https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usDecember 9 The following paper entails a study of family as a social unit. The research highlights the effects of socio-economic as well as cultural and political factors on the institution of family. The concept of family has been explored through Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman (1948) and Mohan Rakesh’s Aadhe Adhure (1969). The texts belong to two different geographical and cultural set-ups and portray two distinct timelines. The former text has been studied in the context of the failure of the American Dream and the latter in relation to the post-independence Indian disillusionment. This study aims to examine the impact of socio-political and economic context on the functioning of a family and seeks to identify the factors that influence familial relationships and affect the coherence of the institution. https://ijels.com/detail/representation-of-family-as-a-social-unit-in-arthur-miller-s-death-of-a-salesman-and-mohan-rakesh-s-aadhe-adhure/ Saumya Verma, Dr Manjari Johri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-110202339-Representation.pdf This paper seeks to suggest that Malala Yousafzai, despite being born and brought up in Swat, a small valley which is part of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan), proved to be an emissary of education for women and hence of their empowerment with sheer grit and courage in the face of multiple threats. The paper also attempts to understand that in her autobiography, Malala’s voice gives a clear assurance of the promotion of gender equality. It has already been established that she strived to find a place of independence and liberation amidst a male-privileged society. Malala Yousafzai’s act of writing blogs and challenging the Taliban has promoted the slogan “One child, one teacher, one book, one pen can change the world”(UNESCO Speech) and it has become the slogan for millions of men and women worldwide who actively work to claim their rights. https://ijels.com/detail/malala-yousafzai-a-progressive-voice-for-progressive-society/ Dr. Mohinderpal Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-110202336-Malala.pdf Women have been marginalized and pushed to the periphery of the society all these years. They are marginalized in terms of gender and sexuality. They were confined to private sphere and was restricted from participating in the public sphere or mainstream society. There was no representation of women in the mainstream history. With the passage of time, women started to claim their rights. They started deconstructing the popular notion of mainstream history in order to provide equal space for women. Erica Jong in Fear of Dying also displays the anxiety of ageing in a woman’s perspective. Through the work, the author unsettles the notion of fear towards ageing and death. Erica Jong in Fear of Dying is trying to give women an authoritative and rational voice by challenging the patriarchal rules. Vanessa, a 60 year old actress in the story, reflects the condition of women and challenges the patriarchal rules. The novel explicitly represents those activities and lifestyles which helps women to move from passive agents to active agents. Through Vanessa, Jong exhorts women to move out of existing patriarchal system and discover their identity as separate from male defined identity of women. https://ijels.com/detail/sexuality-as-a-subversive-force-in-erica-jong-s-fear-of-dying/ Amrutha Ashokan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-11120231-Sexuality.pdf This research delves deeply into the intricate socio-economic conditions faced by urban beggars in India, employing a combination of qualitative and deductive research methodologies. Through a carefully chosen purposive sampling approach, the data collection process involves an exhaustive examination of secondary sources, which illuminates the deeply marginalised status endured by beggars. According to the 2011 Census, the number of beggars across the nation exceeds a staggering 400,000, with West Bengal bearing the highest burden. The empirical analysis presented in this study underscores a disturbing trend of an ever-widening socio-economic gap, further exacerbated by factors such as soaring unemployment rates, widespread illiteracy, and the economic downturn brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. This confluence of challenges has created an even more precarious environment for India's beggars. Of particular concern is the discord between different legislations that criminalise the act of begging and the government's initiatives, notably "SMILE," which promises collaborative efforts between authorities and civil society to reshape the socio-economic landscape for India's beggars. This contradiction reflects the complex and multifaceted nature of the issue at hand. India's beggars, as revealed in this study, face a deeply entrenched predicament. The social and economic forces working against them are formidable, with the already vulnerable group suffering the most. High unemployment rates, limited access to education, and the economic fallout from the pandemic have compounded their struggles, pushing them further into the margins of society. On a more optimistic note, the study highlights the potential for change and improvement through collaborative endeavours like "SMILE." These government-led initiatives, working in tandem with the involvement of civil society, offer a ray of hope in reshaping the socio-economic landscape for beggars. By bridging the gap between punitive legislation and supportive programs, there is potential for meaningful change, ensuring a more equitable future for India's beggar population. This research serves as a critical resource for those seeking to understand and address the complex challenges faced by this vulnerable demographic. https://ijels.com/detail/evaluating-the-socio-economic-status-of-beggars-in-indian-cities/ Zikra Mehjabin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-110202340-Evaluating.pdf This essay delves deep into the innovative structure and style of T.S. Eliot's poem, The Waste Land. It explores several noteworthy elements, including its unique fragmented "jump-cut" technique, the incorporation of allusions, as well as direct, albeit unattributed, quotations and translations from global literature. Additionally, the essay examines the poem's extensive array of references spanning culture, language, geography, and time, while also considering its vivid yet economical portrayal of a diverse array of transient scenarios and characters. This essay takes into account the strong criticisms of these features and the justifications provided by both Eliot and sympathetic critics. It further connects these elements to The Waste Land's ongoing engagement with personal and collective physical, social, moral, and spiritual wounds, and explores the tentative, yet often exquisite, hints at possibilities for healing and hope within the poem. https://ijels.com/detail/the-appropriation-of-trauma-in-the-waste-land/ Subhra Souranshu Pujahari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-110202338-TheAppropriation.pdf In Thousand Faces of Night Githa Hariharan deals with the struggle of three women (Devi, Sita and Mayamma) of three consecutive generations for their survival, freedom and individuality. The novelist has projected the struggle of women in a male dominated society in order to preserving her identity. These three characters faced humiliations and led unfulfilled life in their early stage of their married life but by the end of the novel all the three tried to see themselves and gave a space for their self. They celebrated themselves as free individuals after they are relieved from their marriage knot. Each individual has responded in her own way to provide space for her ‘self’. They walked on the tightrope and struggled for balancing their relations and also for some means of survival they could fashion for themselves. https://ijels.com/detail/dilemma-of-identity-in-githa-hariharan-s-thousand-faces-of-night-a-feminist-perspective/ Manoj Kumar Kalita, Dr. Bhubaneswar Deka https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-11120235-Dilemma.pdf The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of program evaluation in English language education. Evaluation is a part of our life and we often evaluate every aspect of our life. We make value judgment like ‘The film is super’, ‘He is a nice person’ or ‘She is very kind’ etc. In fact, we are good at negatively evaluating others very often. These judgments are based on our feeling towards them and our preferences. Such type of everyday casual judgment can become a piece of research if there is a question, data analysis and interpretation of the data. The paper explains the meaning and types of evaluation and it argues that program evaluation is very important in English language education since it provides evidence for improvement, consolidation, refinement and modification of the program. This paper also discusses the possible evaluators of the program, types of information needed for the evaluation and the methods to be used in evaluating an English language educational program. Furthermore, the paper explores some practical steps for designing a program evaluation. https://ijels.com/detail/importance-of-program-evaluation-in-english-language-education/ Dr. Muhammedali Chalikandy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-11120237-Importance.pdf Mumbai is a thriving metropolis that has long been known as the "City of Dreams" because it has a reputation for being a place where anyone can succeed. Dhobi Ghat released internationally as Mumbai Diaries in 2010 directed by Kiran Rao, shows an alternative aspect of the city that is not frequently depicted in mainstream cinema. The story traces the journeys of four characters as they struggle to overcome their individual obstacles while navigating the metropolis. A close-up view of Mumbai's underbelly, with all its social and economic inequalities is given via the eyes of these folks. The complex topics discussed in the film will be examined in this paper along with how they relate to the socioeconomic conditions on the outskirts of Mumbai. https://ijels.com/detail/one-city-many-lives-exploring-the-quintessence-of-mumbai-city-in-the-movie-dhobi-ghat/ Ms. Keerthy Sophiya Ponnachan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-111202311-OneCity.pdf This paper analyzes the current situation of the effectiveness of teachers’ directives in Yuanjiang No.1 Senior High School by means of questionnaires and classroom observations, and makes some suggestions to give effective directives. It is hoped that the research results can provide some teaching insights for teachers. It is found that teachers often use single and direct directives in the classroom, which is not conducive to language input. In the choice of strategies, teachers tend to focus on translation and other strategies like demonstration are used infrequently. In addition, personal factors like teacher's volume and speaking speed also affect students' understanding. The result of the study suggests that teachers should enrich the forms of directives and select directive strategies according to the teaching situation appropriately, so as to promote students' understanding and improve the classroom efficiency. https://ijels.com/detail/the-effectiveness-of-teachers-directives-a-case-study/ Wu Ge https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-111202314-TheEffectiveness.pdf In the trend of information globalization, mass media is not only an authoritative source of information but also a participant and executor of international affairs. News reporting is the most influential and authoritative form of media, shaping people’s cognition and attitudes while conveying information. Therefore, using news reports to build a national image has become an essential strategy for the government of a country. At the same time, an excellent national image is essential for improving a country’s global discourse power. Therefore, this paper uses discourse-historical analysis as a theoretical framework to analyze the China-related climate reports of mainstream media in the United States from 2015 to 2023 and explores the diachronic changes and reasons for the image of China in mainstream media reports in the United States. In this study, a combined approach of quantitative and qualitative methods is employed, with a particular emphasis on data-driven corpus research methods. The study found that mainstream US media’s climate reporting on China mainly focuses on China’s climate responsibility, renewable energy, and inter-country relations in climate governance. Through the analysis of the predication strategy, argumentation strategy, and intensification strategy, it is found that the media’s stance has gone through a period of neutrality from 2015 to 2017, increased hostile rhetoric from 2018 to 2019, and continued to worsen from 2020 to 2023. The media’s stance is mainly related to the changes in climate policies in the United States at different phases. https://ijels.com/detail/critical-discourse-analysis-on-china-s-image-in-climate-coverage-by-mainstream-us-media/ Zhang Yanhua, Li Weina https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-111202319-Critical.pdf Education should be about transformation, whether for teachers or learners: transformation in conceptual understanding and the methods of completion of tasks. It is true that enormous and widely dispersed influences from regions outside of Southeast Asia—from China, India, the West, and Islamic nations—have left their marks on the region's theatre. It's also true that theatre from one nation in Southeast Asia has frequently influenced theatre from nearby nations. But it is also true that throughout the various countries of Southeast Asia, theatre has grown in different directions in response to local conditions and influences. In this evolutionary process, several diverse theatre styles have come into being. In Indonesia and Thailand, two nations with highly established theatre industries, there are over a dozen different theatre genres. With the passage of time, there have been major changes in the field of second language teaching; among the more recent promising and productive ones is task-based language teaching. In ESL classrooms, funds and resources are always an issue and often, the stakeholders are concerned about the paucity of resources in ESL contexts. Theatre is an absolutely cost-effective resource useful for task-based pedagogy. This paper focuses on probing how theatre can be a useful tool for teacher education to prepare teachers in an inclusive classroom from the perspective of India and Southeast Asia. This paper aims to link how Indian Theatre arts can influence the teaching and learning of the English language in Southeast Asian nations. This paper further identifies conceptual and theoretical frameworks from the fields of theatre and teacher education for an inclusive classroom. Additionally, it tries to find the links between teacher education and theatre, which might benefit ESL/EFL learning in the classroom by using theatrical techniques. Therefore, the paper aims to propose how teacher training can be enriched with theatre as a resource. https://ijels.com/detail/theatre-for-teacher-education-to-prepare-teachers-in-an-inclusive-classroom-a-historical-perspective-of-india-and-southeast-asia/ Momin Ali, Dr Vibha Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-11120234-Theatre.pdf This paper examines Yogesh Maitreya’s poignant short story, “Flowers on the Grave of Caste,” as a profound eulogy encapsulating the intricate dynamics of the caste system. Delving into the narrative, the study explores the symbolic layers that unravel the corrosive impact of caste, challenging established myths and exposing their role in perpetuating hegemonic power. Maitreya’s work is analysed for its adept use of allegory, chronicling the pain and exploitation faced by Dalits while cultivating new aesthetic values. The abstract further discusses the political allegory embedded in Dalit literature and how “Flowers on the Grave of Caste” encapsulates two centuries of Dalit resistance, providing a unique lens to understand the historical context and essence of the Dalit movement. The exploration navigates through the intricacies of caste dynamics, shedding light on the emergence of Dalit literature and showcasing Maitreya’s distinctive narrative prowess. https://ijels.com/detail/flowers-on-the-grave-of-caste-a-eulogy-of-caste-dynamics/ Dr Sangeeta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-11220233-Flowers.pdf This dissertation presents an ecofeminist analysis of an excerpt from Tuna Tango and unveils a nuanced depiction of women entrenched within patriarchal norms and subjected to the male gaze. The text's language objectifies women, prioritizing male desires, perpetuating detrimental stereotypes, and highlighting issues pertaining to consent. This revelation serves as a compelling call to scrutinize the gendered power dynamics and objectification pervasive in literature and society. Tuna Tango weaves a tapestry of environmental values that shape our perceptions of the natural world. These values underscore the importance of appreciating nature's beauty, promoting conservation, and acknowledging the ethical responsibility of environmental stewardship. They illuminate the awareness of environmental consequences and economic pressures, fostering a holistic approach that demands respect and responsibility as stewards of the Earth. The conclusion of the passage from Tuna Tango underscores the potential for women to unite and support each other when confronted with external challenges and adversity. This representation shatters gender stereotypes, emphasizing the strength of female solidarity against male-centric power dynamics. It aligns with ecofeminist principles, accentuating the agency and power derived from women's collaborative efforts and mutual support. Tuna Tango employs vivid descriptive imagery, symbolism, metaphor, and juxtaposition to artfully portray the natural world. This evocative language and imagery immerse the reader in sensory experiences and emotional connections with nature, enriching the understanding of the intricate relationship between humanity and the environment. This multifaceted portrayal illuminates the beauty, challenges, and complexities inherent in this interaction, encouraging a profound appreciation of the natural world. https://ijels.com/detail/ecocriticism-in-steven-becker-a-critical-study-of-tuna-tango/ Yixuan Wang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-111202320-Ecocriticism.pdf The concerned paper tries as much as it can to sketch a feministic preview of “Shakespeare’s sister”, included in the famous essay “A Room of Ones Own” by Virginia Woolf, one of the most dominant female writers of English literature by virtue of exploring the fundamental problems of women, familial as well as social, regarding the various means whereby they can thrive like greatest male poets, dramatists as well as novelists of the era. Throughout the essay, Wolf endeavours to singe root and branch the man-made form of the patriarchal society, which hinders the women to have a specific space for only themselves, just like the men, even to come out of the apparently predestined social barriers and to know their inner self in order to flourish their inner capabilities, by dint of the man-made social weapons like gender discrimination, disparity as well as discrepancy. That is why, Woolf suggests, we all know great writers, particularly male writers like Shakespeare, But we know nothing about any female writer, maybe as great as Shakespeare in English literature, particularly before the 18th century. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-fictional-miss-shakespeare-in-woolf-s-shakespeare-s-sister/ Milan Chakraborty https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-11220234-Exploring.pdf The current research paper aims to investigate and reveal the implicit ideologies that are used by Lynn Nottage in her play By the Way, Meet Vera Stark to represent her patriarchal society. The study exhibits critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the representation of women discrimination within Nottag’s play By the Way, Meet Vera Stark. The study delves into the complex construction of American societal stratification, centering on the discursive depiction in the context of women discrimination in the play. The study adopts Reisigl and Wodak’(2001,2009) framework to analyze the collected data qualitatively and quantitatively. The data of this study are four extracts from a different scene of the play to represent women discrimination. The analysis of the data reveals that Nottage criticizes American society for the interplaying between power dynamics, societal status, and the depiction of women exploitation, spotlighting on the multifaceted dimensions of discrimination exemplification within the play. By utilizing all of the discursive strategies, the study concludes that the predicational strategy gets a higher percentage of the total use of the discursive strategies, which indicates the writer’s frequent reliance on predicational strategies to project how characters’ attributes and qualities thereby affecting the depiction of discrimination in the context of the play. https://ijels.com/detail/women-discrimination-in-lynn-nottage-s-by-the-way-meet-vera-stark-a-critical-discourse-analysis/ Assel Abdulhussein Abbas, Abbas Lutfi Hussein https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-11220238-Women.pdf India's entrepreneurship is at a crossroads, with a mix of problems and opportunities necessitating innovative approaches to tasks in order to achieve long-term success. This research dives into the terrain in depth, with an emphasis on combining Design Thinking with the PESTLE (Political, Economic, Sociocultural, Technological, Legal, and Environmental) framework. The study used a qualitative technique to investigate common themes through content analysis of secondary sources. Based on the findings, three key challenges are highlighted, including financial, social, and technological difficulties, and solutions are presented utilising the PESTLE framework. Therefore, this research provides Indian entrepreneurs the benefit to overcome difficulties and create the road for long-term success and societal impact by incorporating Design Thinking and the PESTLE framework as fundamental components of their entrepreneurial journey. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-challenges-and-opportunities-for-entrepreneurs-in-india-integrating-design-thinking-and-the-pestle-framework/ Rewa Agarwal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-110202347-Exploring.pdf In the past 20 years, the significant trend of globalization has had a considerable impact on language. An illustration of this is the fact that English is recognized on a global scale as a dominant and mostly uncontested medium of communication. Despite this undeniable internationalization of English, the question of whether or not a translation from or into English still has a place in this fast-evolving world given the advancements in communication technology remains for the professional. This study has three components of exploration and illustration. First, despite fierce competition from other languages, it aims to establish benchmarks for the internationalization of English as a language. The following are examples of the variables that affect power in language and society: 1. Being granted access to resources, including, material, political, and fiscal. 2. Participation in the international decision-making process. 3. A willingness to introduce and deal with global technical developments, including the knowledge of superhighway and communication technology among others. The study further, establishes and does the advocacy with relevant ideas and justifications that a strong language like English can take the lead and maintain dominance in a global society due to its significant role in disseminating and facilitating information technology and the consequent tools, such as email service and the internet among others. The notion that every translation is a recreation originated with Derrda's followers, whose philosophy of deconstruction investigated every claim or fabrication through the process of tearing down the preexisting construction or framework. As a result, the term "translation" came to denote "recreation" from structuralism to deconstruction to post-structuralism. It sums up that regardless of the translator’s changeable characteristics, such as culture, language, or age, the production would always include all three aspects of reinterpretation, reappropriation, and recreation. https://ijels.com/detail/the-globalization-of-language-exploring-the-dominance-and-internationalization-of-english/ Nikita Balhara https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-111202312-TheGlobalization.pdf The journey position of women portrayed in Malayalam cinema varies from victims to survivors angels to monsters fidels to infidels and much more which made Malayali audiences frown as well as clap. Our audience appreciated women’s stereotypical roles more than women who are raising their voices against society. Cinema has always influenced people to commit heinous crimes because the impact of cinema on the mind of people Is so profound as said by Georgekutty in the movie Drishyam where he has created the image (drishyam) of A fake incident in the mind of people thereby befooling police. The discussion in the paper highlights the sexuality of women pictured in selected Malayalam films by closely examining the incidents of films. The paper enables the readers to recall some of the incidents in the movies from the past that women have encountered and understand how they overcome abuse and social disadvantages to become symbols of courage, strength and resistance. The role of female characters in Malayalam cinema has been a subject of discussion. In this context, a few issues need to be taken into account. In Malayalam cinema near the end of the 20th century, what kinds of roles were given to female artists? Can these characters be classified as gender stereotypes in general? Were the roles that were assigned expressly treated gender-biased? Are there any modifications to the positions given to women so far? https://ijels.com/detail/understanding-the-feminine-voices-a-study-of-women-in-selected-malayalam-cinema/ Sharanya Sreeshan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-111202325-Understanding.pdf This research paper delves into the post-colonial narrative presented in Amitav Ghosh's novel, The Hungry Tide, published in 2004. Through a post-colonial lens, the paper examines how Ghosh's narration captures the intricate interplay between identity, representation, and power dynamics in the Sundarbans region shared by India and Bangladesh. The novel portrays the 'Subalternised Other', individuals and communities which are marginalised and silenced by dominant forces; it sheds light on their struggles for agency, voice, and recognition. Drawing upon the works of M.H. Abrams, Antonio Gramsci, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, the paper explores the significance of the terms "Subaltern" and "Other" in the context of postcolonial studies through this text. It analyses how Ghosh's characters, including Piya, Kanai, Nirmal, Fokir, Kusum, Moyna, and the Morichjhapi refugees, represent the diverse manifestations of subordination based on class, caste, age, gender, and ethnicity. Overall, this article is a vivid academic demonstration of how The Hungry Tide offers a compelling exploration of the 'Subalternised Other', inviting readers to critically reflect on representation, identity, and the urgency of embracing diversity and harmonious coexistence within societies in a post-colonial context. https://ijels.com/detail/the-politics-of-subalternity-a-postcolonial-analysis-of-the-subalternised-other-through-amitav-ghosh-s-the-hungry-tide/ Disha Dahiya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-111202327-ThePolitics.pdf This research investigates the motivation of students studying English at the Department of English, Sisingamangaraja XII Tapanuli University. Motivation plays a crucial role in language learning, influencing learners' engagement, persistence, and overall success in acquiring a second language. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing case studies to delve into the unique experiences and perspectives of individual students. The research employs qualitative research methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis, to gather rich and in-depth data from a selected group of students. Findings from the case studies of knowledge on language learning motivation and provide practical implications for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers aiming to enhance the English language learning experience for students in similar contexts. Understanding the intricate dynamics of motivation is essential for fostering a positive and conducive learning environment that promotes language proficiency and academic success. https://ijels.com/detail/motivation-in-english-language-learning-case-studies-students-of-english-depatment-of-sisingamangaraja-xii-tapanuli-university/ Holmes Rajagukguk, Berlin Sibarani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-112202323-Motivation.pdf This action research explores the use of Supported Reading (SR) to improve the reading proficiency of Grade 9 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in an Indonesian context. A class of 16 students were involved in this study conducted over 3 weeks. The intervention addressed the students' ability and reluctance to read or speak in English through a structured SR routine, incorporating various reading practices. The research questions focused on the current state of reading proficiency and the effectiveness of SR as an intervention. Baseline and post-intervention reading tests were conducted, and statistical analysis indicated a significant improvement in students' reading scores. The methodology incorporated elements of language testing, using a reading fluency test with a designed rubric. The intervention included vocal warm-ups, silent reading, word attack drills, echo reading, choral reading, and pair/individual reading activities. The results showed a significant increase in fluency, rhythm, expression, and pronunciation skills among the students. Findings suggest that SR, typically considered for lower grades, is a viable intervention even at the upper grades, serving as a form of spiral progression. The study affirms that SR is relevant and useful for EFL teaching and learning. Recommendations include integrating SR into reading instructions for students and in teacher professional development programs. While SR is commonly used in lower primary for reading fluency, educators facing similar challenges in EFL contexts should consider the use of SR to improve reading proficiency and motivation among students in the upper grades. https://ijels.com/detail/using-support-reading-to-raise-reading-fluency-in-a-grade-9-class-taking-efl-an-action-research/ Yong Heng Sai (David), Dr. Berlin Sibarani, Dr. Wiwiek Meisuri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-112202320-UsingSupport.pdf This paper presents an error analysis of communicative effect taxonomy in students' writing of descriptive text at the tenth grader of Senior High School. The study focuses on understanding the types and sources of errors made by students, with a particular emphasis on local and global errors within the communicative effect taxonomy. The research employs a qualitative method, involving data collection through tests and interviews. The study takes place at SMA Negeri 1 Tuhemberua, and the participants are 20 students from class X IPA 1. The findings reveal a total of 77 errors, with local errors constituting 57.14% and global errors 42.85%. Local errors include articles, auxiliary, noun and verb inflection, and quantifier errors. The most prevalent type of error is related to noun and verb inflection. Intralingual sources are identified as the predominant cause of errors, followed by interlingual, context of learning, and communication strategy sources. The analysis sheds light on the patterns and frequencies of errors, providing insights into students' challenges in writing descriptive texts. The results suggest that students face difficulties in grammar aspects, particularly in using articles and inflections. Intralingual factors, such as insufficient knowledge about grammar rules, play a significant role in students' errors. The study concludes with recommendations for teachers to enhance grammar teaching strategies, considering the identified error patterns and sources, to improve students' writing proficiency. https://ijels.com/detail/an-error-analysis-of-communicative-effect-taxonomy-in-students-writing-descriptive-text-at-the-tenth-grader-students/ Afore Tahir Harefa, Berlin Sibarani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-11220237-AnError.pdf "Maternal health and pregnancy experiences are critical issues for women in India. Despite recent efforts to improve maternal health outcomes, there is still much work to be done. This research project aims to explore the current state of maternity health in India and investigate the pregnancy experiences of pregnant women. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative interviews with quantitative data analysis, this study will examine factors that contribute to maternal mortality and morbidity, including access to health care, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms. Additionally, this research will explore the experiences of pregnant women in India, including the challenges they face during pregnancy and childbirth. By examining these issues, this study aims to provide recommendations for improving maternal health outcomes and promoting positive pregnancy experiences for women in India." The study will examine several factors that affect maternity health in India, including access to healthcare services, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms. By exploring these factors, the research project aims to develop recommendations for improving maternal health outcomes and promoting positive pregnancy experiences. The research project will provide valuable insights into the experiences of pregnant women in India, including the challenges they face during pregnancy and childbirth. It will also identify areas where improvements are needed to enhance maternal health outcomes in the country. By disseminating the findings of the study, the hope is to create a greater awareness of the issues surrounding maternity health and to provide useful guidance for policymakers and healthcare providers in India. https://ijels.com/detail/perspectives-of-pregnant-women-on-maternal-health-and-pregnancy-experiences-in-urban-areas-a-qualitative-analysis-of-maternal-health-in-tamil-nadu/ S. Janaki, S. Prabakar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-111202316-Perspectives.pdf A well-known poet and activist named Kalki has successfully bridged the gap between art and activism with her poems by using a distinctive blend of visual storytelling. The paper examines the visual components that Kalki uses in her poems as effective vehicles for expressing social and political ideas. It does this by delving into the rich tapestry of her works. This study examines the complex interplay between art and activism in Kalki's work, giving insight into the poetry's ability to spark social change through in-depth analyses of a few poems. The poems selected for analysis include: “She”, “Piece by Piece”, and “Don’t tell that to me”. https://ijels.com/detail/visual-narratives-in-kalki-s-poetry-the-intersection-of-art-and-activism/ Mohammad Anas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-11120239-VisualNarratives.pdf The study underscores the challenges faced by racial subalterns in America, with Maya Angelou's renowned autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, providing detailed insights into the hardships endured by this community. Born during the Jim Crow Laws Era, Maya faced severe racial segregation, particularly evident in the racial animosities prevailing in Stamps, Arkansas, between Americans and subalterns (Blacks). Maya became a victim of patriarchal oppression, a consequence of her status as a subaltern and African American in a society predominantly controlled by men. The subjugation experienced by subaltern women restricted their freedom to pursue their dreams, subjecting them to domination by their counterparts. The shared inferior and marginalized status of African Americans in society serves as a thematic backdrop. Maya, however, transcended these challenges, breaking the metaphorical glass ceiling to become the voice of her racial subaltern community. Notably, she achieved the historic milestone of becoming the first subaltern woman to ascend to a position of prominence. https://ijels.com/detail/manifestation-of-female-subjugation-and-sexual-exploitation-an-analytical-study-of-maya-angelou-s-i-know-why-the-caged-bird-sings/ Rsvika Tripathi, Dr. Geeta Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-11220239-Manifestation.pdf Afghanistan, an Islamic country, has always been counted as the most barbaric abode for women. As per the news that has been taking round, the life of these women is filled with battles, restrictions and social discriminations. They are compelled to accept everything in the name of religion and are even denied from receiving the fundamental rights. The Afghan society is overpowered by men who call themselves religious and yet refuse to follow the guidelines mentioned in the holy text. Religion is a way of life which chalks down certain norms and demarcations for men as well as women, to abide by those, in order to have a tangle free peaceful society for every individual to thrive in. The holy Quran clearly mentions equality for women. The Lord says: “I never fail to reward any worker among you for any work you do, be you male or female - you are equal to one another.” (Qur’an, 3: 195). The Government of the state has imposed certain laws which brutally restrict its women from enjoying certain liberties. Demolition of their fundamental rights has not only made them weak, marginalized and subjugated but also left them bereft of their basic right to live like a human being. Under decades of war, the Taliban regime has been yielding the most oppressive lives for Afghan women. The very common Purdah custom, escorting of men, forced polygamy and gender segregation has become the staunch and hardcore rules for these women. The present study brings to the fore the many times pictured tumultuous predicament of women in Afghan society and puts it to examine how despite the age old ragged customs and rigid norms that has wreaked havoc on their status; these iron willed women have put up a brave face to fight against the injustices and restrictions piled on them by the radicalized men and striven to rise out of the debris. Nadiya Hashimi’s ‘The Pearl That Broke Its Shell’ not only defines a woman's place in the face of violence but also highlights the resolution of this subjugated sect to liberate them from the tightened fist. https://ijels.com/detail/a-sojourn-into-the-afghani-customs-and-beliefs-through-the-lens-of-religiosity-in-nadiya-hashimi-s-the-pearl-that-broke-its-shell/ Darkhasha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-11220235-ASojourn.pdf Eco Philosophy as a captivating branch of academic study emerged on the international theoretical scene as a viable and acknowledged field of academic inquiry, Eco-Philosophy has undergone a virtually incessant process of improvement, expansion, broadening of scope, and reworking of fundamental concepts. It began with serious nature of addressing, analysing, and understanding the essense of ecological vision and literary application. It is being followed by divergences over the correct area of study, the best theories, and the compatibility of local or national literary and critical traditions. Even the use of dialects in oral performance falls under this spectrum of study. In order to examine the various facets of Eco Philosophy as an Eco critical enquiry in the field of poetry, the poetic vision of Gary Snyder is profoundly accredited. With an intense interpretation of Snyder’s poetry, the present article deals with Snyder's idealistic vision of the relationship between human beings and the natural world. It investigates the ecological implications in his major poetic works, Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems (1959), Turtle Island (1974) and Mountains and Rivers without End (1996). An earnest attempt made to read those works from an ecological point of view to draw the attention of the readers to the significance of the environmental concerns embodied in the poetic works of Gary Snyder. https://ijels.com/detail/eco-philosophical-perspectives-in-the-select-poems-of-gary-snyder-a-critical-exposition/ Rakesh S Wagmore, Dr. Madhushri G. Kallimani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-112202313-Eco-Philosophical.pdf As a discipline, Translation studies is comparatively new and is still in the process of mapping its territory because the mode of transmitting cultural elements through literary translation is a complicated task encompassing a compendium of experiences: including history, social structure, religion, traditional customs and everyday usage. The translation is indispensable to enquire about the tenor of one language into another without doling the central felt sentiments. It has been discerned that translation has ever been elementary to Indian English literature. Manifesting translation sagacity in India is even a relatively new and fascinating respite. Inasmuch the vernacular scrawls have been translated into English, it’s getting more facile for the readers to understand the viewpoint of the scribers. It is the strength of this vernacular pen that makes writings so dynamic in Indian languages. In the Indian context translation to English tremendously works also as an accord as it brings the voices of protest and those of the subaltern as well, to the availed and the powerful challenging them in their space. This research will especially focus on Marathi subaltern writings which are translated into English and their influence on the readers, especially the literature created by Dalits, one of the most bleeding and exploited communities in India. https://ijels.com/detail/modern-indian-literature-in-translation-bama-s-karukku-and-sangati/ Subho Ghosh, Namrata Chakrabortty https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-112202312-Modern.pdf Diasporic writing is an attempt to express the predicaments of immigrants as they land in an alien land. Migration both forced and voluntary resulted in the feelings of dislocation, alienation and confusion as they are made victims of discriminations based on race, culture, religion and language. Diasporic writers have attempted to express some of the inexplicable problems of immigrants. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni as a diasporic writer focuses on the trajectory of immigrants and the trauma of being in exile. Her novels explore the problems of settlement, fractured identity, immigrant experiences, and multi-cultural society, intergenerational and cross cultural conflicts and ramification of decisions from female protagonists. Ramification of decisions continues to shape literature in time immemorial. Serious decisions taken by characters develop the plot as well as make narration interesting. Decision making is actually a cognitive process that result in a selection of belief among other alternative possible actions. The consequences of decisions are to be focused because failing decisions may lead to complications, challenges that would turn someone’s life upside down. Divakaruni picturizes adventurous characters who always find possibilities to shine in their lives by breaking their shackles. Her characters would take venturesome decisions especially when they are in a complex situation. The author motivates her immigrant readers by projecting challenges to the characters and shows ways to overcome the situation. In her novel, Before We Visit the Goddess, three generations of women who take significant decisions that bring drastic change in their lives that result in their quest for identity. This paper highlights the gradual development of characters from stepping out from their homeland to facing challenges and establishing an identity in an alien land. This paper is an attempt to explore how the characters with ramifications of decisions, several distractions and different dreams, figure out their identity and continue to evolve. https://ijels.com/detail/ramifications-of-decisions-a-study-of-chitra-banerjee-divakaruni-s-before-we-visit-the-goddess/ Aarthika M. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-112202314-Ramifications.pdf In her renowned autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou provides a detailed account of the hardships faced by racial subalterns. Born during the Jim Crow Laws Era, Maya experienced profound racial segregation in Stamps, Arkansas, leading to animosity between Americans and subalterns (Blacks). As a subaltern and African American, Maya encountered oppressive patriarchal dominance, with limited opportunities for females in a male-dominated society. Subaltern women, constrained by societal norms, found their dreams curtailed and suffered from the dominance of their counterparts. The marginalized status of African Americans in society serves as a thematic backdrop. Despite these challenges, Maya shattered the glass ceiling and emerged as the voice for racial subalterns in her community, achieving the historic feat of becoming the first subaltern woman to serve as the conductor of a cable car. https://ijels.com/detail/divulgence-of-racial-apartheid-and-segregation-in-subalterns-an-overview-of-maya-angelou-s-i-know-why-the-caged-bird-sings/ Dr. Geeta Sharma, Rsvika Tripathi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-112202329-Divulgence.pdf The paper aims to study the detrimental impact of Artificial Intelligence on human life and human consciousness. AI’s harmful impact can be described according to the tenets of the ‘Casino Syndrome’, which was first laid down by Anand Teltumbde in his seminal work ‘The Persistence of Caste: The Khirlanji Murders and India’s Hidden Apartheid’ (2010). Taking from the addictive and commercial components of Teltumbde’s concept, the researchers have attempted to redefine the concept in the context of AI and its detrimental impact on human life. According to the three tenets, researchers have attempted to prove that AI can pitch an individual against all others in the marketplace, leading to unemployment and creating conflicts at local, national and international levels as it creates an ‘elitist’ agenda which culminates in a ‘rat race’ and competition. It can disintegrate interpersonal relationships at home, in society and culture and in the workplace due to its extreme focus on individualism thanks to content curation and customized algorithms, and in many other ways, lastly, as a result of the first two, it can also lead to several psychological and mental health problems. The paper explores numerous methods towards creating accountability and inclusivity in AI and the Globalized world and creating resilience against the ‘Casino Syndrome’ through methods involving ethical considerations, transparency, mitigation of prejudices, accountability, education, etc.. Ultimately, this paper does not deny the obvious benefits of AI, but it highlights the possible negative consequences of uncontrolled and unscrutinised use of it, which has already begun. https://ijels.com/detail/the-casino-syndrome-analysing-the-detrimental-impact-of-ai-driven-globalization-on-human-cultural-consciousness-and-its-effect-on-social-disadvantages/ Anzala Khan, Aazka K. P. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-110202326-TheCasino.pdf This Paper mainly focuses on the romantic elements used by Twain in the novel “The tragedy of Puddn’head Wilson”. The major American romantic elements like a life with nature, civilization is corrupt and, social differences due to slavery. All the points are found plenty in the characters in the novel. The protagonists in the novel are suffering one way or the other because of the social structure that breeds slavery. Slavery is the major theme of the novel and its consequences over the people who walk in and around of it. The novel circumambulates slavery and its effect on people. Slavery is supposed to be the outcome of racial supremacy and “society”. This paper is to prove that society breeds slavery and inequality, and corrupts people with its whims and fancies. https://ijels.com/detail/american-romantic-elements-in-mark-twain-s-the-tragedy-of-puddn-head-wilson/ Radhakrishnan Rajasekaran, Dr. R. Shanthi, R. Saranya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-112202345-American.pdf Chitra Banerjee's novel "Independence" is an innovative perspective about independence as a beacon of martyrdom on the golden occasion of India's 75 years of independence. To quote Amitav Ghosh: “ A spellbinding saga of the decolonization and partition of the Indian subcontinent, with a case of vividly drawn, compelling characters.” The novel delves into the tumultuous phases of human life, exploring themes such as the mob mentality, heinous attacks on women, and the clash of traditional, societal, and cultural norms during the partition of India. Throughout human civilization, issues like immigration, communal riots, and social and cultural conflicts have remained crucial topics of discussion. In today's world, multicultural societies are a result of global immigration. Migration can be seen as a determining factor in various aspects such as violent conflict, ethnic tensions, the expansion of national powers, and even economic growth or stagnation. Diasporic literature often highlights the problems and concerns faced by immigrants. Those who have migrated to a new culture often experience various forms of stress that can impact their cultural norms, religious customs, and social support systems. Adjusting to a new culture from one's own can be challenging, and cultural identity plays a significant role in this process, whether one is an immigrant or a native. This paper aims to explore the issues of cultural conflicts and immigration as depicted in Chitra Banerjee's "Independence." By examining the novel's portrayal of these themes, we can gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by individuals in multicultural societies and the impact migration has on their lives. https://ijels.com/detail/chitra-banerjee-s-independence-a-searing-saga-of-cultural-conflicts-and-upheavals-of-immigration-from-women-s-perspective/ Dr. Purnima Bhardwaj, Rajandip Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-112202342-Chitra.pdf In Kafka, The Other takes on an alien and otherworldly form. Gregor Samsa, Kafka’s protagonist in the ‘Metamorphosis’, leads an uneventful life until his transformation into a grotesque monster incites the worst in his family. According to Bakhtin, the grotesque in literature and art was used as a form of satire to question the hypocrisy and hegemony of the dominant class. In ‘Metamorphosis’,Gregor morphs into an interstitiality that his family finds extremely threatening. He is no more their own, he is The Other and his grotesqueness is proof of this fact. In this paper, we study the relationship between grotesqueness and The Other in Kafka’s ‘Metamorphosis’. https://ijels.com/detail/the-grotesque-in-kafka-a-study-of-the-other-in-kafka-s-metamorphosis/ Jaiwantika Dutta Dhupkar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-112202332-TheGrotesque.pdf Ulrich Beck theorized the contemporary world as the ‘age of risk’. Taking the cue from Beck, this paper focuses on the ecological aspect of this risk society which looms large over the life and wellbeing of the entire planet – the intrusion of toxics in our everyday lives – thereby also making it the ‘age of toxicity’. Toxics have permeated the entire ecosystem – from land to water to atmosphere – making it difficult for any life form to escape their impact. The paper attempts to explain the main features of this age of toxicity in an effort to find solutions to this problem. It might be noted that the problem of toxicity is not evenly distributed across the countries and the Global South bears the brunt of the problem. Further, toxicity has a disproportionate impact on the economically weaker and marginalized sections within the developing countries as they are forced by economic circumstances to live in areas which are environmentally degraded and polluted. The paper proposes that toxicity is engendered within a global system structured by three factors– international power conflicts, activities of corporate houses and the consumerist culture – which together create a vicious circle of toxicity. The paper therefore proposes that the concerned civil society groups could advocate policies aimed at weakening this vicious circle of toxicity and campaign for small steps in the direction of larger changes. https://ijels.com/detail/the-age-of-toxicity-a-theoretical-model/ Ritambhara Malaviya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-112202341-TheAge.pdf The digitalization has created a huge impact not only on various aspects of life but also on literature. Earlier, a traditional approach was used to analyze texts with the help of intertextuality, but due to the introduction of novel technologies like multimedia, AI-generated text, algorithms, and virtual reality, it has become complicated to effectively interpret works. Due to this, a new approach is required, i.e., digital intertextuality theory. It connects old concepts with new ones to explore this new digital literary age. Moreover, it can aid us in finding how conventional intertextuality combines with the new technology of user interactions to provide a thorough understanding of how stories are created and analysed in the 21st century. With this new perspective, the gap between conventional and contemporary can be bridged. It can assist scholars, students, researchers, and critics in comprehending the baffling world of new literature. It will also expand and give new areas for research by creating an impact beyond the literature fields. https://ijels.com/detail/digital-intertextuality-theory-a-new-approach-to-explore-textual-connections-with-multimodal/ Nikita https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-112202338-Digital.pdf In her 1992 novel Jazz, Toni Morrison—an African American Nobel laureate—examines the ways in which African American women experience various forms of discrimination. This paper investigates the discriminations involving race, class, and gender and portrays Harlem as a discriminatory setting in the novel, using the qualitative technique on the bibliographic study. Jazz tells the story of the hardships faced by African American women who settled in Harlem at the beginning of the 20th century. The female African American characters in the book, who are still troubled by memories of slavery, find themselves oppressed both inside their own black community and in the society that is ruled by white people. In the book, Harlem is referred to as "the City" and describes itself as the relational setting where black women encounter the overlapping alienation and subjection from their racial, social class, and gender roles. https://ijels.com/detail/race-and-gender-discrimination-in-toni-morrison-s-jazz/ Syed Faisal Karim https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-112202333-Raceand.pdf Tokyo Cancelled, the debut text of the award-winning author Rana Dasgupta, who also won a Commonwealth Writer’s Prize for his brilliant second novel Solo (2009), seeks to connect the contemporary techno-cultural world and the eerie world of myth, fantasy, magic, and imagination. Dasgupta chooses new ways of representing the world with his postmodernist experimentation Tokyo Cancelled as he continues to do in Solo as well. In a contemporary anonymous international airport, Dasgupta makes thirteen stranded passengers tell thirteen stories which in turn transport the reader to the realms of magic and fantasy. While rejecting the conventional mode of narration, and going away from the traditional concepts, Dasgupta creates a pastiche of postmodern events, occurrences, events, and characters. The author celebrates the elements of irony, paranoia, fragmentation, parody, dark humour, magic realism, and techno-culture which hold the very essence of a postmodern society and its habitants. This paper, thus, from a postmodern perspective, attempts to analyze the contemporizing of the fantastic elements existent in the text Tokyo Cancelled. https://ijels.com/detail/tokyo-cancelled-a-postmodern-reading-of-rana-dasgupta-a-review/ Rabi Kumar Roy, Prof. Karunesh Jha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-112202330-Tokyo.pdf Kafka’s The Trial (1925) provides an intricate narrative, it is enriched with complex feelings and perceptions that are difficult to grasp. Most of Kafka’s works allows the readers to experience states and feelings that go far beyond their normal understanding. Even though this text mainly focuses on the dystopian and totalitarian system of the court, it can also be viewed under a psychoanalytical lens. It narrates the story of Josef K., a bank clerk who’s arrested in a very abrupt manner without any predisposition. He’s never enlightened about the true nature of his crime. As K. tries to unfold the labyrinthine network of bureaucratic traps he slips into a state of complete delusion. This paper is an attempt to inquire as to how The Trial shows the crisis of a modern man in a dystopian world altogether leading him into a state of psychosis. This paper further argues as to how the main character of this text, Josef K. subverts the Cartesian position of being “I think therefore I am” with his constant attempt at making sense of his state as he tries to abject his superego. In the course of the paper through a detailed analysis it shall bring forth instances to appropriate the reason for Josef K.’s psychosis. It will further try to draw a parallel between his psyche and chaos by proving how he tries to conceal his logical inconsistency by presenting himself as someone who is rational and in order while lurking behind it is his pathological illness i.e disorder within order. https://ijels.com/detail/an-approach-to-psychosis-a-psychoanalytical-reading-of-franz-kafka-s-the-trial/ Tonmoyee Kashyap https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-112202331-AnApproach.pdf This research investigates the utilization of the Personality Style Inventory within educational leadership, examining its application among two distinct tiers of leaders: K-12 and higher education, encompassing American and Chinese educational contexts. By analyzing and contrasting personality types across these diverse leadership levels, the study uncovers variances in personal characteristics among leaders. Furthermore, it aims to elucidate how the implementation of the Personality Style Inventory can enhance and inform leadership practices within these educational domains. https://ijels.com/detail/an-investigation-of-educational-leader-s-personality-style-inventory-in-k12-and-higher-education-levels/ Jing Yan, Lin Li https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-112202319-AnInvestigation.pdf This paper discusses the significance of ideology in shaping the cultural values of children through literature. Literature has the power to shape children's worldview and beliefs, and as such, it is crucial to understand the ideologies that underpin the books we offer to young readers. The paper emphasizes the need for critical examination of literature and the promotion of diverse and inclusive literature that accurately reflects the experiences of all individuals. It also highlights the responsibility of authors, publishers, educators, and parents in shaping the values and beliefs of future generations. The paper concludes that by promoting diverse and inclusive literature that encourages critical thinking and fosters empathy, we can help ensure that children grow up to be informed, engaged, and compassionate members of society. https://ijels.com/detail/the-importance-of-ideology-in-shaping-children-s-cultural-values-through-literature/ Rifaat Salman Salih https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-112202347-The Importance.pdf The aim of this study is to provide a legal assessment of legal developments and establish a list of social variables required by Russian citizens. This research paper examines the features of Article 7 of the Russian Constitution, which describes the main principles of Russian government. This paper aims to provide an understanding of the importance and impact of Article 7 in the Russian political and legal environment through a comprehensive examination of its historical context, legal interpretation and practical implications. Before the 2020 constitutional changes, the declaration of Russia as a socialist country in Article 7 of the Constitution was not full of important constitutional principles. The goals of economic development related to the new Russia cannot be achieved without changing the legal framework of the activities of public institutions at all levels. During the reform process, many new legal protections were created, the government's commitment to improve the lives of the population was established, and public authorities were charged with its implementation. Based on accepted scientific methods, this work analyzes the main social events that took place during the constitutional revolution and the legal measures taken to improve welfare. Emphasis will be placed on evaluating the effectiveness of policy and legal decisions in the context of responding to the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on national economic development. The article describes the role of the head of state as a creator of legal and legal opinions that confirms the change of relations in the legal system of the separation of powers and lays the foundations for a new socio-economic strategy for the development of Russia. https://ijels.com/detail/constitutional-foundations-of-the-russian-welfare-state-in-the-context-of-the-2020-constitutional-reform-a-comprehensive-analysis/ Shalini Gupta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-112202348-Constitutional.pdf The Indian-Pakistan partition in 1947 witnessed the vulnerability of the women as they were prey to the men's harassment and abuse. Women experienced brutal violence and suffered physically, mentally and emotionally during the traumatic communal riots. Thousands of women were repeatedly abducted, raped, mutilated and publicly humiliated by their male counterparts. Women were forced to commit suicide to protect their families' honour and chastity. The partition was a traumatic and heart-wrenching episode for the women as exploitation, subjugation, and gender inequality was mercilessly inflicted upon them by the males of their families and religious communities. Women's dignity and identity were invisible to the eyes of the males whose bodies they mutilated, violated, impregnated, and tattooed with religious slogans. Women were married to their abductors by male members of their families. As a result, women lived as domestic servants or sex workers. Moreover, women willing to reunite with their families after recovery and enduring psychological trauma were turned down and labelled as contaminated. Eventually, they were outcasted and compelled to stay with their abductors to protect their family's honour. The partition divided India and Pakistan with enmity, bloodshed and destruction. During the separation, women were categorised as 'the other' whose purpose was to endure the sufferings and brutality of masculine politics and perform traditional roles. In religious texts and sermons, women are worshipped as goddesses; on the contrary, they are subjugated and oppressed in a male-dominated society. Urvashi mentioned, ' Men almost instigate violence, but women feel its greatest impact'. Bahri stated that the violence against women during partition was against their individuality, community, family, and nation. Division in 1947 was considered the Indian holocaust, where thousands of women were raped and abducted. This paper discusses the patriarchal nature of society and the traumatic violence experienced by women during the partition. It highlights the inhumane and brutal acts of the men, including the officers who oppressed and objectified women after their 'recovery'. And dwells on projecting the hardships, struggles, plights and resilience of the victimised women who experienced torture and betrayal by their male counterparts. This paper discusses the traumatic events experienced by the subaltern women who failed to raise their voices against the injustices and brutality because they were ashamed and vulnerable. The subaltern women accepted to sacrifice their lives for the community and religion to become martyrs. Gender politics and toxic masculinity led to mayhem, inequality, destruction and inflicted pain and suffering on the women through rape, abduction, and self-immolation, forced marriages in a discriminatory and horrendous way in the patriarchal society during the partition negotiations. https://ijels.com/detail/the-price-paid-by-women-gendered-violence-and-subaltern-women-depicted-in-the-other-side-of-silence-by-urvashi-butalia/ Taqdees Fatima, Dr. Tripti Tyagi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-10120241-ThePrice.pdf The study highlights the phonological analysis of nouns borrowed from standard Swahili into the Meru language of Northeastern Tanzania. It describes phonological processes that are involved for these borrowed nouns to have acceptable features and for those words to become part of the recipient language as the major objective of the study. The Optimality Theory (OT) introduced by Prince and Smolensky 1993 guided the study, Data were collected from Meru native speakers in Arusha region specifically in Arumeru District as the targeted population through interviews and Native intuition and data were recorded. These tools provide primary data that are directly obtained from the field (Kothari, 1990). This study used a qualitative research approach since data analysis, presentation, and interpretation take descriptive methods (Mugenda, 2003). According to Soeparno, (2002:117), “…the motto is to describe the fact, all the facts, and nothing but the facts”. The study shows that there are processes that are involved during the nativization of borrowed nouns from Swahili into Meru; prosthesis, anaptyxis, sound tolerance, aphaeresis, devoicing, voicing, rhotacization, sound assimilation, substitution of sounds and vowel lengtherning. All these processes have been very helpful as they have helped Meru language users meet their everyday communication needs. The study has now been potential for linguists for future reference and to the researcher as an academician. The study suggests that other areas of the language that have not received much research and academic attention: phonological analysis of borrowed verbs, semantic shift, negative impacts of language borrowing, the influence of Meru language in second language learning, semantic broadening, narrowing, and amelioration; other language levels including semantic, phonetics, morphology and pragmatics should be highly considered since the studies will act as the way of preserving African indigenous languages and will act as instrumental tools towards promoting local languages. https://ijels.com/detail/swahili-loanwords-in-meru-language-of-the-northeastern-tanzania-a-phonological-analysis-of-nouns/ Elirehema Daniel Nnko https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-101202429-Swahili.pdf In Richard Wright's autobiographical novel, "Black Boy," the author portrays the racial discrimination the black community faces. This paper examines the systemic racism and prejudice encountered by African Americans during the early 20th century. Through the use of direct quotes, indirect quotes, and critical analysis, this paper delves into the different forms of discrimination and their effects on the protagonist, Richard Wright. The main argument of this paper is that "Black Boy" stands as a powerful testament to the ongoing battle against racial discrimination in the United States. https://ijels.com/detail/racial-discrimination-against-the-black-community-in-richard-wright-s-black-boy/ Mustafa Mohammed Rashid Al-Nuaimi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-11020239-Racial.pdf