justify the terrorist operations.

Fig. 10 :
Fig.10: A fig showing the reactions of the members of the research sample (males and females) to what is written byindividuals and sites about terrorism in the means of social communication.

Fig. 11 :Fig. 12 :
Fig.11: A fig showing the trend of the research sample (male and female) about what individuals write through social networks.

Fig. 13 :
Fig.13: A fig showing the trend of the research sample (males and females) on the impact of what is written about terrorism against them.
This study was carried out on students of Ain Shams University (Governmental University) & Other private Universities from November 2017 to February 2018.A total 400 university youth (both male and females) of aged ≥ 18, years were for in this study.
that is essentially subject to the framework of general trends and thus the qualitative trends depend on the general trends and derive their motives from them(Salah, 1968, Mustafa Suef,  1966).II.METHODOLOGY StudyDesign: field Study.Study Location: Ain Shams University (Governmental University) & Other private Universities.Study Duration: November 2017 to February 2018.Sample size: 400 university youth.

Table . 4
: A table showing the extent to which the members of the research sample (males and females) are using the means of social communication.

Table . 5
: A table showing the periods of time spent by members of the research sample (males and females) using the Fig.2:A fig.showing the periods of time spent by members of the research sample (males and females) using the social mediaTable.6:A Table showing the most important programs used by members of the research sample (males and females) using the social media.

Table .
7: A table showing the objectives of the research sample members associated with the use for the means of social communication%

Table . 8
: A table showing the most important topics of interest of the research sample (males and females) during following means of social communication

Table .
9: A table showing the negatives associated with the use o f social media, as perceived by members of the research sample of males and females.

Table .
10: A table showing the use of the research sample (male and female) for the internet network through the means of social communication.

Table .
11: A table showing to how extent members of the research sample are interested (males and females) in following the themes of terrorism through social media.

% Females % Males The extent of interest in following the news of terrorism through means of communication
Fig.8: A table showing to how extent members of the research sample are interested (males and females) in following thethemes of terrorism through social media.Table.12:Atable showing the extent of the conviction of members of the research sample (male and female) by topicspublished that support and justify the terrorist operations.%

Table .
13: A table showing the reactions of the members of the research sample (males and females) to what is written by individuals and sites about terrorism in the means of social communication.%

Table .
14: A table showing the trend of the research sample (male and female) about wh at individuals write through social networks.

Table . 16
: A table showing the trend of the research sample (males and females) on the impact of what is written about terrorism against them.