https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usJune 10 Contemporary African writers have addressed their countries' social, political and economic problems using satire to crystallise the malaises and irregularities affecting their societies. Satire is seen as a tool for expressing their disillusionment on the burgeoning prevalence of political, economic, religious and social abnormalities in the dysfunctional setting of African countries. One of such African writers is Abubakar Adams Ibrahim who uses his novel, Season of Crimson Blossoms to expose not just the societal maladies but also the follies and ineptitudes of mankind, and religion hypocrisies. This study critically scrutinizes the place of satire in achieving the aforementioned in the writer's fictional rendering. Emphasis is laid on political irregularities, cultural dissonances and hypocrisies associated with religion and the effects they have on characters and the society at large. The groundwork for these are squeezed out of the psychological make-up of characters, characters' conversation with one another, actions and inactions of characters. The aforementioned will be considered using satire as a tool to demystify the aspects that the writer advocate for change. Inadvertently, in the study of satire as a tool for viewing a work of art, sociological approach or criticism is inevitable as a framework because the society that gave rise to the book must be thoroughly understood before satire can come in to advocate for social transformation and revitalization. https://ijels.com/detail/unveiling-the-depth-of-satire-in-abubakar-adams-ibrahim-s-season-of-crimson-blossoms/ Balogun Folasade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-107202331-Unveiling.pdf Jane Austen, often regarded as a “literary rebel” within the landscape of English literature, challenges conventions while embracing them in her novels. This paper delves into Austen's role as both a conformist and a revolutionary figure in the realm of literature. Beginning with an exploration of Austen's place within the English novel tradition, the paper examines her unique approach to storytelling, characterized by a focus on domestic satire and heroine-oriented narratives. Austen's commitment to social criticism, achieved through a realistic portrayal of everyday life, distinguishes her from her contemporaries. The analysis extends to Austen's distinctive style, marked by a Johnsonian influence and an innovative use of irony and comedy to expose societal shortcomings. Austen's mastery of dialogue further accentuates her ability to capture social nuances and class distinctions. Despite her self-proclaimed "ignorance," Austen's works resonate with a profound understanding of human nature and societal dynamics. Through meticulous characterization and narrative technique, Austen achieves a timeless quality in her prose that continues to captivate readers. https://ijels.com/detail/austen-s-double-edged-sword-unveiling-irony-and-interiority-in-her-narratives/ Lata Tripathi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-103202426-Austen.pdf This paper is aimed to find out how school and college teachers use the Approaches and Methods in their teachings. This qualitative study analyses how teachers have to be aware in picking Approaches and Methods before they deliver certain materials and treat their students. They teach in schools considering English as a Foreign Language. This study found that the teachers only used several Approaches and Methods like Grammar-translation Method which discuss language rules of first language and target language, Audio-lingual Method where drilling is used, and so on. Later, this study is expected to help teachers in preparing their teaching in the classroom, and which teaching Methods and Approaches they should use in teaching the students. https://ijels.com/detail/learning-english-as-a-second-language-through-basic-approaches-and-methods/ K. Annal Girija Theivarani, Dr. K. Nagarathinam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-10520241-Learning.pdf In recent years, China has made significant breakthroughs in animated films. Qualified domestic films have been highly praised domestically and gained popularity in Western countries. Based on Cultural Translation Theory, the paper takes the film “NEZHA,” rich in elements of excellent traditional Chinese culture, as an example, examining its English subtitles and putting forward several suggestions on Chinese-English subtitle translation, with the hope to promote Chinese animated films to spread overseas. https://ijels.com/detail/a-brief-analysis-of-chinese-english-subtitling-translation-of-the-nezha-from-cultural-translation-theory/ Yang Weina, Wang Qun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-10520248-ABrief.pdf For decades the world has had rigid gender roles and constraints. This research paper examines instances of gender prejudice in the selected works of Mahesh Dattani, with a particular emphasis on his well-known plays Tara and Dance Like a Man. Using a multidisciplinary methodology, the research breaks down the complex layers of gender representation in these dramatic narratives by employing feminist theory, queer theory which aims at analyzing of gender roles in the society. The study examines how Dattani's characters negotiate power relationships, identity development, and societal expectations in the setting of Indian culture using in-depth textual analysis and theoretical frameworks. The research seeks to expose underlying prejudices, disprove normative presumptions, and promote a deeper comprehension of the nuances surrounding gender discourse in modern Indian theatre and literature by examining the production of gender within these works. This paper aims to investigate into gender prejudice and queer theory, which is crucial because it exposes structural injustices, questions normative assumptions, and promotes inclusivity. Through the analysis of these problems, society may deal with prejudice, support underprivileged groups, and advance a more diverse and equal conception of gender and sexuality. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-gender-biasness-in-selected-works-of-mahesh-dattani/ Lavanya Pandey, Rashi Srivastava, Kumkum Ray https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-105202421-Exploring.pdf History is the backbone of mankind. This research paper sheds light on the hidden a aspects of Indian history through literary texts Train to Pakistan and Midnight’s Children . This paper provides us the outcome of the partition of India and Pakistan; and the role of the political leaders after the partition. India gained its freedom in August 1947. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between knowledge of the political historical fact of the partition and the features of national identity and postcolonial fear. Both novels depict themes of nationalism and historical events. The paper explores how both novels deal with the intricacies of nation-building, identity, and the effects of post-colonial India's partition. This paper seeks to emphasize the many viewpoints and thematic complexities that arise from these literary investigations of nationhood and historical consciousness by looking at the socio-political context and the individual travels of the characters. https://ijels.com/detail/unveiling-nationhood-and-historical-incidents-in-salman-rushdie-s-midnight-s-children-and-khushwant-singh-s-train-to-pakistan/ Aditi Verma, Kumkum Ray, Rashi Srivastava https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-105202414-Unveiling.pdf Postmodernist writer Donald Barthelme in his work “Snow White” reimagines the archetypal characters from the Brothers Grimm fairy tales as disenchanted anti-heroic figures. His multiple rewrites of identities such as the princess, the dwarfs, and the prince not only reflect the de-authoritative characteristic of postmodern literature, but also mirror the map of assemblage consisting of molar lines, molecular lines, and lines of flight proposed by contemporary French postmodernist philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, through which Barthelme not only achieves the fluid identity on the subversive lines of flight but also subtly suggests hope and pathways within the micropolitical terrain of the postmodern society. https://ijels.com/detail/map-of-assemblage-fluid-identity-in-donald-barthelme-s-postmodern-snow-white/ Shan Zhang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-10520246-Mapof.pdf This paper examines the Western media's coverage of the 2011 revolution in Egypt and its sourcing patterns using Van Dijk's ideological square framework. The study implements the research tools provided by Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to investigate the representation of Arab voices and analyzes whether they were silenced or adequately quoted. The findings reveal that the selected media outlets perpetuated power imbalances and social inequalities through their sourcing practices. The media over-quoted statements that supported Western narratives and marginalized or excluded statements that challenged these narratives or portrayed positive aspects of Arab culture and religion. This bias in sourcing patterns reflects a reproduction of dominant ideologies and reinforces the classical Orientalist discourse that positions Islam and Islamists as inferior entities. Furthermore, the study highlights the creation of dichotomous divisions between the Westerner and the Arab. The Westerner is portrayed as powerful and authoritative, while the Arab is depicted as subservient and in need of instruction. https://ijels.com/detail/van-dijk-s-ideological-square-in-sourcing-was-the-arab-silenced-or-quoted-in-the-western-media-s-coverage-of-the-2011-revolution-in-egypt/ Ayyad Echine https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-10520244-VanDijk.pdf The study determined the extent of awareness of students on the critical features of the Tertiary Education Subsidy (TES) program towards their college persistence. It then sought data on their demographics, determined the extent of awareness of TES salient features and the level of persistence in their studies on the nine factors, and identified the difference between their profile and their persistence. It also determined the correlation between the level of awareness of TES salient features and persistence. The descriptive-correlational survey method and the stratified random sampling technique obtained 171 TES grantees as respondents. It revealed that they were so much aware of TES salient features and were persistent in their studies. There was no significant difference in sex and top priority items spent on their persistence in schooling; however, it resulted in a positive difference between their chosen course and marital status on their persistence level. The study also yielded a significant relationship between the extent of awareness and their persistence. It is indicative, therefore, that being cognizant of any government program for students’ welfare would lead them toward better decision-making. https://ijels.com/detail/salient-features-of-tertiary-education-subsidy-on-university-students-persistence/ Ramil S. Bulilan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-103202439-Salient.pdf The promising project of proving the influence of capitalism as a cause of depressive disorders, including suicide, will be morally, legally and politically compromised if it is not theoretically and methodologically carried out at the level of the possibilities of modern science in the field of psychiatry, (industrial) psychology and philosophy of existence. Pre-industrial society was based on the passive possession of land, industrial society on the active exploitation of capital. Modern professional society is based on human intellectual capital, which is created by the affinity, talent and education of the individual. The basis of capitalism is a class society, and this socio-economic formation is a "terminal patient" also according to this line, since the class structure has been replaced by a "professional society" and in this way capitalism is losing ground under its feet. In developed countries, already half of the GDP refers to the part of the social fabric that, in addition to capitalism, is occupied by the professional society. The biggest shortcoming of scientists dealing with the connections between capitalism and depression, including suicide, is that they have not yet recognized it. In a professional society, "capitalists" by profession should also be "entrepreneurs" in a vertical business hierarchy with appropriate competencies (attitudes, knowledge, skills), but not members of the ruling class horizontally! The main theoretical-methodological problem for any empirical scientific research is to define the variables in a way that enables operational procedures of the given study, including measurements. https://ijels.com/detail/capitalism-and-the-depression/ Tvrtko-Matija Å ercar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-105202413-Capitalism.pdf Digital public space is a communication space formed by internet-based information media, such as social media, blogs, forums, and so on. Digital public space has the potential to become a space for democratization, participation and public deliberation, which can improve the quality of democracy and social welfare. However, the digital public sphere also faces challenges and threats from speed politics, namely communication practices dominated by the logic of speed, efficiency and competition, which can reduce the quality and depth of public discourse. The politics of speed can lead to the collapse of the digital public sphere, which is characterized by phenomena such as polarization, disinformation, populism, trolling, hate speech, and so on. This article aims to conduct a critical analysis of the politics of speed in the information media space, using the theoretical framework of Paul Virilio, Jürgen Habermas, and Manuel Castells. This article also provides several recommendations for overcoming the negative impacts of speed politics, such as increasing media literacy, strengthening regulations, and building inclusive and deliberative online communities. https://ijels.com/detail/the-collapse-of-the-digital-public-space-a-critical-examination-of-speed-politics-in-the-information-mediation-space/ Vania Utamie Subiakto, Ida Royani Damayanti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-105202412-TheCollapse.pdf This study examines the use of universal cooperative principles by agricultural cooperatives in Nepal, highlighting their importance and the challenges they face. Data from 45 cooperatives, including savings and credit cooperatives (n=17) and multipurpose cooperatives (n=28), and 135 respondents in Tulsipur Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study suggests that principles such as democratic member control, voluntary and open membership, and member economic participation are critical to the effective and sustainable operation of agricultural cooperatives in Nepal. These principles promote members' sense of responsibility and ownership by ensuring transparency, fairness, and democratic decision-making. However, the research also identifies several constraints facing Nepal's agricultural cooperatives, including limited access to finance, inadequate infrastructure, governance issues, lack of technical expertise, and political interference. These challenges could hinder cooperatives' ability to expand into new markets, provide essential services to members, and support the long-term growth of Nepal's agricultural sector. The study concludes that addressing these issues and promoting the adoption of universal cooperative principles are essential to strengthening agricultural cooperatives in Nepal and enabling them to significantly improve the livelihoods of farmers and rural communities. https://ijels.com/detail/application-of-universal-cooperative-principles-in-agricultural-cooperatives-a-case-study-from-nepal/ Ghanshyam Pandey, Chiranjeewee Khadka, Arbin Poudel, Eva Cudnilova https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-10520247-Applicationof.pdf This study investigated the perceptions of EFL teachers regarding their roles at Hai Hoa English Center in Vietnam. The research aimed to explore teachers' perceptions of five key roles: facilitator, counselor, resource provider, learning coach, and self-access center manager. A questionnaire was administered to 25 teachers at the language center. The findings revealed that teachers strongly perceived their roles as facilitators and counselors, emphasizing the importance of providing personalized guidance, promoting collaboration, and adapting communication styles to cultural norms. The roles of learning coach, resource provider, and self-access center manager were also acknowledged, but considered less crucial compared to facilitator and counselor roles. The results suggest that language learning centers should provide targeted professional development opportunities and resources to support teachers in fulfilling these roles effectively. This study contributes to the understanding of EFL teacher roles in the Vietnamese context and offers valuable implications for teacher training and language center management. https://ijels.com/detail/efl-teachers-perceptions-of-their-roles-at-a-vietnamese-english-center/ Vo Thi Hieu Thao, Nguyen Thi Kieu Thu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-105202416-EFL.pdf This study investigates the factors influencing the implementation of cybersecurity in the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) to ensure national security and maritime safety. The research focused on policies, circulars, developmental plans, equipment, and human resources. A mixed-methods approach was used, collecting quantitative data through a survey of 90 MARSLEC personnel to assess their cybersecurity awareness and perceptions of current measures. Qualitative insights were obtained from in-depth interviews with deputy commanders of MARSLEC units. The results revealed key challenges: not enough policies/circulars and guidelines, limited budget and resources for cybersecurity equipment, and insufficient specialized training and skilled personnel. Despite these challenges, there was a strong commitment from PCG leadership to prioritize cybersecurity. Effective collaboration with other agencies and organizations was deemed crucial. The study recommended addressing these challenges by developing more policies, optimizing resource allocation, and implementing continuous training and awareness programs. By improving cybersecurity readiness, the PCG could better safeguard national interests, maritime assets, and personnel against evolving cyber threats. These measures are essential for enhancing the PCG's cybersecurity posture and ensuring resilient maritime operations. https://ijels.com/detail/factors-affecting-the-implementation-of-cybersecurity-in-the-philippine-coast-guard/ Leopoldo DG Apillanes Jr. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-10520242-FactorsAffecting.pdf In this paper, we analyze the core journals of the past ten years with the subject terms "political literature" plus "translation","political literature" ,"English translation" on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). "I have analyzed the characteristics on translation of political literature during 2012-2022 from the aspects of practical experience, multi-perspective research and national image construction, and look forward to the development of English translation of political literature, hoping to provide various types of reference information for it. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-of-chinese-political-literature-translation-studies-since-the-new-era/ Peng Yao, Chen Shuangyu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-105202439-AReview.pdf Aravind Adiga's "The White Tiger" explores the harsh realities faced by women in contemporary India, specifically those ensnared within the stifling grip of social hierarchy. The novel provides us with an unsettling glimpse into the multitude of women caught in the shackles of patriarchy. Through a simplistic narrative, it takes us through a multitude of such experiences, from the village women like Balram’s grandmother and mother to the fiercely independent, foreign-educated Pinky Madam. Through a realistic portrayal of the daily struggles of these characters, Adiga vehemently critiques the system that denies these women the basic right to voice their opinions. He reveals the existence of the dowry system, the financial strain that families with daughters face, the barriers to female education and upward mobility, and the psychological oppression that women experience in a patriarchal culture. However, by downplaying the agency of some female characters, the story—which is told from Balram's self-serving point of view—may be perceived as maintaining some of these disparities. Notwithstanding this drawback, "The White Tiger" is an engrossing and uncompromising examination of the intricate and frequently tragic lives of women entangled in the webs of caste, poverty, and tradition. Their experiences highlight the severe social and economic divide that still exists in modern-day India. https://ijels.com/detail/examining-women-s-portrayal-in-the-white-tiger-through-a-gendered-lens/ Devina Rathore https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-105202434-Examining.pdf Nowadays, short videos have played a crucial role in the spread of Chinese culture. However, the time and space limitations of short videos pose new challenges to translators. Although the traditional complete translation seeks to cover all aspects, it is not able to meet the requirements of short-video subtitle translation. In this paper, the author analyzes the use of seven variation means in the subtitling of short videos about Jingchu cuisine and explores how to use them to break the limitations of the English translation of short video subtitles. https://ijels.com/detail/on-the-application-of-variation-means-in-the-subtitling-of-short-videos/ Lian Ruoxin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-105202440-Onthe.pdf In his ‘neo-Victorian novel’ Jack Maggs, Peter Carey seeks to retell Charles Dickens’s classic Great Expectations from the postcolonial perspective. Jack Maggs, a stand-in for Dickens’s Magwitch, is shaped into the protagonist in Carey’s work, which telegraphs the author’s close attention to marginalized groups in British society. By endowing the silent ‘other’ with the opportunity to speak, Carey attempts to deconstruct the hegemony of the Anglo-centric narrative and reshape the unique cultural identity of Australians, which simultaneously embodies the self-reflexivity of his literary practice. https://ijels.com/detail/the-empire-writes-back-deconstructive-paradigms-in-jack-maggs/ Shengjia Wan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-105202435-TheEmpire.pdf The word "Dalit" connotes people who are impoverished, oppressed, abused, and in need. The origin of the Indian caste system is not a widely accepted theory. There are several forms of inequality that give rise to social prejudice in every civilised community. Additionally, it is dressed in "Casteism" in India. The subaltern literary voices of the tribals, Dalits, and other minority groups were absent from discourses tailored to the tastes of the nobility. The dalits are denied their basic rights to equality, property ownership, and education. Dalit literature thus arises as a voice for all those marginalised, oppressed, and exploited populations who have long suffered from societal injustice and exploitation. The liberation of Dalits from this never-ending slavery is the central theme of Dalit literature. Dalit experiences and expressions are positing the history in quotidian. Though they may appear as alien and anathema to the “upper” caste sensibility, they can be read as embodying the political in all its dimensions. Since Dalit literature is based on ideas of equality, liberty, justice, and solidarity rather than pleasure, it is important for Dalit critics to find a new imagery of “beauty and truth”, which is more responsive to contemporary lived realities. Otherwise, Dalit literature will forever be condemned for its lack of merits and the taste within the overarching framework of traditional aesthetics. The Dalit writers’ rejection of the hegemony of a caste-based universalism challenges the neat binary world of postcolonial literary theory and calls attention to the internal contradictions of Indian society. https://ijels.com/detail/giving-voice-to-the-unvoiced-the-rise-of-indian-dalit-literature/ Niyati Chauhan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-105202437-Giving.pdf Patrick Kavanagh, a prominent 20th-century Irish poet from Inniskeen Parish, County Monaghan, profoundly impacted global audiences with his poetry, transcending national boundaries. Despite limited formal education, Kavanagh's passion for literature led him to become a self-taught poet, capturing the essence of rural Irish life. His early works, such as "The Green Fool," reflect his struggle and detachment from peasant life, while his poetry often combines simplicity with profound insights, celebrating childhood wonder and the beauty of nature. Kavanagh's criticism of the Irish Literary Revival and his rejection of romanticized rural stereotypes positioned him as a genuine post-colonial thinker. His major works, including "The Great Hunger," depict the harsh realities of rural existence, contrasting with idealized notions of Irish identity. Kavanagh's influence extended beyond his lifetime, liberating subsequent generations of Irish poets from traditional constraints and emphasizing the significance of finding beauty in ordinary life. Despite facing challenges and limited recognition during his career, Kavanagh's legacy endures, celebrated for his honest portrayal of life's struggles and his ability to inspire through his poetic vision. https://ijels.com/detail/the-poetic-vision-of-patrick-kavanagh/ Dr Sheetal Kapoor https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-105202432-ThePoetic.pdf With Independence, colonialism didn’t end, rather the legacy was transmitted to the new elites who absorbed the attitude of colonizers and continued to oppress the subalterns consolidating their power and wealth through exploitative and unethical means. In Odisha, the new elite class, consisting of the Government officials and landlords, money-lenders of middle-class community perpetuated the colonial evils and exploited the poor subalterns resulting in their dispossession, destitution and displacement. The literature of the period and after tries to record these atrocities unleashed by the middleclass and how the subalterns reacted to it. This paper explores the representation of inexpressible oppression meted out to the subalterns, their sufferings, and their resistance in post-independence Odisha through two landmark Odia films, Udandi Sita (1992) and Balidana (1978). Through a counter-dominant narrative, the films aim to awaken societal consciousness about the plight of the oppressed and advocate for resistance against systemic injustices. https://ijels.com/detail/from-repression-to-resistance-a-study-of-subalterns-in-two-odia-films-udandi-sita-and-balidana/ Soumyakanta Senapati https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-105202447-From.pdf Children form the most vulnerable group in the context of violence, including war, riots, and racial and communal conflicts. They easily become the victims of social, political and cultural injustices. Unimaginable emotional and psychological trauma is endured by kids who are uprooted from their home country and kept apart from their parents. In the course of their personality development and character formation, it will have everlasting repercussions. The novel Ask Me No Questions by Budhos is a riveting investigation of the pain, identity, and cultural estrangement experienced by immigrant children, particularly in post-9/11 America. This article aims to shed light on the emotional and psychological toll that immigrant children and families experience as they strive to rebuild their lives in a foreign land. https://ijels.com/detail/trauma-and-cultural-estrangement-of-immigrant-children-in-marina-budhos-ask-me-no-questions/ Jibin Jose P, Amutha Dhanaraj https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-105202436-Trauma.pdf The Scheduled Castes (SC) are among the most socially and educationally disadvantaged groups in West Bengal. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the literacy status of Scheduled Caste and various sub-castes of Scheduled Caste community in West Bengal. The paper also reviews the current literacy status and literacy growth pattern of Scheduled Caste and various sub-castes. The paper highlights district-wise current literacy status and literacy trends among Scheduled caste in West Bengal. Also, highlights the sub-castes wise current literacy status and literacy growth pattern among Scheduled caste. The paper briefly analyses districts wise and sub-castes wise current literacy status and literacy growth pattern among scheduled caste in West Bengal. The researcher concludes that districts wise and sub-castes wise literacy growth rate is consistently increase and the Government needs to pay more attention to those districts and sub-castes where the literacy rate is relatively low among scheduled castes in West Bengal. https://ijels.com/detail/literacy-status-of-scheduled-caste-community-in-west-bengal/ Tupai Barman, Prof. Tarini Halder https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-105202433-Literacy.pdf A shortage of maritime officers emphasizes the need for effective retention strategies to address the growing demand for skilled seafarers in the rapidly expanding global maritime industry. This study evaluates the Career Path Program of Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd. ("K" Line) aimed at retaining Filipino maritime scholars, focusing on satisfaction in terms of salary, rewards and benefits, job satisfaction, professional growth, and welfare through a convergent mixed-methods parallel research design. The quantitative study accounted for 107 "K" Line scholars, while the qualitative study accounted for 11 "K" Line scholars. Findings indicate that the Career Path Program effectively enhances scholar retention through well-structured support in professional development and welfare. While satisfaction levels with salary and professional growth opportunities were generally positive, the analysis suggests that enhanced rewards and promotion opportunities could further improve retention rates. This study offers valuable and actionable insights for shipping companies to review their career path programs to enhance retention, increase loyalty, and significantly reduce turnover among seafarers. https://ijels.com/detail/career-path-program-evaluation-for-the-retention-of-kawasaki-kisen-kaisha-ltd-scholars/ Airon Peralta, Alexander Rafal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-105202438-CareerPath.pdf The efficacy of Technology-Enhanced Speaking Development (TESD) for enhancing second language (L2) speaking abilities was examined in this study. To determine the digital resources and instructional activities utilized in TESD, 58 research publications were examined. The study discovered 19 distinct learning activities that are employed in TESD and can be divided into four categories: guiding the use of speaking methods, facilitating speaking practice in spoken interactions, supporting speaking abilities in activities, and enhancing speaking knowledge. The results of the examined literature demonstrated that learner perception and academic achievement are typically improved by TESD interventions. Furthermore, a framework known as the Cognitive Schemata for Speaking Skills was put forth to direct the creation and execution of TESD initiatives. The study also noted difficulties with student motivation, instructor preparation, and access, and it suggests future research paths to deal with these problems. https://ijels.com/detail/enhancing-l2-speaking-skills-through-technology-an-overview-of-research-findings/ Nagamurali. Eragamreddy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-105202443-Enhancing.pdf A brief introduction to literary criticism and literary theory are given at the start. In any genre, the critic must be, in a sense, a political thinker, sociologist, and psychologist, as well as a literary historian and aesthetician. Additionally, this paper examines various critical, literary concepts and finally the conclusion is drawn by means of the review of literature indicated. Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for literary analysis. It is the body of ideas and methods we use in the practical reading of literature. By literary theory we refer not to the meaning of a work of literature but to the theories that reveal what literature can mean. Literary theory is a description of the underlying principles, one might say the tools, by which we attempt to understand literature. All literary interpretation draws on a basis in theory but can serve as a justification for very different kinds of critical activity. It is literary theory that formulates the relationship between author and work; literary theory develops the significance of race, class, and gender for literary study, both from the standpoint of the biography of the author and an analysis of their thematic presence within texts. In simple words, it is a perspective with which we look at and interpret a text. https://ijels.com/detail/contemporary-critical-theories/ Niyati Chauhan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-105202445-Contemporary.pdf Margaret Atwood’s novel, Surfacing (1972) addresses the Woman’s Question through the point of view of young woman who travels with her boyfriend and two married friends and sets on a journey into her troubled past. The paper analyzes the different ways in which the novel portrays the growing distance of the protagonist’s self-identity from her sense of language, history, and culture. It delves into the role of language, reason, and logic in imbuing as well as taking away the protagonist’s self-belief. It also probes Atwood’s portrayal of nature, especially wilderness, as an essential aspect of one’s psychological development and realization of desires. The paper argues that the novel is a quest for female identity and meaning in which language and nature play extremely significant roles. https://ijels.com/detail/deconstructing-the-quest-for-identity-and-meaning-in-margaret-atwood-s-surfacing/ Dr. Girija Suri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-105202427-Deconstructing.pdf Textbook evaluation, an interesting area in the field of applied linguistics, has a wide scope for research. The purpose of this research paper is to state the aims and objectives stated in NCF 2023(National Curriculum Framework) concerning the English language course textbook, to list out the current challenges faced in schools as stated in NCF 2023, to explain how a textbook can be evaluated, and to evaluate textbooks based on the principles of NCF 2023. Both qualitative and quantitative studies have been conducted to assess whether the learning outcomes and goals are achieved or not. For this purpose, I have chosen Class-10 English textbooks across two different boards, one from the CBSE board (The B.V.B school) and the other from the Tamil Nadu State Board (Bharathi Vidhya Bhavan Matriculation Higher Secondary school). Evaluation has been done by collecting information from teachers and students of both the schools in the during-use and post-use stages to get feedback on how well the books work in practice, and how effectively the aims are achieved. https://ijels.com/detail/evaluation-of-class-10-english-textbooks-case-study-based-on-ncf-2023/ Sattyasri Gururaghavendran, Sai Archana M https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-105202449-Evaluation.pdf The paper aims to highlight the quiet, yet persistent, feminist resistance that can bloom even within the confines of a patriarchal, feudal society. Narrating her life as the wife of a powerful Pakistani feudal lord Mustafa Khar, Durrani lays bare the systemic oppression faced by women in this milieu: physical and emotional abuse, social ostracization, and a denial of basic rights. She speaks out against the sexual exploitation that is rampant within the confines of marriage, wherein women are often treated as only objects of pleasure and are considered to be suitable for childbearing purposes. However, resistance simmers beneath the surface. Durrani's defiance manifests in subtle acts of rebellion – intellectual pursuits, questioning societal norms, and even voicing her discontent to her husband. This defiance, though often silenced or met with violence, lays the groundwork for her eventual escape from the suffocating confines of her marriage. Through her raw honesty and unflinching portrayal of female subjugation, Durrani challenges the status quo and becomes a powerful voice for feminist liberation. Durrani is ostracized from her family and the Pakistani society for speaking out against her powerful husband and encouraging other women to speak up against the injustices they face. The narrative transcends personal experience, offering a glimpse into the collective struggle of women trapped within similar structures of oppression, ultimately urging readers to question and dismantle these systems. https://ijels.com/detail/feminist-resistance-in-tehmina-durrani-s-my-feudal-lord/ Somya Joshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-105202441-Feminist.pdf This paper explores the multifaceted feminist themes woven throughout Jane Austen's novels. It delves into how Austen, a product of the Enlightenment era, critiques the societal constraints placed upon women in Regency England. Through witty dialogue and social commentary, Austen exposes the limitations on female agency, particularly regarding marriage, property ownership, and self-determination. The paper utilizes in-depth analysis to trace the evolution of Austen's feminist voice across her works. It unveils her subtle yet powerful critiques of patriarchal structures, highlighting the intersection of power and privilege within Austen's narratives. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of intersectionality in understanding the diverse experiences of women within her novels, acknowledging the impact of class and social status on their struggles. Finally, the paper underscores Austen's enduring legacy as a pioneering feminist voice. Her timeless novels continue to resonate with contemporary readers, sparking discussions about gender equality, female agency, and the fight for social change. Austen's work serves as a bridge between Enlightenment ideals and modern feminist discourse, solidifying her position as a literary icon whose influence transcends generations. https://ijels.com/detail/jane-austen-s-feminist-journey-from-enlightenment-sparks-to-contemporary-discourse/ Lata Tripathi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-105202452-Jane.pdf The article titled "The Intersection of Reality and Fiction in Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: A Study of Absurdity and Metadrama" explores how Tom Stoppard's play transforms the minor characters from Shakespeare's Hamlet into central figures within an absurdist framework. This study examines the play’s themes of human identity, confusion, and helplessness, common in the Theatre of the Absurd, using postmodernist metadramatic techniques. By employing metadrama, Stoppard highlights the blurred lines between reality and fiction, as seen in the characters' struggles to understand their existence within the play. The paper delves into the philosophical implications of absurdity, drawing on the ideas of Albert Camus and other theorists to illustrate how Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead reflects the chaotic and purposeless nature of human life. Through various metadramatic devices like the play within a play, role-playing, and the breakdown of conventional narrative structures, Stoppard's work is analyzed as a profound commentary on the human condition and the search for meaning in an incomprehensible world. https://ijels.com/detail/the-intersection-of-reality-and-fiction-in-tom-stoppard-s-rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead-a-study-of-absurdity-and-metadrama/ Dr. Madoline Massaad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-105202446-TheIntersection.pdf This article uses Critical Discourse Analysis to elucidate the economic disparities featured in Chapter One of A Tale of Two Cities. The analysis focuses on the abstract, orientation, and the paradigmatic and syntagmatic links within the chapter and reveals the ways in which Chapter One sets the stage for the framework, mood and tone for the reader. It prepares the reader for the despondent and drastic occurrences to be unfolded within the novel. https://ijels.com/detail/a-critical-discourse-analysis-on-chapter-one-of-a-tale-of-two-cities/ Dr. Barbara Constance https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-105202418-ACritical.pdf This paper selects the English translation of The Deer and the Cauldron by British translator John Minford and the English translation of A Hero Born by young Swedish translator Anna Holmwood as the objects of study. Based on the theory of reception aesthetics of Jauss, it compares and analyses translation strategies and translation methods used by the two translators who are trying to achieve the greatest degree of field of vision integration according to readers’ expectation field of vision in the translation of their respective novels. https://ijels.com/detail/a-comparative-study-of-english-translations-of-jin-yong-s-martial-arts-novels-from-the-perspective-of-reception-aesthetics-a-hero-born-and-the-deer-and-the-cauldron-as-an-example/ Xin Mu, Zejuan Li https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-105202442-AComparative.pdf The word “discrimination” is derived from the Latin word discriminate- meaning “to separate, to distinguish, to make a distinction.” In American English usage, discrimination often refers to prejudicial treatment of persons. Black feminism emerged as a challenge to the assumptions made by these white feminists regarding their prerogative to speak for all women in general. Black feminism insists that sexism and racism are imbricated in each other, the oppression of women cannot be understood and addressed without reference to racism. According to Claudia Jones, a Trinidad – born activist, “In the film, radio and press, the Negro woman is a not pictured in her real role as a bread winner, mother and protector of the family, but as a traditional ‘mammy’ who puts the care of children and families of others above her own. This traditional stereotype of the Negro slave mother, which to this day appears in commercial advertisements must be combated and rejected as a device of imperialist to perpetuate that white chaunvist ideology that Negro women are ‘backward and inferior.’ Now a days, there are so many poems which is written by using discrimination and segregation as the subject because of the condition which appears in the society. Besides, there are some women poets who write poems by using feminism touches. For example, the image of woman in the society, the position of women among the men, and the discriminations which occur in the women’s life. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-and-racial-discrimination-in-maya-angelou-s-caged-bird-a-lament-on-slavery/ Dr. Anita Goswami https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-105202448-Gender.pdf International relations are often perceived as a dry discipline characterized by diplomacy, calculations and realpolitik. However, behind treaties, tariffs and statecraft lies a tapestry of stories, ideas and values that define how we see the world around us. All forms of literature have been used to explore international relations for many years because it provides an insight into human conflict experience among other things like cooperation and cultural exchange. Literature may be sweeping such as Tolstoy’s “War & Peace” or biting satire like Orwell’s “1984” but they all reveal what makes nations tick; why people do what they do on behalf of their country or themselves alone. In this paper review, we will look at some intriguing ways in which the Adventure of two captains trilogy, as a modern literary work, can shape (and reflect) our understanding about global politics plus tips on how reading more could turn you into a better citizen of the world – one who is empathetic, knowledgeable and reflective; we will also discuss how this work and most of its characters act like the components of a universal think tank with a dynamic mechanism of policy making on a regular basis. https://ijels.com/detail/adventures-of-two-captains-trilogy-and-u-s-exceptionalism-in-their-foreign-policy-manifestation-of-think-tanks-in-a-literary-work/ Ellias Aghili Dehnavi, Radoslaw Fiedler https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-106202418-Adventures.pdf This paper attempts to analyze the cultural dances associated with the Newar community of Baglung Municipality as performative art from the perspective of Performance Studies theory. An effort is made to clarify the historical context of the dances and their present conditions with the problems and possibilities. Our discussion aims to bring to light the glorious history of the cultural dances and the great possibility to develop the cultural identity of the Newar community of Baglung. Similarly, these dances can be discussed and exposed in the world of academia as performative arts. This study reveals that these dances are facing so many problems at present. They are being victims of the western influence in our culture. These problems can be solved only with the united effort of the local government and the local people. If managed properly, they can function as means of promoting tourism in Baglung. This research work uses mixed method and the critical ideas of Performance Study theorists like Richard Schechner for analyzing the dances as performative arts. https://ijels.com/detail/cultural-dances-as-performative-arts-a-study-of-the-cultural-dances-associated-with-the-newar-community/ Prakash Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-105202450-CulturalDances.pdf The life of average black man offshore African soil is fraught with greater challenges. The study concentrates on defense mechanism as one of the many psychological devices or tools, used ignorantly by Black-Americans as a means of earning their manumission or emancipation from white overlords. Many of these challenges could be both mild and severe, traumatizing and excruciating; causing great mental or physical pain. The extreme of these challenges is that, it leads to early death if the victim or the situation is not rescued. Against this backdrop, the study adopted the concepts based on the psychoanalytic principles established by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) whose theory of the psyche is often today in Eagleton’s Introduction to Literary theory (2005) referred to as classical psychoanalysis. This theory also combines with Lois Tyson (1999) African-American criticism to examine black families in black literatures from the psychological point of view. Cases of defense mechanism as a psychological concept are drawn out of four (4) Afro-American literary texts; Richard Wright’s “Black Boy” and “Native son”, August Wilson’s “Fences” and Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Major findings are the psychological errors committed by traumatized blacks from their daily challenges and how the errors defined their lives in ruins and their identity as blacks. Major attention was focused on how those blacks were able to defend themselves and possibly gained their emancipation from slavery. The study focused on how the sampled-blacks faced and accepted the confrontational harsh economy and unbreakable political structure created by the whites. The classist nature of the social structure were also considered and how this affects or defines the limitations of blacks as second-class citizens in diaspora. https://ijels.com/detail/defense-mechanism-as-a-psychological-concept-in-afro-american-novel/ Abiodun Olukayode TAIRU https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-10620249-Defense.pdf After combing through the literature on the English translation of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China from 2015 to 2022, it was found that most of the relevant research focused on three aspects: translation strategies, external communication and national image construction, and research based on discourse analysis. However, the research on these three aspects is not balanced. The first two aspects have more literature and more in-depth research, while the third aspect has fewer papers and more scattered research. The analysis shows that the research on the foreign translation of important party and state documents based on discourse analysis shows the characteristics of scientific methods and novel perspectives, and has strong academic value. Research in these three aspects can be further integrated, expanded and explored under the theoretical framework of discourse analysis, which can produce more theoretically innovative research results. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-of-research-on-the-english-translation-of-xi-jinping-the-governance-of-china/ Shu Kelu, Li Zejuan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-105202451-AReview.pdf The researchers explored the influence of social factors, specifically social influence, and the bandwagon effect, on the travel choices of Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management (BSTM) students. Utilizing a quantitative approach with a descriptive research design, a self- constructed survey was distributed to BSTM students from Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology. Stratified random sampling was employed, resulting in a sample size of 103 respondents. The study found that social media significantly influences the travel decisions of BSTM students, with many relying on travel-related content on platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter for inspiration and information. The bandwagon effect also plays a pivotal role in their travel choices, with students often swayed by the popularity and trends associated with certain destinations. However, the study found no significant variations in the impact of social influence and the bandwagon effect across different academic years. Based on these findings, the study proposes a comprehensive action plan to address these influences through awareness campaigns, personalized counseling, stakeholder collaboration, digital education, continuous research, capacity-building initiatives, community engagement, and regular reviews for ongoing optimization. https://ijels.com/detail/impact-of-social-influence-and-bandwagon-effect-in-tourism-students-a-basis-for-an-action-plan/ Mark Alvin H. Abad, Mikaella B. Lacsina, William Bill Strauss S. Corpus, Genina D. Diaz, Angelica I. Francisco, Andrea T. Lapuz, Heidi Mariella T. Sunga, John Paolo S. Nagaño https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-10620244-Social.pdf This paper presents the modernity of Mongolian television media management. The aim is to examine changes in advertising, which is the main revenue source for television stations, and identify problems with financing. The large number of televisions that share the advertisement market creates conditions and demands to focus on quality and choice of products in order to win the competition in compliance with market law. As Mongolia's media landscape evolves, successful television management requires a dynamic and forward thinking approach that incorporates opportunities created by technological convergence while navigating complex regulatory and competitive landscapes. The emergence of the Internet has not only changed the viewing habits of TV viewers, revolutionized the business model of traditional TV, but also led to the development of information technology, and constantly spawned new types of TV media, such as digital TV, internet TV and mobile TV. https://ijels.com/detail/challenges-for-media-management-in-mongolia-television-in-a-converged-environment/ Delgerjargal Maamuu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-10620248-Challenges.pdf This study discusses the subject’s view of him- or herself. Specifically, it examines the gaze of subjects who call themselves transvestites, who are treated in this study as subjects, with a focus on their social-discursive construction from the perspective of the self. In other words, we seek to understand how these subjects constitute themselves as beings in the world through materialist discourse analysis. Additionally, we seek to bring elements of the social universe of transvestites from the narratives produced by them, aiming to understand how the coloniality of gender acts on their constitution and to consider the appointments and procedures of exclusion narrated in their experiences. We used the following to support the proposed reflections: studies by Pêcheux (1995, 2014) and Orlandi (2012) on subject-discourse-ideology; Foucault's concept of discursive formation and the will to truth (1996, 2008); Butler’s (2021) work on hate speech; and Butler’s (2003), Bento’s (2011), Jesus’ (2012), Louro’s (1997), Nascimento’s (2021) and Vergueiro’s (2012) examinations of gender and sexuality. This study provides a better understanding of how transvestites constitute themselves as subjects in society due to the subversion of gender coloniality, the acts of violence they face, and the social erasure they suffer because they do not adapt to a crystallized imaginary of the body. https://ijels.com/detail/narratives-of-subversion-and-resistance-looking-at-travestilities-through-materialist-discourse-analysis/ Wesley Felipe Andrade Assis, Márcia Fonseca de Amorim https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-106202421-Narratives.pdf Majority of the news that are reported on the violation of human rights in contemporary Indian media points towards the insolent and dissolute mind-set of a group of people conquered by caste hierarchy. The victims of this degenerated mentality happen to be the marginalised and oppressed masses in society who have been silent sufferers for centuries. In such a struggle, Dalit women cannot refrain themselves from the revolutionary struggles to attain equality and freedom. Being a social activist, I put forward my thesis in my attempt to join hands with Dalit women in India, who are victims of oppression from within and outside their community. They are prone to physical assaults, verbal assaults, sexual harassment and exploitation, rape, forced prostitution and domestic violence in addition to poverty and hunger. With fiery determination, Dalit women have been fighting with their pen, expressing their brutal experiences and their stiff resistance against the obnoxious caste hierarchy. Poetry being the most striking form of expression brings forth their utmost discontent with the caste system and proclaims their vehement dissent. This thesis is an attempt to analyse the poetry of Dalit women and the propositions of the dialectics of pathos and protest. The study also problematizes Dalit women’s poetry, which as a form of activism and resistance can in fact, bring a change in the lives of the ordinary Dalit women in India. https://ijels.com/detail/voices-of-pathos-and-protest-from-dalit-women-in-contemporary-indian-society/ Aayushi, Dr. Sunil Kumar Jha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-106202422-Voices.pdf The research paper connects thematic complexities in Tom Stoppard’s play Arcadia (1993) with paradigm shifts in science. A remarkable illustration of science as a metaphor for human behaviour, Arcadia alternates between the early 1800s and 1993, interlinking the scientific pursuits of characters across time periods. Stoppard dexterously introduces Chaos Theory into the play through a young girl, Thomasina Coverly, who intuitively anticipates Fractals in the early nineteenth century. The playwright takes his readers through a world first ruled by Newton’s laws, then one where those laws are revised by the laws of Thermodynamics, and then one where they are revised yet again by Chaos Theory. The paper brings out a series of dichotomies latent in the plot structure of the play - Classicism versus Romanticism, Science versus Humanities and Newtonian Determinism versus the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which signify the presence of order and purpose amid the apparent randomness and disorder in the universe. Arcadia is an apt exemplification of how order arises from chaos. https://ijels.com/detail/synthesizing-dichotomies-in-tom-stoppard-s-play-arcadia/ Dr. Bani Dayal Dhir https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-106202425-Synthesizing.pdf This is a novel which lime lights on a long-established social problem which is endemic in the country. Several castes and religions are common in the diverse nature of our nation. The rituals and customs are the way of our living which is a part and parcel of our lies. Although India attained independence, develops in every field socially and economically in spite of that the evil deep rooted casteism in the mental attitude of man is not deviated and its consequences influence unpropitious on civil rights, education. existence and moral values of men. ‘I Have Become the Tide’ is the anecdote of three different stories of unlike periods. https://ijels.com/detail/the-endeavour-for-civil-rights-in-githa-hariharan-s-i-have-become-the-tide/ Dr. Vadnala Jyothsna Devi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-106202412-TheEndeavour.pdf To meet the demands of a globalized world, English learners need to develop employability skills that qualify them to achieve academic and professional success. The global market is in desperate need of leaders who can surpass all cross-cultural barriers and embrace global citizenship. Employees are required to develop leadership and global citizenship skills so as to enhance their creativity, productivity and sustainability in the workplace. Against this backdrop, English Language Teaching (ELT) seems to be an essential means for empowering students’ leadership and global citizenship skills so as to facilitate their holistic development. To investigate this issue, the current study adopted a quantitative research method using a close-ended questionnaire sent to 58 Moroccan ELT teachers. The data gathered was analyzed through the SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) in the form of descriptive statistics in order to explore teachers’ perceptions regarding the promotion of leadership and global citizenship in ELT and to suggest effective classroom practices to reach this purpose. The study at hand will contribute to expanding literature on employability skills development in ELT. Furthermore, the implications and recommendations proposed will guide ELT teachers in fostering leadership and global citizenship among English learners. https://ijels.com/detail/unleashing-students-leadership-and-global-citizenship-skills-through-elt-for-increased-employability/ Souad Belabcir https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-106202423-Unleashing.pdf Nietzsche argues that tragedy a synthesis of the Apollonian and Dionysian artistic principles uncovers the universal essence of human existencesufferingoffering metaphysical solace to its spectators that helps them bear this reality and affirm life amidst the terrors and horrors of existence Apollo and Dionysus represent individuality and universality in tragedy The Apollonian aspectsplot stage and charactershighlight individual distinctions whereas the Dionysian element musicthe chorusembodies the universalised consciousness of human fragility This Dionysian effect infused through music fosters a state of selfforgetfulness in the spectators dissolving their individuality Abhinavagupta believes that drama nya which is the object of aesthetic experience presents the generalised emotions through sdhrakaraa in which the empathetic spectator sahdaya identifies oneself with that of the character and its situations This transforms the aesthetic spectacle into a collective consciousness ekaghanat in which all the spectators are decontextualised from their spatiotemporal boundaries and experience the aesthetic taste ie rasa Abhinavagupta also argues that such aesthetic experience rassvda is akin to spiritual experience brahmsvda aligning his aesthetic theory with the philosophy of Kashmir aivism The paper aims to identify and analyse the universal elements inherent in the aesthetic experience of tragedy and nya aiming to extrapolate the concept of universalised consciousness through these art forms https://ijels.com/detail/aesthetic-experience-and-universal-consciousness/ Virosh Singh Baghel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-106202415-Aesthetic.pdf Brand Ambassador is someone chosen by the company to represent a product. NCT Dream was chosen by Lemonilo to represent their products and bring Lemonilo closer to the younger generation. The purpose of this research is to find out how much influence NCT Dream as Lemonilo's brand ambassador has on purchasing decisions for NCTZEN (survey of followers of the Instagram account @nct_indonesia). This type of research is descriptive research with quantitative methods. This research was conducted in May 2023. The number of samples in this study were 100 respondents to followers of the @nct_indonesia Instagram account, using a sampling technique, namely simple random sampling and using the S-O-R Theory (Effendy, 2003). The results of this study are seen from the t test, namely t-count> t-table (5.606> 1660) meaning that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted besides that the R-Square in this study is 24.3% while the other 75.7% is explained by other factors. This shows that the use of NCT Dream as Lemonilo's brand ambassador for purchasing decisions for NCTZEN (Survey of Instagram account followers @nct_indonesia) is effective. https://ijels.com/detail/the-influence-of-nct-dream-as-lemonilo-brand-ambassador-on-nctzen-purchasing-decisions-survey-of-instagram-account-followers-nct-indonesia/ A. Rahman Hi, Juwono Tri Atmodjo, Vania Utamie Subiakto, Ghina Aulia Putri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-10620243-TheInfluence.pdf This study embarked on a thorough assessment of the camping tourism potential at the BSP Nueva Ecija Council Training Camp nestled in Palayan City, employing a comprehensive analysis rooted in the 5 A's of tourism framework. Various dimensions of the campsite, comprising accommodation, attraction, accessibility, activities, and amenities, were scrutinized with a paramount focus on meeting the diverse preferences and needs of campers. Through a descriptive qualitative methodology, the research delved into the campsite's appeal to campers, evaluating the range, quality, and availability of lodging options tailored to their requirements. Additionally, it examined the natural and cultural attractions surrounding the campsite, assessing their allure to camping enthusiasts and nature aficionados. The study thoroughly assessed the campsite's accessibility, considering factors such as transportation infrastructure and ease of access from different locations, ensuring convenience for campers. Furthermore, it explored the breadth and diversity of activities offered at the campsite, evaluating their capacity to engage campers and enrich their camping experiences. In addition to evaluating the campsite's physical attributes, the research scrutinized the existing facilities and infrastructure at the BSP Nueva Ecija Council Training Camp. This entailed evaluating their current state, functionality, and adequacy in meeting the needs of campers, ensuring a comfortable and enjoyable stay amidst nature. Moreover, the study analyzed the camp's promotional strategies, with a particular emphasis on environmental sustainability, responsiveness to market trends, safety measures, stakeholder engagement, and economic viability. These factors played a pivotal role in shaping the campsite's image, attracting campers, and fostering a positive camping experience. A SWOT analysis matrix was developed to identify the campsite's internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats specific to the camping context. This provided invaluable insights for strategic planning, enabling stakeholders to capitalize on strengths, address weaknesses, seize opportunities, and mitigate threats effectively, tailored to the camper experience. Through this comprehensive evaluation, the study aimed to establish a robust foundation for the development plan of the BSP Nueva Ecija Council Training Camp, ensuring its sustainable growth as a premier camping destination. By enhancing the overall camping experience, the campsite can significantly contribute to the tourism landscape of Palayan City, fostering positive socio-economic impacts for campers and the local community alike. https://ijels.com/detail/evaluating-the-camping-tourism-potential-a-foundation-for-a-development-plan-at-bsp-nueva-ecija-council-training-camp-in-palayan-city/ Robin Cumpio, Faye Delrine Magsacay, Precious R. Manlusoc, Missy C. Riñen, Jara Mae B. Valdez, Bernadette C. Valencia, Mark Alvin H. Abad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-10620247-Evaluating.pdf Prior knowledge plays a crucial role in students' performance when it comes to utilizing effective reading strategies. When students possess prior knowledge related to the topic they are reading about, they can make connections, draw upon their existing understanding, and engage in more meaningful comprehension. Having prior knowledge allows students to activate their schema, which refers to the mental framework of information and experiences they have already acquired. This schema acts as a foundation for new learning and helps students make sense of new information. For example, if a student has prior knowledge about the solar system, they can easily comprehend and retain new information about planets or space exploration. Moreover, prior knowledge enables students to predict and anticipate what they might encounter while reading. By activating their prior knowledge, students can generate hypotheses about the content of the text, which enhances their engagement and motivation. https://ijels.com/detail/prior-knowledge-activation-through-the-use-of-effective-reading-strategies/ Ouafaa Belouiza, Bani Koumachi, Abdelkhalk Er-Rechydy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-106202448-Prior.pdf This article researches the complex experiences of Koreans residing in Japan as depicted in Min Jin Lee’s Pachinko. The analysis is divided into three parts each of which consisting of different paradigms: marginalization, liminality and alterity, cultural syncretism and exilic consciousness, and the myth of returning home. It shows how they remain marginalized despite the passage of time which indicates that their existence is liminal as they negotiate a dense cultural identity oscillating between Korean heritage and Japanese societal norms. The idea of alterity captures this constant estrangement from Japan. Further, this study delves into how characters in this novel adopt a hybrid culture mixing both Korean and Japanese traditions. Lastly, it explores the myth of coming back to Korea that affirms emotional attachment to an idealized homeland that is barely attainable. Pachinko is also unique because it uses generations for its story line thereby revealing the transforming face of Zainichi experience marked out by resilience, cultural negotiations and long-term effects caused by displacement. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-identity-dynamics-in-min-jin-lee-s-pachinko-through-different-paradigms-marginality-liminality-alterity-cultural-syncretism-exilic-consciousness-and-the-myth-of-going-home/ Rym Lina Mohammed-Azizi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-106202434-Exploring.pdf Fan-Fiction, originating from early science fiction, has become a popular culture, fuelled by the digital age and online communities. Fan-fiction is a creative technique in which fans actively connect with current media texts by creating their own stories, frequently reinventing and building on the established worlds and characters of their favourite source material. From a psychoanalytical perspective, it offers a secure environment in which young people may project their unconscious desires and thoughts onto the characters and settings they love. They can virtually experience events that could be controversial, banned, or otherwise deviate from society standards by inventing alternate narratives. Despite its easy accessibility, it can also be a source of objectification, inappropriate content, fluctuating writing quality and stereotypes, which could morbidly influence the psyche of young authors and readers. This study investigates fan-fiction from a psychoanalytic standpoint, concentrating on its diverse themes and attractiveness to the Fan-fiction community, aiming to understand its effect on its prosumers. https://ijels.com/detail/decoding-desires-the-subconscious-motivations-of-fan-fiction-authors/ Shruti Singh, Anam Khurshid, Manvi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-106202413-Decoding.pdf This paper aims to study the characters in Elif Shafak’s The Forty Rules of Love in the context of Sufism. It primarily examines what Aziz and Ella represent beyond the text. Parallels are drawn between the eponymous characters, Rumi, and other mystics of the time. Sufi philosophy is studied through symbolic significance of the elements fire and water. The Christian wisdom present is also observed. Allusions to the Masnavi, Rumi’s magnum opus, is inferred to be present in the novel. Ella and Aziz grow and change. This growth is examined through the four stages of Sufism. https://ijels.com/detail/rumi-and-the-paradox-of-character-in-the-forty-rules-of-love-by-elif-shafak/ Abel Johnson Thundil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-106202426-Rumi.pdf In 1845 Christina Rossetti's mental health deteriorated raising questions that caught scholars' attention for decades. This paper aims to pursue a preliminary analysis aiming at answering what may have been the cause behind the alleged sudden decline of the poetess's psychological and physical well-being. The most popular hypotheses are two: the first sees Rossetti suffering from a mental breakdown, and the second and most recent one states that the poetess may have been the victim of a sexual assault. The proposed research follows a qualitative approach by analysing two poems by Rossetti (Goblin Market and Speaking Likenesses) and contextualising her lines to recent studies on the poetess's life. A definitive answer as regards of what was the true reason behind Christina Rossetti’s mental health troubles is yet to be found. However, both poems highlight the depressive state of Rossetti and how this may have been determined by a strong sense of guilt and distress suffered by the poetess. Rossetti highly criticised the strict mindset she was raised in her work. Her state could have been either determined by reaching puberty with the consequent changes in her body or as a consequence of sexual awareness and temptation. https://ijels.com/detail/the-hidden-truth-behind-christina-rossetti-s-goblin-market-and-speaking-likenesses-the-poetess-own-words-as-key-to-understanding-her-troubled-mental-health/ Simona Pannacci https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-106202432TheHidden.pdf The sense of the Arab family as a social and cultural construct in Western societies is doomed to fluctuation and ongoing metamorphosis due to the new circumstances dictated and crafted by Western culture. The latter’s fierce pressure exerted on Arab immigrant families subverts these families' identity and culture from within. One manifestation, among others, of such subversion is the chasm that often happens between, on the one hand, first-generation Arab immigrants, and second and third-generation immigrants, on the other. This paper explores this often-overwhelming relationship between these immigrants. Also, it showcases the types of pressure that Western hegemony (through its culture and civilization) employs to culturally ‘tame’ the Arab family. This paper follows textual and discourse analysis methods to critically read Laila Lalami’s novel, The Other Americans (2019), principally through the characters of Maryam Guerraoui and her daughters, Nora and Salma. Would – or would not— the Arab family ‘go Western’ is, thus, the pivotal concern of this paper. This paper shows that it is normal for Arab families to receive pressure from Western mainstream culture, yet it is abnormal not to resist such pressure to maintain the sense of the Arab family. https://ijels.com/detail/surviving-the-sense-of-the-arab-family-in-the-west-the-arab-moroccan-immigrant-family-in-laila-lalami-s-the-other-americans-as-a-case-study/ Hassan Ait Nasseur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-106202416-Surviving.pdf The study intended to analyze the influence of strategies employed in teacher-learners’ classroom interactions through English on learners’ learning performance in the lower primary of Musanze District. It followed a sequential exploratory research design. Six primary schools were purposively selected for qualitative data gathering, and ninety-one schools were sampled for quantitative data collection. Qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interviews conducted with 12 teachers and 6 school head teachers, while quantitative data were obtained from the written questionnaire administered to 84 teachers in lower primary. The thematic analysis was employed to analyze qualitative information while quantitative data were treated using inferential statistical analysis by T-test and ANOVA. Findings from the study revealed that some strategies employed in teacher-learners’ classroom interactions do not provide room of improving English language used as Medium of Instruction. Therefore, barriers in Medium of Instruction lead to misunderstanding or wrong interpretation of questions or other required tasks during school exercises, tests or examinations, that provoke low learners’ learning performance mostly in public and government-aided schools compared to their fellows in private schools, with satisfactory proficiency in English. Then, a statistically significant difference was detected between learners’ learning performance of learners in private versus their counterparts in public and government-aided schools. The study concluded that the language barrier handicaps effective teacher- learners’ classroom interactions and learners’ learning performance. Then, it recommended teachers and learners to adopt measures that improve their English proficiency as well as their interactions, to refine learners’ understanding of subjects taught in English to boost learners’ learning performance. https://ijels.com/detail/influence-of-teacher-learners-classroom-interactions-strategies-on-learners-learning-performance-in-lower-primary-case-of-endoglossic-country-rwanda/ Marie Yvonne Ingabire, Assoc. Prof. Gabriel Nizeyimana, Dr. Delphine Mukingambeho, Dr. Michael Tusiime https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-106202433-Influence.pdf The aim of this paper is through theoretical review to examine and explore the relationship between personality traits and criminal behavior through a multidisciplinary approach by answering the questions which personality traits can give us more indications and is more predisposed to criminal behavior? Another important point of view is the non-acceptance, misuse of these personality traits in front of justice. What is right and what is not in such cases? What crimes and cases are exempt from justice and what tendencies do we have to be misused? These kind of questions requires the skills and knowledge of many experts from both psychological and legal field. Where is the red line that should not be crossed by both sides? We should not forget that personality traits are not mental states or disorders for which we believe and assume that have a different treatment and nature, both before the law and mental health experts. https://ijels.com/detail/personality-traits-and-predispositions-for-criminal-behavior-a-theoretical-legal-and-psychological-approach/ Haris Muminovic, Fatime Ziberi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-106202424-Personality.pdf The Inscrutable Americans chronicles Gopal's misadventures in America. His journey for a better education puts him in the middle of the outrageous and the grotesque realities of America as he desperately tries to cling to the comfort of his Indian identity. He battles racism, feelings of insecurity, familial expectations and judgement all the while interrogating his cultural beliefs of morality and sexuality. Through Gopal, Mathur accomplishes what many postcolonial and diasporic writers fail to do: a sense of humour amidst cultural anxiety. Through the ideas of Ambivalance, Subalterity and Hybridity as proposed by Bhabha and Spivak, the paper attempts to examine the challenges faced by Gopal, his recognition of otherhood, his constant questioning of identity and the gradual acceptance of ambivalence in a foreign land. https://ijels.com/detail/interrogating-ambivalence-identity-and-supplementarity-in-anurag-mathur-s-the-inscrutable-americans/ Sangeetha Alwar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-106202440-Interrogating.pdf Gender imbalance and environment degradation are two major global concerns today which together form a huge barrier to the sustainability of the Earth’s environment. This paper originates from the contemplation if literature could help raising or enhancing consciousness to prevent those social and artificial ills spread over the world more or less. It studies the synergy between women and ecology found in the prominent cultural postcolonialist Chinua Achebe’s history re-writing novel, Things Fall Apart (1958). It is a widely studied novel focusing mainly on the process and consequence of British colonialism in Nigeria; however, it is indispensable to examine whether its focus on ethnic women and their relation with surrounding ecospheres could provide some in-depth insight into the above mentioned hindrances to sustainable world. Henceforth, the primary objective of this study is to explore how the indigenous beliefs, value system and practices of the Igbo community incorporates ecofeminist awareness, capable of providing some prominent gateways to sustainable development of Nigeria in particular and the world as a whole. The study is entirely qualitative and it employs textual analysis methods to closely examine the narrative and the contexts, i.e., historical, political, and socio-cultural, it is set in. Ecofeminism necessarily provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for the study. However, certain ecowomanist concepts, with particular reference to Alice Walker, are also drawn. https://ijels.com/detail/ecofeminist-awareness-and-its-relevance-to-sustainable-development-a-study-of-chinua-achebe-s-things-fall-apart/ Israt Jahan, Banani Biswas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-106202437-Ecofeminist.pdf English language acquisition presents challenges for non-native speakers worldwide. Despite its global significance, many encounter difficulties in mastering it. The colonial legacy has entrenched English as an international language, leading to its widespread use across various domains. However, in nations with diverse linguistic landscapes, attempts to promote English learning face hurdles. In the Indian education system, for instance, reforms aiming to enhance English proficiency have yielded limited success due to multifaceted reasons, including societal attitudes and educational priorities. The prevailing mindset often prioritizes core subjects over language learning, hindering students' progress. Moreover, learners grapple with fear, lack of confidence, grammatical complexities, pronunciation issues, and native language interference. Environmental factors, peer pressure, and inadequate teaching further exacerbate these challenges. Overcoming these obstacles requires a shift in attitudes, with recognition of the value of language subjects and concerted efforts to provide supportive learning environments. Emphasizing foundational grammar concepts and fostering holistic language skills development through listening, speaking, reading, and writing activities are crucial. Addressing these issues can enhance the efficacy of English language education and empower non-native speakers to navigate the linguistic demands of the modern world effectively. https://ijels.com/detail/the-quest-for-fluency-english-language-challenges-for-non-native-learners/ M. Janardhana Rao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-106202439-TheQuest.pdf The poem "La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad" is a 1819 ballad by second generation English Romantic poet, John Keats. The title was derived from the title of 15th-century poem by Alain Chartier called La Belle Deme sans mercy. considered as one of the classics ,the poem beclouds the thin line between reality and imagination. The poem is denied as autobiographical by many critics and writers but the impact of his life incidents is undeniable. The poem Fennyencompasses around the themes like passion, obsession, and enchantment. There is Femme fetal iconography present in the poem. There is a great impact of Brawne and the success and criticism of his rival Lord Byron on the poetry and life of Keats. https://ijels.com/detail/the-subaltern-in-la-belle-dame-sans-merci-a-ballad/ Samridhi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-106202417-TheSubaltern.pdf This article explores Negritude and Pan-Africanism, two pivotal movements that emerged as responses to colonial oppression and the marginalization of African identity. Negritude, originating in the early 20th century, celebrated black culture and heritage as a form of resistance against colonial assimilation. Pan-Africanism, with its broader political scope, sought to unify people of African descent across the globe, advocating for collective self-reliance, cultural pride, and political independence. Through a comparative analysis, the article examines these movements' historical contexts, key figures, and philosophical underpinnings, highlighting their contributions to the assertion of African identity and resistance against imperialism. The enduring impact of Negritude and Pan-Africanism on contemporary African socio-political landscapes is also discussed, demonstrating their shortcomings and relevance in ongoing struggles for equality and empowerment. This study underscores the importance of these movements in shaping a cohesive narrative of resistance and self-assertion within the African diaspora. https://ijels.com/detail/resisting-colonialism-reclaiming-identity-the-role-of-negritude-and-pan-africanism/ Dr. Asit Panda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-106202450-Resisting.pdf The emergence of trauma as an alarming global issue has demanded attention and concern worldwide The term trauma comes from the Greek tpaa meaning wound The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines trauma as an unpleasant and upsetting experience that affects you for a long time Trauma as a theory in literature escalated in the 1990s accelerated by the pioneering works of scholars such as Cathy Caruth Geoffrey H Hartman and Shoshana Felman In contemporary Indian English fiction the genre of short stories has consistently represented an essential component of the literary landscape The potency innate in short stories equates to that of novels in their efficacy to provide radical insights into social cultural historical and psychological arenas The Art of Dying 1993 authored by the esteemed contemporary postmodern postcolonial writer Githa Hariharan is a cluster of short stories that reflect on womens lives within the modern Indian setting The Remains of the Feast a short story from this collection unfolds the traumatic events in the life of Rukmini and her response to them as recounted by Ratna her greatgranddaughter The purpose of the study is to inquire into the reactions of Rukmini and Ratna to the events that unwind especially during Rukminis final phase of life This paper employs a feminist lens to examine the responses of these two central characters and brings to light the assertion of agency in the process of negotiating with physical and psychological trauma shedding light on their respective positions within the patriarchal framework https://ijels.com/detail/asserting-agency-in-negotiating-trauma-a-critical-analysis-of-githa-hariharans-the-remains-of-the-feast/ Meenakshi R, Dr. Mridula R Kindo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-106202436-Asserting.pdf This research paper examines the impacts of tourism on the socio-cultural aspects of the Dumagat community in Dupinga, Gabaldon Nueva Ecija, emphasizing the importance of indigenous perspectives. It combines scholarly knowledge and firsthand insights to assess these impacts comprehensively, advocating for sustainable tourism policies that preserve the cultural integrity of the community. Findings suggest a mixed impact of tourism, with positive economic effects but concerns about the erosion of local traditions. The paper recommends a multifaceted approach, including cultural sensitivity, community involvement, and education, to mitigate negative impacts and empower indigenous communities. https://ijels.com/detail/impacts-of-tourism-on-the-socio-cultural-aspect-of-the-dumagat-along-dupinga/ Xenneath Andrea E. Adriano, Allaiza A. Aldeza, Will Smith C. Caspillan, Edilyn C. Menoncia, Ma. Cecilia P. Reyes, Francis Matthew L. Santos, Adriane Emanuelle A. Tumibay, Mark Alvin H. Abad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-10620241-Impactsof.pdf Stories gathered around the milk created the milk stories for women in India. White Revolution served as a means of financial independence and women created niche of their own. While the stories of women have always been an inspiration for the world, however, the main motivation remained the women of the rural background who have poor economic conditions and uncertain means of livelihood. In Uttarakhand, a hilly state of India, especially in Uttarkashi and Tehri Garhwal, there are numerous stories worth telling of the survival of women and the common factor among all of them has been the ‘milk’ and there is enough data which proves that how milk had been a boon for the downtrodden society of India since the great revolution started which was named: “Operation Milk.” https://ijels.com/detail/milk-revolution-stories-of-indian-women-from-the-mountains-of-garhwal/ Deepak Rana, Chetana Pokhriyal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-106202442-MilkRevolution.pdf Manga are circulated in graphic novel format as printed Japanese comic books. They are famous Japanese graphic novels or comic books. A popular form of literature, read by people of different age groups. They certainly provide visual as well as linguistic examples of Japanese culture. They deal with a number of genres like fantasy, romance, supernatural, erotica, action, psychological, science fiction and many more to include. This paper deals with manga-culture, its evolution and, cultural and global aspects attached to it. It highlights the educational element associated with manga. It further discusses about the prospects of manga being a form of cross-cultural literature and, how influential it is not only in Japan but also worldwide. https://ijels.com/detail/mapping-the-story-of-manga-graphic-novels-and-the-cultural-boom-in-japan-and-world/ Pragati Swami, Devendra Kumar Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-106202446-Mappingthe.pdf This paper seeks to understand the concept of Julia Kristeva’s Abject Theory and Sigmund Freud’s ‘The Uncanny’ through a short fictional work of speculative fiction titled ‘The Head’ by Bora Chung. The uncanny and the Abject have been used multiple times in combination to analyze literary works, however, the relationship between these two has not been properly defined. In this work, I attempt to discern this relationship through the primary text and understand the position of the subject, the object and the Abject. https://ijels.com/detail/the-head-and-its-other-parts-the-abject-and-the-uncanny-in-bora-chung-s-the-head/ Pratikshya Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-106202461-TheHead.pdf There are many elements that make up a good English article, but the quality of sentence writing is the most important criterion for evaluation. Sentence is the most basic unit for expressing ideas in an article, therefore, the accuracy of sentence writing directly affects the quality of the article. This article mainly discusses the writing skills of English sentences from five aspects: conciseness, diversity, coherence, unity, and dominance, in order to help students further improve their English writing ability. https://ijels.com/detail/on-the-five-elements-of-writing-english-sentences/ Zhang Jingling https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-106202452-Onthe.pdf This paper aims to critically analyze Aeham Ahmed’s memoir titled, The Pianist of Yarmouk through the theoretical framework of Nomadic Philosophy proposed by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Ahem Ahmed is a musician who hails from Syria and currently resides in Germany. He fled from Syria to escape the civil war and now gives concerts all over Europe. In his introduction to the memoir he says he want to dispel some of the fears surrounding the refugees in Europe. This statement itself shows that how he aims to represent the collective consciousness and voice of the refugees who are often denied their identity and are treated as faceless masses in the host countries. Deleuze and Guattari argue that the nomad has a tendency towards deterritorialization and it can be found to some degree in all phenomena. This paper aims to argue that refugee writers exhibit nomadic thought. The major questions addressed here are; a) How the writer acts as a nomadic figure throughout the narrative and how the narrative functions as a war machine against the state apparatus. b) How far the writer as a nomad can create a counter narrative; and question the mainstream power structures across globe which functions by the formation of nation states and strict border politics. c) To what extent the narrative can prove that the modern refugee is the opposite of modern citizen and it is an inevitable requirement of the current state of global politics. https://ijels.com/detail/the-writer-as-a-nomad-and-the-narrative-as-a-war-machine-a-critical-reading-of-the-pianist-of-yarmouk/ Theertha Theophin, Dr. Indra J.E https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/68IJELS-106202441-TheWriter.pdf The paper attempts to study the way the character of Mr. Kurtz is materialised in Heart of Darkness. The portrayal of Mr. Kurtz’s character is studied and analysed in this research work with reference to two of the major ways of character portrayal – direct definition and indirect presentation. The direct mode of description refers to the description of a character directly and explicitly with the help of a particular word, sentence, or event, whereas in indirect presentation, a character is materialized in terms of various means, such as the action, the speech, the external appearance and even the environment. The paper with references to the textual examples from Heart of Darkness, endeavours to explore how Mr. Kurtz’s character is sketched out using the two modes of textual representation. https://ijels.com/detail/textual-representation-of-mr-kurtz-in-heart-of-darkness/ Asim. I. Twaha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/69IJELS-107202431-Textual.pdf This study aims to investigate the linguistic features and strategies used by Donald Trump in his verbal attacks during his presidential campaign. The study aims to investigate the quotes, either directly or indirectly. The objective is to determine the persuasive level of verbal abuse as a rhetorical device in contemporary political discourse. A comprehensive linguistic analysis of his speeches during his campaign trail is used to examine the effect of verbal attacks on the delivery of his campaign speech in the presidential campaign and how this kind of political action affects the field of politics or politicians, which remains the main area of interest. https://ijels.com/detail/the-art-of-insults-a-linguistic-analysis-of-trump-s-verbal-attacks-during-campaigns/ Dr. Lina Fathi Sidig https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/70IJELS-1042024-TheArt.pdf The current research investigates teachers roles and question techniques in the EFL classroom. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether a relationship exists between the roles of teachers and question techniques in EFL classrooms at AL-Iraqia University, and to determine whether there is a difference in the roles of male and female teachers. This research employs a questionnaire as its tool. The population of the present study covers EFL teachers (male and female) who teach English language in the college of media at Al-Iraqia University for the academic year 2023/2024. The research restricts its sample to EFL teachers, both male and female, who instruct undergraduate students. The results obtained in this research indicate that there is a significant relationship between teachers' roles and question techniques in EFL classrooms at Al-Iraqia University, and there is no substantial relationship between teachers' roles (male and female). https://ijels.com/detail/teachers-roles-and-question-techniques-in-efl-classroom/ Ahmed Abdul Salam Ayash https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-11120249-Teachers.pdf This research examines the semantics and pragmatics of spatial expressions as they occur in various languages, with a particular focus on the English language. It examines how these expressions are conceptualized and utilized in diverse Western and Eastern cultural contexts, highlighting the importance of spatial terms in shaping human cognition and communication. By applying Talmy's typology of spatial expressions, the study aims to uncover how cultural factors influence the semantic meanings and pragmatic uses of spatial expressions. The results reveal a pattern of variability in the usage of spatial expressions, reflecting cultural and contextual factors in discourse. This research enhances our understanding of how language encapsulates complex spatial relationships, providing empirical evidence for the interplay of linguistics, cognition, and culture. It highlights the need for further investigation into the typological representation of spatial relations within linguistic frameworks, offering insights into cognitive processes that govern the perception and description of space across different cultures. https://ijels.com/detail/from-literal-meaning-to-intended-use-a-pragmatic-semantic-analysis-of-spatial-expressions/ Mahmoud Arif Edan, Atyaf Hasan Ibrahim https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/72IJELS-104202469-From.pdf The legal profession in India is founded on a delicate balance between an advocate’s duty to the court and loyalty to the client. This paper examines the ethical tensions arising from this dual responsibility within the Indian adversarial system. It analyses the statutory and regulatory framework governing legal ethics, including the Advocates Act, 1961, and the Bar Council of India Rules, alongside key judicial interpretations that emphasise advocates’ role as officers of the court. The study identifies major challenges to ethical compliance, including adversarial pressures, the commercialisation of legal practice, and weak disciplinary enforcement. Comparative perspectives from common law jurisdictions further highlight the need to prioritise judicial integrity without undermining client representation. The paper argues that ethical advocacy requires principled balancing, supported by effective regulation, judicial oversight, and continuous professional education. It concludes that harmonising court duty and client loyalty is essential for maintaining public trust, safeguarding the administration of justice, and strengthening the ethical foundations of the Indian legal profession. https://ijels.com/detail/the-duty-of-lawyers-to-the-court-vs-client-loyalty-in-india/ Jyoti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/73IJELS-104202498-TheDuty.pdf