https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usAugust 9 Nowadays, there has been a significant increase in the establishment of language centers due to the growing demand from learners. Many job opportunities require strong language skills, particularly proficiency in English. Vocabulary plays a crucial role in effective English communication, and the techniques employed for teaching vocabulary hold considerable importance in language instruction. Different methods yield varying outcomes, and students' perceptions of these methods can differ. This study aimed to explore the perception of adult students regarding learning English vocabulary through pictures. To gather data, a mixed-method design was utilized, comprising a questionnaire survey involving 100 learners and semi-structured interviews conducted with 10 learners. The study findings revealed that, according to the majority of students, learning vocabulary through pictures brings benefits such as increased motivation, improved vocabulary acquisition, and enhanced memory. However, the study also identified challenges associated with learning vocabulary through pictures, including issues related to image quality, difficulties in pronunciation, and struggles in distinguishing between concrete and abstract words. https://ijels.com/detail/efl-adult-learners-perception-of-learning-english-vocabulary-through-pictures-at-a-private-english-center/ Nguyen Thi Thu Hang, Le Thi Thuy Nhung https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-106202358-EFL.pdf Acts of violence in any society are predominantly seen as disruptions in the ordinary ebb of everyday existence- as deviations from the norm. This essay, however, argues that violence often emanates from the structures of society and it is only through the alteration of these structures that we can truly and effectively counter the various violences and brutalities we see around us. To this end, this paper shall look at Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s 1981 novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold to delineate on Marquez’s attempt to show violence and brutality as intrinsic elements of Columbian society. Marquez shows how violence has been internalised and institutionalised in the novella’s town by highlighting the fault lines of the novella’s society which is deeply entrenched in brutality, patriarchal codes of machismo and honour and a cult of violence. The essay also looks at the tragic dramatic mode called pundonor which is central to understanding the vitiated codes of honour germane to the Columbian national psyche. The article ultimately concludes by looking at how in the overwhelming existence of violence and brutality, relations of and sustenance provide by love are splintered. https://ijels.com/detail/violence-and-brutality-in-chronicle-of-a-death-foretold/ Ishita Prasher https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-106202366-Violence.pdf The aim of this study is to explore the notion of ‘human’ identity in reference to the spectrum of posthumanism. The study will highlight how the idea of posthumanism challenges and widens the borders of the category of ‘human’, allowing the traditionally excluded categories, such as ‘women’ to be considered as humans. The study will analyze the issue in reference to the story, “With Fate Conspire” by Vandana Singh where the author blurs the line between past and present. The story includes three interconnected women who with the help of a machine renegotiate the identity of women and move forward from the traditional concept of ‘human’. https://ijels.com/detail/but-human-is-all-i-am-exploration-of-posthuman-feminism-and-dis-embodiment-in-the-short-story-of-vandana-singh/ Sifatun Noor https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-106202360-But.pdf Individuals involved in academia are well aware that they are required to write various types of academic documents, including research papers, review articles, conference papers, book chapters, books, book reviews, theses / dissertations, grant proposals and PowerPoint Presentations for their professional growth. Teachers at the school level, lecturers at the intermediate / degree level, and assistant professors / associate professors / professors at the university level consistently find themselves in need of drafting some sort of academic document for publication. When we write something, we have various aims in mind, such as describing, explaining, instructing, specifying, evaluating, persuading, conceding and apologizing, protesting, rejecting, and more. Academic writing necessitates conducting research, evaluating information, organizing thoughts, presenting arguments, responding to others' arguments, analyzing data, and expressing ideas clearly and effectively through writing. When preparing any academic document for publication, one needs to consider the essential elements that must be met. In this paper, I aim to discuss the fundamental aspects of academic writing. https://ijels.com/detail/dynamics-of-academic-writing-and-its-impact-on-professional-growth/ Dr. P. Prasantham https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-10720231-Dynamics.pdf In 1858, Georg Simmel was born in Berlin. The conflicts of Germany's unique road to modernity were best exemplified by that metropolis. Financial speculation and rapid urbanisation fueled Berlin's ascent to global prominence. While a young proletariat (Georg Simmel) fought the government and the bourgeoisie for political and economic rights, an avant-garde cultural elite coexisted uncomfortably with the central European aristocracy. The landed Prussian Junker aristocracy, the cornerstone of Bismarck's unified German Reich, was eroded because of the proliferation of modern technologies that created power and riches. The Hohenzollern dynasty, one of the oldest in Europe, ruled over a tumultuous realm while being enamoured with the most contemporary concepts. https://ijels.com/detail/the-inimitable-sociologist-revisiting-georg-simmel-s-seminal-texts/ Kevin George https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-10720232-TheInimitable.pdf One of the issues addressed in translation teaching concerns translation errors and their contribution to translator training. Since the terms used to describe the range of translation errors lack commonly agreed distinctions or fixed points of reference, it is quite difficult to adopt a holistic approach to translation errors by simply providing a pure definition. This has a great deal to do with the tendency to consider as error any performance which falls short of the “ideal” (Pym, 1992: 2). Within this context, there has been an attempt in the present paper to approach errors in a taxonomic manner on the basis of how they actually appear in translated texts where elements of different text types are perpetually mixed. We will also briefly refer to a diverse variety of reasons that errors may be ascribed to, ranging from lack of comprehension to misuse of register, factors that may be located to a variety of levels such as language, pragmatics and cultural level. Finally, we will describe a positive approach toward translation errors and their contribution to translator training by offering to students the insights and experiences they need in order to become competent translators. https://ijels.com/detail/translation-errors-a-taxonomic-approach-and-their-contribution-to-translator-training/ Evanthia Saridaki https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-106202364-Translation.pdf Many university instructors face challenges in literature classes. Students get bored of long hours of teacher-centred lectures, so they sign-in to the on-line class but neither participate actively nor interact. They rarely read the assigned literary texts; instead, they resort to open access study guides and summaries available online. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of integrating Traditional and Contemporary Methods of teaching English literature on the students’ critical thinking skills, academic literary analysis, EFL communicative skills, digital literacy and their attitude to value English Literature. A quasi-experimental research is conducted on two sophomore literature classes (n=30) at a Lebanese university. The adopted theoretical framework is based on: the constructivist cognitive apprenticeship, critical thinking skills, literature teaching methods, and digital literacy skills. Data collection instruments employed in this study are: (a) the students’ formative assessment scores pre, mid and post intervention, (b) the perception of the students (post intervention) and (c) the participation level of the students. Research findings reveal that the students’ formative assessment mean scores shifted from M = 61.8 and SD = 9.3 to M=72.4 and SD = 6.89 post intervention; their (post intervention) perceptions were positive, and their participation level markedly improved. Recommendations and implications for further research are discussed. https://ijels.com/detail/traditional-and-contemporary-english-literature-teaching-methods-in-a-lebanese-efl-academic-context-a-quasi-experimental-study/ Liza DerKhachadourian https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-107202314-Traditional.pdf Many African authors have consistently embraced topics related to land concerns and the environment that are crucial to local, cultural, and societal development. This essay analyzes Gabriel Okara's The Voice for the depiction of environmental deterioration brought on by corrupt leadership, and the blatant display of power to silent those who speak against injustice. While corruption is a recurrent issue in Nigeria Delta literature, the theme of environmental degradation shows the disastrous effects of oil exploration and exploitation on the Niger Delta area. The paper examines the degree of corruption and pollution in the text under investigation and their repercussions on the ecology of the host communities, which are mostly farmers and fishermen, using Eco-Criticism and Post-Colonial Literary Theories as its theoretical framework. The article makes a connection between these crimes and the West's insensitivity to the misery of the people as a result of its drive for possession. This causes nature to stagnate and the environment to deteriorate. To assess Okara's depiction of power struggles and excessive desire in the midst of abundance through his characters and the community's setting, the paper chooses quotes from the book. It develops the connection between the author and his community as the voice of Africa's oppressed people. https://ijels.com/detail/corruption-and-environmental-pollution-a-critique-of-gabriel-okara-s-the-voice/ Chukwuyem Othniel Omijie, Cynthia Chinenye Nwokolo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-106202335-Corruption.pdf Women and children for the African people are the greatest family achievements. In Ogba, the women and children, in addition form the nucleus of the family called ImOgba. This paper examines the roles of women either as co-wives or co-participants in patriarchal society in inflicting pains and other cruel acts upon one another in selected Ogba songs. The paper shows that in some of the songs, women are portrayed as caring mothers and helpers to their husbands. But in many others, they are displayed as vengeful, envious, mean and antagonistic, especially with regard to jealous co-wives. In these songs, female intra-gender conflicts are artistically recreated to explore the notion of sisterhood that has eluded the female in contemporary society. The study draws inspiration from the feminist literary theory in the explication of the intra-gender conflicts that are fore grounded in the songs. The paper reveals that the stories and comments in many of the selected oral songs interrogate, in a subtle manner, aspects of intra-gender conflicts that are inimical to societal progress. It advocates for the women to use the songs for the betterment of womanhood in Ogba traditional setting and not to fern embers of conflict that will disunite them. https://ijels.com/detail/women-and-the-praxis-of-intra-gender-conflicts-in-ogba-song-poetry/ Dr. Ben-Fred Ohia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-107202322-Women.pdf The social context of traumatic incidents defines, conditions, and propagates socio-cultural prescribed responses to certain types of experience often trying to regulate the strictures of forfeiture, memory, and grieving. Since traumatic events focus the fissures and gaps of the societal oppressive conditions, as well as the expansive limit of demonstrating experiences and incidents of fringes, they give birth to the politics of mourning, which is impelled by the societal prerequisite to surround, domesticate, and regulate any dynamism disturbing its recognized order. She elucidates several modern institutions that foster caste hierarchy in society. The article focuses on how Yashica Dutt's writing aims to create the concept of caste in the Indian socio-cultural aspect. Finally, the article makes the case that imitative cultural symbolism is a part of one’s identity and can be seen as a component of response towards inferiority and identity crisis. The article continues by pointing out how similar synergies are developed with racial discourses. https://ijels.com/detail/dalit-consciousness-and-imitative-cultural-symbolism-in-coming-out-as-dalit-by-yashica-dutt/ Dr Vibha Bhoot https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-107202316-Dalit.pdf John Bunyan was longing for Religion. Author makes the use of Allegory as a literary device which gives him more space to explore his Didactic aims. This religious fiction has given as an autobiographical element. Christian is protagonist. Knowledge is gained through travel by portraying Christian and his companions learning from their mistakes. Whenever Christian puts up with problems and difficult, he prays God Christian carries load on his back. He goes the place where is fenced on both side with wall which is called ‘Salvation’. Christian’s Wife Christiana also struggles in the second part. Not only Christian in his life struggles to attain salvation, but also his wife comes across problems like her husband. She thinks that Christian goes over the river. Christiana tells to her four children about her father and his struggle. Children fall into tears. Christiana prepares to follow her husband. The life of Christian and his struggle is to attain salvation. Though he comes across many problem, he is stubborn his religious goal. He comes across many struggles. It powerfully expresses the truth that the present life is a kind of Pilgrimage. Jesus Christ liberates a sinner from the power of sin when a man shows life time faith and devotion to him. The path of the Christian life is riddled with many problems hurdles and Obstacles. Christian fights against evil powers and gets victory. https://ijels.com/detail/christian-s-struggle-and-quest-for-spiritualism-in-john-bunyan-s-pilgrims-progress/ R. Velu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-107202311-Christian.pdf The paper focuses on the conceptualization of care giving during ecological disasters from a gender perspective. There has not been adequate research on care from a socio cultural context (T. Revenson, 7). The cultural context of care is important as it helps to understand the different dimensions of caregiving and the experience of caregivers. The research documented by Heller and Rowitz in 1997 shows that majority of the caregivers are women especially mothers. In a cultural setting of home, it is normative for women to invest themselves in the role as a caregiver. Caregiving is perceived as a self sacrificing role that women are expected to undertake because of moral responsibility (Lefley, 443). The ethic of care is an important part of the ecofeminist practice. Women’s role as a caregiver also positions them as natural environmental carers. With reference to the socio-cultural background in the selected eco-narratives, the study intends to make a critical appraisal of the ecofeminist theory in order to understand its relation between women and nature. The study further examines how such a relationship reinforces the gendered nature of care and its impact on women at a cultural level. https://ijels.com/detail/theorising-environmentalism-and-caregiving-a-critique-of-ecofeminism/ Athira Shaji https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-106202344-Theorising.pdf The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a global shift to online education, including English as a Foreign Language (EFL) courses in Chinese higher education. However, strategies to improve EFL online teaching in China are unexplored. This dissertation investigates the use, effectiveness, and challenges of EFL online courses in China during the pandemic. A descriptive correlational method was used to study the relationship among three variables, with data collected from 383 college English teachers in China. The results showed that EFL teachers are generally skilled at using online courses and find online EFL teaching effective. The main challenges identified were technological issues and reduced interaction. Age and teaching experience significantly impact online teaching utilization, effectiveness, and the ability to overcome these challenges. The study found a positive correlation between the extent of online teaching use and its effectiveness, and a negative correlation between use and challenges faced. As online teaching is used more and its effectiveness is increased, fewer challenges are faced. The dissertation suggests an interactive EFL online teaching model to optimize effectiveness and minimize challenges, offering a guide for delivering highly interactive and effective EFL online courses. https://ijels.com/detail/utilization-effectiveness-and-challenges-of-efl-online-teaching-in-china-during-covid-19/ Liu Jiao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-107202345-Utilization.pdf English teaching emphasizes refining students’ reading skills, particularly evident in China’s education system where the value of reading is consistently highlighted throughout various stages and exams. However, the existing pedagogical methods aimed at improving reading aptitude have not yielded the expected results. Graduates often fail to meet the professional reading standards required by employers, indicating a significant research gap that needs attention. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating how reading strategies, motivation, and self-efficacy impact English comprehension among college students. Using a descriptive correlational approach, data was collected from 468 non-English major Chinese college students through a survey. The findings revealed that female participants and those with over a decade of experience employed more effective reading strategies and demonstrated higher reading motivation. Additionally, students from the Computer Studies department and those with more than ten years of experience exhibited stronger self-belief. The study showed a highly significant correlation between these three variables, indicating that improved reading tactics are associated with increased reading motivation and self-belief. Moreover, higher motivation levels among students were linked to enhanced self-confidence. In conclusion, the study recommends a reading program to enhance the reading comprehension of college students learning English as a foreign language. https://ijels.com/detail/reading-strategies-motivation-and-self-efficacy-of-chinese-efl-college-students/ Yao Haiyan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-107202343-Reading.pdf This study investigates the interplay of English language motivation, writing strategies, and proficiency among non-English major Chinese university students. A mixed-methods approach reveals a moderate positive correlation between these factors, with both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and translation strategies standing out as particularly impactful. The study further uncovers distinctive motivational, strategic, and proficiency patterns among different student groups, including sex, school type, academic year, and major divisions. Based on these findings, the Motivation-Strategy-Proficiency-based Writing Enhancement Program (MSP-WEP) is proposed to holistically improve academic writing skills. This research contributes to the understanding of factors affecting English academic writing proficiency in non-English major students and provides a practical program for educators, with a call for future research into the program’s efficacy in diverse learning contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/writing-motivation-strategy-use-and-proficiency-of-chinese-non-english-majors/ Zhang Jingya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-107202344-Writing.pdf Reading text in English is an important skill for students of higher education in India, as their understanding of their core subjects in specific and the world of information in general is based upon this skill. The ability to read English fluently, increases their job prospects also, as real time job environments use English as the official medium of communication and require that students read English with ease. Technical students who engage primarily with numerical data, diagrams and other non-textual content in their core subjects, have an especially hard time coping with tasks which involve reading textual English. There are several problems that lead to lack of fluency and thus lack of understanding of the content. This paper will study reading “ dysfluency “ problems technical students face, when reading English like word recognition difficulties, inability to read in sense groups, problems to do with accuracy, automaticity and expression. This paper will attempt to offer strategies to overcome this problem like Loud reading, Echo reading and Choral reading and some unconventional reading practices that can help solve this very common but important skill gap. https://ijels.com/detail/reading-dysfluency-in-indian-classrooms-an-insight/ Bhawani Balasubramaniam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-107202340-Reading.pdf The present paper critically examines how Kate Chopin’s short story, “A Respectable Woman” encapsulates women’s aspiration for their unconditional agency, distinct personal identity, and the subsequent existential authenticity. It focuses the female protagonist Mrs. Baroda’s mental restrictions caused by social norms and her struggle to overcome them. By applying Simon de Beauvoir’s notions of transcendence and immanence, it analyses how Mrs. Baroda strives to affirm unconditional and unproblematic agency as an individual as a part of her attempts to negotiate her sexuality, freedom and identity. The paper posits that Chopin defies the contemporary patriarchal codes of the 19th century American society as she reveals women’s awareness of their precarious situation, desire for freedom and emancipation from societal constraints that seek to strip them of their independent agency and identity. https://ijels.com/detail/quest-of-agency-and-identity-a-feminist-reading-of-kate-chopin-s-a-respectable-woman/ Bhabes Kumar Labh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-107202327-Quest.pdf Since civilization has started caste system based on profession not by birth. Later on it turns into a power game and the whole human society were divided into four varnas. Manusmriti, widely regarded to be the important and authoritative book on Hindu law and dating back to at least 1000 years before Christ was born ‘‘acknowledges and justifies the caste system as the basis of order and regularity of society .’’(Web ) The caste divides Hindu into four main categories – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma , The Hindu God of Creation. They are classified according to occupation and determine access to wealth , power and privilege. In recent years Violence has become a common phenomenon in India. It has engulfed the entire political, social, economic, cultural and even our personal lives. Violence of social justice and caste discriminations of complex characters have added additional burden to our society whereas we Indians have been specially advised to practice “non-violence”. The growing trend in violence thus provokes us to talk about non-violence and identify the roots of violence in India. Caste Violence is perhaps one of the most hazardous forms of violence in India. It often intermingles with the most political, social, cultural, and class atrocity. So caste discriminations and atrocities against the socially weaker sections with age- old traditional and unconventional norms deserve a careful historical investigation. Indian Caste system is the most widely discussed subject all over the world. Caste system is a social evil in which the higher caste people exploits and persecutes the lower caste people and forced them to live sub-human lives like beasts. This paper is based on caste and vulgarism of ‘Untouchable’ and ‘Coolie’ poignantly portrayed by M R Anand. It is an attempt to explore its origin, nature, gravity, and deprivation. https://ijels.com/detail/depiction-of-caste-annihilation-and-class-abrogation-in-mulk-raj-anand-s-untouchable-and-coolie/ Dr. Purnima Bharadwaj, Mr. Dilkesh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-107202310-Depiction.pdf This paper aims to understand what being cosmopolitan entails by delving into three texts- The Woman Warrior, My Beautiful Laundrette and The In-Between World of Vikram Lall. Each text will discover different aspects of national identity and the contrast it presents to the modern understanding of the term cosmopolitan. The paper will raise questions on what nationalism means in modern society and what outlines nationalist identities and the space it needs to fit in the global landscape. https://ijels.com/detail/hybridity-and-blurred-boundaries-studying-the-cosmopolitan-spirit-in-individuals-in-the-three-texts-of-the-woman-warrior-my-beautiful-laundrette-and-the-in-between-world-of-vikram-lall/ Tiyasha Saha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-107202328-Hybridity.pdf This study explores the levels of foreign language enjoyment and English learning engagement among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) college students in selected Chinese universities and examine the relationship between these two factors. A survey was conducted among 552 non-English major students from five different universities in four provinces of China. Respondents generally agreed with indicators of FLE, including FLE-Private, FLE-Teacher, and FLE-Atmosphere dimensions, but their sense of accomplishment, satisfaction, and interest in EFL learning was relatively weak. The participants demonstrated active participation and enthusiasm in different aspects of English learning engagement, encompassing behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions. This underscores the significance of considering and addressing multiple facets of engagement during the process of learning the English language. The study highlighted significant relationships between FLE and English learning engagement. https://ijels.com/detail/foreign-language-enjoyment-and-engagement-among-efl-students-in-selected-chinese-universities/ Liang Liang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-107202351-Foreign.pdf Supernatural events in narratives have been a part of literature since Shakespeare. There’s a new aspect added to it by the concept of ideology which is now getting interweaved with the subjugated class. People affected by supernatural events are taken for granted in society. In fact, they are marginalized to an extent where no one can help them. Their fate is unpredictable. The research paper takes two short stories completely different in their origin- Bayen by Mahasweta Devi and The Signal-Man by Charles Dickens. Mahasweta Devi’s Bayen illustrates life’s difficulty for those living on society’s margins. They are looked down upon and stripped of the basic tenets of humanity. Dickens molds his narrative where the supernatural elements find their place. Stripped of his name, the signalman is thrown much beneath his level of education. Focussing on the protagonists, the paper would aim to find solutions to free these characters of their plight. https://ijels.com/detail/supernatural-narratives-entwined-with-the-subjugated-class-mahasweta-devi-and-charles-dickens/ Nimisha Lall https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-106202340-Supernatural.pdf This paper studies Disgrace, the world-famous novel by J.M. Coetzee. It argues that by portraying characters, some of whom commit mistakes and some forgive, the novelist seems to picturing a South Africa on the verge of change and transformation. Lurie the main character also goes through transformation from antagonism towards him to affect of sympathy at the end. The affect of shame comes as positive affect which Coetzee bestows on Lurie to evoke realization of shame in all whites for exploiting black people. Reading this novel, the white South Africans naturally feel ashamed of themselves. Thus, it is through Lurie, Coetzee is advocating individual logic to bring transformation in all whites. https://ijels.com/detail/affects-of-shame-and-guilt-in-disgrace/ Netra Narayan Chapagain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-108202312-Affects.pdf In the present paper, I have endeavored to review the development of Indian English theatre since 20th century to emphasize the common themes and dilemmas that the Indian playwrights writing in English had to deal with special reference to the process of assimilation of Indian themes with the Western genre. The focus is upon analyzing the text from a post-colonial perspective. The aim is to show the manifestation of hybrid cultures in the urban areas as have been successfully represented by the Indian dramas by Girish Karnad and Mahesh Dattani. https://ijels.com/detail/finding-the-voice-of-indian-urbanity-through-the-selected-texts-of-girish-karnad-and-mahesh-dattani/ Sadaf Fatima https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-107202342-Findingthe.pdf In 2021, Chinese authorities introduced a set of guidelines to ease the burden of excessive homework and off-campus tutoring for students undergoing compulsory education (the “Double Reduction” policy). As an effective extension of classroom teaching, homework can promote the development of students' personality and core literacy. Research on homework at home and abroad is mainly based on empirical studies, and under the policy of “Double reduction”, this article reviews domestic and foreign researches on English homework design in compulsory education, focusing on the design and correction of homework, homework teaching, homework reduction, and homework reform. And homework research tends to shift from intellectual education to moral education. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-on-english-homework-design-in-compulsory-education-under-the-double-reduction-policy/ Wu Zhixin, Peng Yi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-107202355-AReview.pdf Since 2017, Sino-US trade frictions have continued, while international crude oil prices have fluctuated sharply, and China's crude oil procurement is faced with greater risk of price fluctuations. This paper uses the EGARCH model to study the impact of Sino-US trade frictions on oil prices, and finds that intensified trade events significantly reduce oil price returns and increase the volatility of oil prices, but moderating trade events have no significant impact on oil prices. The impact of intensified trade events on oil prices has the feature of mean recovery. The yield of oil prices decreases most on the first day but recovers to the original level on the third day. Moreover, moderating trade events have no significant dynamic impact on oil prices. The research results of this paper show that there is a leverage effect on the impact of sino-US trade friction on oil prices, that is, negative news has a greater impact on the price than positive news. Further analysis shows that sino-US trade frictions affect oil prices mainly through the mechanism of market sentiment. https://ijels.com/detail/study-of-the-impact-of-sino-us-trade-friction-on-oil-prices/ Ziping Wang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-10820235-Studyof.pdf This article examines Shashi Deshpande’s poignant portrayal of the subtle oppression women experiences in her novel That Long Silence (TLS). Through an in-depth analysis of the characters, narrative and plot, the researcher gives emphasis to how Shashi Deshpande skillfully exposes the societal structures that lead to gender inequality in Indian society. Women in the world are experiencing some sort of subtle oppression, either directly or indirectly, in the form of socio - cultural norms, old patriarchal values, conservative thoughts, religious rituals, traditional beliefs and so on. The women’s subtle oppression can include the issues they used to face because of the emotional imbalance, financial instability, prohibition of education and domestic work in the kitchen. Through the female characters like Jaya, Mohan’s mother, Jeeja, Manda and Nayana, the novelist Deshpande brings out the subtle suppression and oppression of society. These characters are willingly or unwillingly getting into the track and are unable to deviate or resist themselves from the ongoing path. They can take a pause but continue their journey until their deaths without any modification. The women are willing to liberate themselves from the shackles of the traditional roles which is imposed upon them. They are the victims of suppression that leads to everlasting depression in their life and there is no chance of deviation. https://ijels.com/detail/depiction-of-women-s-oppression-in-shashi-despande-s-that-long-silence/ T. Jeyas, Dr. K. Balachandran https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-108202322-Depiction.pdf Olive Kitteridge wins the 2009 Pulitzer Prize and is a representative work of Elizabeth Strout. The eponymous character Olive Kitteridge personifies the pathos of contemporary America in the contemporary world, through whom Elizabeth Strout strives to shed light on a spiritual barren American. Thus, it’s essential to analyze how Olive Kitteridge deals with her traumatic experiences according to the arrangement of Elizabeth Strout. Through close reading of the text, this article will systematically analyze Olive Kitteridge's individual trauma from three aspects--the manifestation, the causes, and the recovery methods, so as to present an approachable way to smooth the pain of modern people and show the mental damage caused by rapid modernization. https://ijels.com/detail/strout-s-insight-into-the-times-trauma-and-recovery-in-olive-kitteridge/ Qiu Minghui https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-108202315-Strout.pdf Alice walker, an iconic African-American, is one of the influential feminist writers in literature. She, in her works, has delineated how the African-American women have faced oppressions in terms of race, class and ethnicity and has lambasted both sexist and racist hegemony in addition to promoting an ecocentric worldview by dint of womanism. Her The Color Purple (1982) depicts how women as well nature are subjected to continuous exploitation and draws interconnectedness between women and nature. The paper shows how both women and nature are being exploited, subjugated and oppressed by the patriarchal world and how Celie, Shug Sofia and Squeak have been able to develop their life through eco-friendly ways of life by bucking against trouble-ridden situations. https://ijels.com/detail/an-ecofeminist-approach-to-alice-walker-s-the-color-purple/ Biswajit Payra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-107202337-AnEcofeminist.pdf The human body has been theorized in many ways, including the entire notion of the woman as a human creation. It is generally agreed that this concept refers to our perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about our bodies, which influence our behaviour about our bodies. The article examines numerous authors whose individual genealogies meet on the common ground of identity theory and women's lives and is supported by a theoretical framework based on conceptions of identity, body-image and self-image in women and feminist discourse. This paper probes into the concepts of identity in women through the literary canvas of Dr. Bhabendra Nath Saikia and demonstrates the effects of body image and self-image on the development of identity. Of course, an extensive discussion of the short stories of Dr. Saikia is beyond the scope of this paper. The aim of this paper is to analyse the concepts through the two short stories short titled "Dhura Xaap" (ঢোৰা সাপ 1958) and "Sringkhol" (শৃংখল, 1970) by Dr, Bhabendra Nath Saikia. The paper seeks to explore the concepts of self-image, identity and body image through three female characters ‘Chandrika’, ‘Janeki’ and ‘Ambika’. https://ijels.com/detail/body-image-and-identity-a-look-into-select-short-stories-of-bhabendra-nath-saikia/ Banani Das https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-107202329-BodyImage.pdf Crime fiction is a genre in literature that is mainly focused on crime, its detection, its solution, the criminal and his motives. Similar to the genre of crime fiction is the sub- genre within it called ‘Nordic Noir’ which is also known as ‘Scandinavian Noir’. It is a term given to the literature coming from the Nordic or Scandinavian countries like Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland etc. It is mainly known for its dark and bleak settings, description of its landscape and strong female characters. There have been various approaches that have tried to understand criminal mind and behaviour. Relating crime fiction and criminal psychology and its various theories will yield new insight as psychology and literature share a very close bond. The Personality Theory argues that there are a number of personality traits which are associated with an act of crime or violent behaviour. Eysenck in his book Crime and Personality published in 1964 established a relationship between criminal behaviour and personality. According to him, personality traits play a key role in criminality. He was of the view that some genetic traits along with certain environmental forces lead to criminal behaviour or conduct. The three super factors about which Eysenck talks about and upon which the PEN model is based are psychoticism (P), extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N). This paper aims at the application of Personality Theory as given by Hans Eysenck to the new emerging sub-genre of Nordic noir. As the genre deals with crime and criminals, therefore it would be highly insightful to study it in the light of criminal psychology. https://ijels.com/detail/application-of-personality-theory-of-criminal-psychology-to-nordic-noir-a-study/ Sunakshi Satsangi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-107202312-Applicationof.pdf Masculinity Studies developed in ‘dialogue’ with the feminist movement. By the 1970s, it gained momentum, drawing energy from the women’s liberation movement. The notion of gender being a derivative of biological sex was rejected by social scientists and thinkers, it emerged that gender is not a stable category, but is “performative”, dynamic, and relational to the temporal and spatial context. I have relied on Judith Butler’s Gender Trouble (1990) to elucidate this concept. The paper explores how ‘masculinity’ transformed from being a homogeneous concept into becoming ‘masculinities’, an idea that endorsed multiplicity and plurality. In the present article, R.W. Connell’s model of hegemonic masculinity and Greg Anderson’s theory of Inclusive masculinity have been explored to decipher the layers of masculine behaviour and chart its development in the field of masculinity studies. https://ijels.com/detail/from-hegemony-to-inclusivity-perspectives-on-models-of-masculinity-by-r-w-connell-and-greg-anderson/ Dr. Manjari Johri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-108202323-From.pdf The paper is mainly based on the study of colonial and psychological oppression, which can make someone totally devoid of his/her identity, thought, history, speech, desires and how these aspects are represented vaguely or rather ambivalently through different characters of the novel. It wants to speculate the boundaries between the past and present, the mental anxiety, the sense of awe and identity crisis of a black slave. This also marks a showcase of reversal of role as colonizer which is represented by two of the characters in the novel, a woman and a white man who is devoid of his own identity. The novel is connected with four of the characters mainly. The present study wants to get a look on those characters’ psychology as well as it gives a conception of how Postcolonialism is deeply rooted in psychological aspects. https://ijels.com/detail/visualizing-the-shadow-and-the-ghost-re-evaluating-j-m-coetzee-s-foe-through-the-lens-of-psychoanalysis-and-postcolonialism/ Shibangi Chakraborty https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-108202334-Visualizing.pdf Formative evaluation has always been one of the hot topics of scholars' research. This paper mainly provides a brief overview of formative evaluation, principles of formative evaluation, different feedback strategies in formative evaluation, and interaction between students and teachers in formative evaluation. https://ijels.com/detail/the-application-of-formative-evaluation-in-middle-school-english-teaching/ Liu Yuxin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-108202314-Theapplication.pdf This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of William Shakespeare's Hamlet, employing Terry Eagleton's conception of tragedy from his book Sweet Violence. It examines how the play achieves excellence through wisdom, intellectual depth, and emotional maturity, exposing the sublimity of human effort in creating an enduring experience for the audience. The paper delves into the elements of sacrifice, the dilemma of the tragic hero, and the concept of tragedy as a genre with emotional impact, showcasing the influential nature of the play. Furthermore, it explores the intertwining of external accidents with the hero's struggles and the balance of universality and particularity in evoking sympathy and engagement within the audience. Additionally, it discusses Eagleton’s notion of tragedy as a means to offer political hope and belief in justice and redemption, even in the darkest of times. The analysis examines Hamlet's fit in both traditionalist and democratic perspectives and finally delves into the Greek concept of the pharmakos, highlighting why Hamlet's suffering leads to emotional cleansing or katharsis for the audience. https://ijels.com/detail/an-analysis-of-shakespeare-s-hamlet-through-terry-eagleton-s-conception-of-tragedy/ Kaninika Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-108202313-AnAnalysis.pdf Using the critical framework of ecofeminism, this paper examines Robert Frost’s attitudes towards both women and nature in his poem “The Most of It”. Whether ecocritical or feminist, the mainstream readings of Robert Frost fall into two main axes: 1) Frost for Nature and/or Women Views argue that Frost’s poetry is for nature and women (Srivastava, 2017; Shah, 2022); and 2) Frost for Ambiguity Views claim that Frost’s poetic work is ambiguous—it could be for or against nature and women (Benin, n.d). This paper belongs to neither of the two. This study makes it unequivocally clear that Frost's view of nature, in “The Most of It”, is androcentric as well as anthropomorphic. Ecofeminism is about making connections, on the one hand, between the earth and the entire forms of life on it, and on the other hand, between the patriarchal exploitation of nature and women’s domination. This paper, too, attempts establishing many connections: between the poet’s use of the male generic language and the oppression of nature and women; between the female’s invisibility in the poem and women’s domination in the Western patriarchal culture; and between Frost’s fame as a poet and his advocacy (through his poetry) for the androcentric worldviews of the patriarchal American society of his time. The findings of this research reveal that “The Most of It” contains strata of male-centric, speciesist worldviews and, consequently, stress the need for more research into Frost’s oeuvre using ecofeminist theory. https://ijels.com/detail/indicting-frost-for-androcentric-speciesism-an-ecofeminist-reading-of-robert-frost-s-the-most-of-it/ Hassan Musa Muhammad, Auwalu Umar Isah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-10820236-Indicting.pdf The current study aimed to investigate the challenges and barriers faced by visually impaired students in an educational environment, particularly in Moroccan universities. To identify these challenges and barriers, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 visually impaired students from the majority of Moroccan universities to explain the challenges these students experienced in their studies, mainly during the exam. Equally important, this research examines the impact of these challenges on the academic performance of this kind of population with disabilities in Morocco. The study found that visually impaired students experienced four main challenges in Moroccan Universities: administrative, academic, environmental, and social difficulties. Based on these findings, a set of recommendations to Moroccan policymakers was made to respond properly to the needs of persons with disabilities and deal with the challenges that visually impaired students face when learning and taking exams in higher education regularly. Indeed, this research will play a crucial role in raising the awareness of Moroccan universities about the meaning of inclusive education and the importance of creating an inclusive and diverse environment in which visually impaired students can lean equally as their non-visually impaired peers can. https://ijels.com/detail/the-challenges-experienced-by-visually-impaired-students-in-moroccan-universities/ Halima Tahiri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-108202320-TheChallenges.pdf It has been well-documented that the use of authentic materials while teaching reading comprehension can be one of the keys to motivate students interacts with the reading texts. Moroccan ELT textbook sometimes go beyond learners' level and interest. For these reasons, it becomes very necessary for teachers to vary materials and strategies while teaching reading comprehension. This paper aimed to investigate the attitudes of Moroccan EFL teachers towards the use of authentic materials in teaching reading comprehension to senior high schools. Six English teachers took part in completing a survey questionnaire for the purpose of the study. The researcher, therefore, aims to find out whether the use authentic materials can motivate learners interact with the reading texts and voice out their opinions. The results obtained indicated most teachers agree that texts mentioned in the textbook go beyond the level of students' understanding because of the difficulty students face while dealing with texts in the textbook. Most teachers perceive the use of authentic materials as useful for motivating students to be engaged in the learning process. That is, English teachers have positive attitude towards the use of authentic materials. https://ijels.com/detail/moroccan-efl-teachers-perceptions-towards-the-use-of-authentic-materials-to-improve-students-reading-skill/ Belouiza Ouafaa, Bbani Koumachi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-108202317-Moroccan.pdf The present study is about Raskhan the hindi poet Saint who flourished in the 16th century and composed his verses in Braj Bhasha, the dialect of Western Uttar Pradesh.The first part of the the study confines itself to the brief but catchy and informative descriptions of Raskhan as they appear in traditional stories passed on from generation to generation and the subsequent paper will deal with select verses of Sujaan composed by Raskhan. The study will focus mainly on the author’s own translations and interpretations of such verses that deal with the visions that Raskhan had of his Beloved Lord Krishna https://ijels.com/detail/brief-glimpses-of-raskhan-and-his-visions-of-lord-krishna-in-sujaan/ Vivek Chauhan, Kabir Debnath https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-108202344-BriefGlimpses.pdf In the realm of literature, the exploration of love has perpetually fascinated both creators and readers, serving as a dynamic mirror reflecting shifts in societal norms, cultural undercurrents, and ideological tides. Across the epochs, the portrayal of love within literary works has undergone a profound evolution. In the tapestry of classical Chinese literature, characterized by draconian dogmas and entrenched male chauvinism during the feudal era, women were often relegated to subordinate roles, their experiences of love marred by silent endurance. However, a literary luminary emerged who infused new vitality into the depiction of affection – Eileen Chang. Her narratives transcended conventions, empowering individuals of all genders to articulate their emotions boldly, resist societal constraints, and challenge the forces that dictated their fates. Within the intricate weave of her prose, love ceased to be a mere sentiment; instead, it emerged as an indomitable force of defiance and liberation. This research article delves meticulously into the exquisite tapestry of love woven by Eileen Chang, casting a spotlight on its enduring essence and providing a contemporary evaluation that harmonizes with modern perspectives. https://ijels.com/detail/love-in-eileen-chang-s-works-distinctive-and-ideological/ Nguyen Ngoc Khai Linh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-108202337-Love.pdf The English writing skills of engineering students in India is a tricky proposition. The term- end university exams majorly test their writing ability but the students focus more on oral communication skills to do well in group discussions and interviews to get placed. To add to this, the pressure of domain subjects and a lack of awareness about the real need of writing skills at the workplace and in higher education contribute both to a neglect and poor standard of writing. University courses are not updated frequently and proper needs analysis is not done. India produces the largest number of engineers annually. The paper argues for a mechanism to continuously update English writing course for engineering students by aligning the views of all stakeholders. It also recommends granting autonomy and flexibility to ESP teachers to draft a new or modify the existing writing course which will be updated as per the academic and workplace needs. https://ijels.com/detail/need-for-an-aligned-esp-writing-course-for-engineering-students/ Prem Raj Kharbanda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-108202332-Needfor.pdf Facing patriarchal African societies where men were empowered at the expense of women, the main concern of African female writers of the first and second generations has chiefly been the restoration of the social condition of the African woman. The male-oriented perspectives in African male writings did not align with African women writers’. So as a response, these female writers started coming up with a new type of female characters whose stories are woven from their own experience and milieu. One of those novels is Emecheta’s Kehinde (1994) where the heroine, after living in London for eighteen years, joined her husband in Lagos, could no longer bear the brunt of life she was expected to lead as a woman and wife in a Nigerian patriarchal society. Consequently, she was compelled to return to England. One may wonder what solutions Buchi Emecheta proposes in order to help Nigerian women in particular and African women in general improve their living conditions in a male-dominated African society. From a feminist perspective, this article will deal with The Empowerment of Women in Buchi Emecheta’s Kehinde. Based on sociology, culture, psychology and feminism, this study will first analyze the importance of women’s education and then will examine Emecheta’s advocacy for solidarity among women. https://ijels.com/detail/education-sisterhood-and-solidarity-in-buchi-emecheta-s-kehinde-1994/ Abdou Sene, Mansour Gueye https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-108202348-Education.pdf One of the fair, straightforward and challenging task before the present academicians is to resurrect for posterity the hidden accounts of injustices done, mass-destruction of resources both natural and human, crimes committed by the colonial masters under the pretext of rules and regulations that were framed only for continued exploitation and the element of protest amongst the colonized people for protection of men and environment. “Acts” of protest lesser known; that may be individual or autonomous have hidden repercussions. The growing control of the colonials over resources and territories affected living traditions and life-styles thereby imposing upon the natives; be it masses or the rulers, a repressive process of acceptance and submission either coercively or persuasively. Denial to conform had its own dangers yet the living consciousness of natives opposed restrictions and absurd demands at every step. During 1916-1921, the hills of Kumaon saw incessant fire that would continue for days informed to be caught by accident to the British administration which in reality would be set ablaze by the village people of the hilly regions of Kumaon. The same men/women, who had post-independence, started the Chipko Movement for the protection of forest-wealth used to burn their forests overnight to protest against the Forest Regulation Act imposed by the British. The village women who in the Chipko movement would cling to trees to oppose their vehement destruction would silently watch the whole region burn. This form of silent resistance added to the increasing administrative failures, enormous anxiety, discomfiture and apprehensions amidst the Britons. In this paper, I propose a re-engagement into the Forest Regulations Act as imposed and the active resistance of the hill people who were stereotyped as “simple and law-abiding hillman” as there was an absence of protest in the first century of British rule. A revisionist remaking of the past and re-invention of a new tradition becomes an act of creation. History, as retained in the memories of the people, contains symbolic power. They become the symbolic projections of peoples’ hope, values, fears and aspirations. https://ijels.com/detail/the-catastrophe-of-blazing-forests-hills-in-flame-and-the-failing-british-during-1916-1921/ Pallavi Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-108202321-Thecatastrophe.pdf Homophobia is one of the most prevalent bigoted prejudices in present age. This paper aimed to study the incarnation of internalized homophobia in the character of Trevor in the novel on Earth we’re Briefly Gorgeous (2019) by Ocean Vuong. By utilizing Pollack’s argument on “boy code” and “gendered straitjacket”, it has been observed that Trevor, despite being homosexual, tried to obscure and abate any softness in him by exorbitant performance of stereotypical masculinity such as meat eating, drugs, and misogyny that checks all the parameters of “boy code” set by society. It is also explored that manifestation of internalized homophobia in Trevor is happened as a result of excessive consensual gendered straitjacketing in relation to the heteronormative masculinity. Moreover, it is concluded that reason behind toxicity of Trevor towards his homosexuality was embedded in the roots of strict performance of maleness which resulted in digastric consequences such as self-hate, not meaningful relationship with partner and death. https://ijels.com/detail/internalized-homophobia-in-ocean-vuong-s-on-earth-we-re-briefly-gorgeous/ Manahil Amin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-108202335-Internalized.pdf Salman Rushdie is a renowned literary figure who has faced his fair share of challenges and controversies throughout his career. One recurring theme in his life and work is the concept of identity crisis. Rushdie's exploration of this topic sheds light on the complexities that arise when individuals find themselves caught between cultural conflicts and societal expectations. The present study aims to extract the theme of identity crisis in his debut novel Grimus. In this novel, the character Flapping Eagle grapples with an intriguing and thought-provoking exploration of an identity crisis. Rushdie masterfully delves into the complexities of Flapping Eagle's journey, presenting a captivating narrative that challenges conventional notions of self and existence. https://ijels.com/detail/an-exploration-of-the-concept-of-identity-crisis-in-salman-rushdie-s-grimus/ M. Rajivgandhi, Dr. V. Neelakandan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-108202326-AnExploration.pdf The aim of this study is to discuss and examine the film Her, in relation to the story of Genesis. This will allow us to study the concept of humans from the inception to the contemporary world and address how women as the ‘other’ have always been excluded from that category. The emergence of AI, machines, or cyborgs as the new social entities in the context of posthumanism, as portrayed in the film manages to widen the border of the exclusive category of ‘human’ and helps women to build a place for themselves within it. In addition, the relationship between Theodore and Samantha contradicts the typical relationship of the male-dominated world and finds similarities with the story of Adam and Eve and their creation. The study uses the film, Her, to develop the argument that the posthuman approach is an ideal path to stretch the borders of the category of ‘humans’ and make it more inclusive. https://ijels.com/detail/i-m-yours-and-i-m-not-yours-reinventing-the-genesis-of-creation-in-a-posthuman-world/ Sifatun Noor https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-108202347-Imyours.pdf Since the mid-19th century, a new form of literature took birth that rejected artificiality and presented the conventional in fresh yet insightful ways. Realist writers took inspiration from works of artists such as Gustave Courbet who approached the present realities of contemporary society and its social, economic, and political aspects. They aimed to portray their characters and circumstances that could be relatable to the reader, rather than relying on romanticized portrayals. This shift in literary representation aligned with Courbet's belief in presenting the unvarnished truth, devoid of any embellishment which paved the way for an unfiltered representation of reality in various artistic forms. These writers employed detailed observations and incorporated elements such as social customs, dialects, etc to provide a more authentic representation and enrich a reader’s experience. Realist literature exposes social injustices and inequalities while championing the importance of individual perspectives and depicting nuanced human conditions. Through a more socially engaged form of storytelling, it allows subsequent generations of writers to delve into unexplored areas and find their stories. Through this study, I identify the message and societal settings of various years by understanding the theme of stories written by famous realist writers, unveiling the hidden metaphors, symbols and social questions that it raises. Along with addressing the significance of realism, this paper also elaborates upon how the movement catalyzed a change in narration techniques and theme dynamics. This paper accentuates the existing relevance of realism within the tapestry of literature. https://ijels.com/detail/realism-through-21st-century-eyes/ Sumedha Manhas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-108202354-Realism.pdf This Paper is an attempt to decode the tribal custom prevalent in Himachal Pradesh called Darosh which means forcible marriage where the boy kidnaps the girl of his choice without her consent and establishes a physical relationship with her during that night after which the relationship is formally accepted and recognised as a marriage. This has been depicted in the story called Darosh authored by SR Harnot. The story revolves around the sister of the victim of this ritual who also resists all attempts on her kidnapping. The story gives a glimpse into the custom, delving into the complexities and the hidden circuits of mutual cooperation among the families of the groom and bride and exposes the hypocrisy of society in accepting such marriages that directly encroach on the girl’s right to choose a life partner. It also depicts the strong resistance that the patriarchal system faces from the modern educated women of today. https://ijels.com/detail/decoding-daarosh-resisting-a-regressive-custom-suppressing-women-s-voice-and-violating-her-right/ Abhyudita Gautam Singha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-10820238-Decoding.pdf Mythology has become an intrinsic part of literature for the symbolic, structural and functional values it imparts to a text. Although the use of myths and legends in literature has been transformed contextually over the different literary periods, modern writers extensively reappropriated and used them to portray the complexity of the theme and narrative structure of a text. They illustrated the contemporary fragmented reality and individual experience through myths. By incorporating myths in a text, modern writers sometimes created fictionalized and artificial myths of their own. American poet Sylvia Plath made personalized use of myths and legends in her poetry. The paper shows how she, as a confessional poet, amalgamates her personal anxiety and distress with characters and symbols from diverse mythological sources such as the story of Medusa, Medea, Persephone, Electra etc. Apart from classical myths, she incorporated European folktales, Norse and Arthurian myths. Her extensive use of myths portrays the condition of women and the role of patriarchy from a feminist perspective. It also illustrates her attitude toward her father and mother, her distress, agony and suicidal attempts and sometimes expresses her views on life and the contemporary world. Like many modern poets, she turned away from the traditional and orthodox poetic practice and rechanneled her individual crises into poetry which is full of mythological symbols and images. https://ijels.com/detail/mythology-in-modern-literature-an-exploration-of-myths-and-legends-in-sylvia-plath-s-poetry/ Kamrul Hasan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-108202336-Mythology.pdf The recurrent thought that good or positive will subdue and evil as well as negative will aggravate is known as pessimism. Thomas Hardy was trained as an architect but is famous as a poet and novelist of the Victorian Era (1837–1901). His view of life is mainly centred around this tendency. He has a different outlook towards life. He primarily focuses on the exposition of sufferings as his themes reflect. His main concern is to exhibit things in a miserable and pathetic state. He lost hope in life and thinks that the human condition will not improve. In his poems, death is not an escape from the weariness of life. This paper attempts to examine his pessimistic tendency by taking his few poems. His poems contain themes like death, loneliness, love and loss, war and its aftermath etc. Hardy's events of life also find space in his poems and play a very significant role in his pessimistic outlook. And especially the death of Emma shook him from the inside. He began his poetic career in 1898 with the publication of Wessex poems. Its setting is in the desolate and bleak landscape of Dorset. Until 1928, his death, he published eight volumes of poetry. He faces several bleak and pathetic conditions in his life like the Napoleonic Wars, World War, his near-death experience and most importantly death of Emma all contribute to his melancholic tone. The Victorian dilemma also touched his personality. However, his later poems exhibit a shift in his tone from melancholic to hopeful. In this article researcher has explored the pessimistic temperament in the selected poems of Thomas Hardy. https://ijels.com/detail/pessimism-in-the-selected-poems-of-thomas-hardy/ Asiyah Zafar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-106202337-Pessimism.pdf The paper uses Hans Robert Jauss’ reception theory to trace the literary relation between Kalidas’ Abhijnanashakuntalam with Mohan Rakesh’s Ashadh Ka Ek Din. It analyses the reception of Kalidas’ works and legacy in Rakesh’s play and draws out the implications of this literary reception. It points to the rewriting of the common trope of love, remembrance and forgetting by Rakesh that subtends artistic creation itself. This rewriting amounts to a critical reading of Kalidas by Mohan Rakesh and underscores his own views on modernity and tradition. The paper shows that his approach transcends the binary—that either reveres tradition or rejects it— instead, proposing a critical rereading of tradition that makes it productive and alive again. Through tracing the diachronic and synchronic reception, the paper draws out the aesthetic experience of Mohan Rakesh’s play by situating it in the horizon of expectations of its time and its historical relevance. https://ijels.com/detail/literary-reception-of-kalidas-in-mohan-rakesh-s-ashadh-ka-ek-din/ Mayank Agarwal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-108202343-Literary.pdf Women bodies are the victim of sheer oppression and violence due to their vulnerable status since time immemorial. Instances of rape, murder, abduction, honour killing, and domestic violence are quite common in the case of women even in the contemporary world. They were the principal victims of the communal violence at the time of partition as well. They were murdered and humiliated before their loved ones; abducted and forcefully married after conversion or even sold out like inanimate entities. To avert the worst, copious of them committed suicide or others were killed by their family members for the sake of honour. The plight of these misfortunate women has been depicted by many writers very often through their works and even by cinema industries. The present paper tries to explore the fate of these wretched women which have been depicted on the silver screen in Khamosh Pani (Silent Waters), Pinjar (The Skeleton) and Eho Hamara Jeevna (Such is Her Fate). Women characters in these movies are trapped in a quagmire of hideous social evils, inflicted upon them by society, which has left them with nothing but trauma, violence, suffering, identity crises, atrocities and so on. All these women are Sikh women, who are swirling in the gyre of ‘in-betweenness’ due to their past traumas and the kind of life they are living right now. Keeping aside their emotions, these women do not lose their self-control and always try to strike a balance to live a harmonious life even after such atrocities. Their stoic personalities have encouraged them to undergo the sufferings inflicted upon them but their soul is completely torn due to these inhuman atrocities. https://ijels.com/detail/stoicism-portrayal-of-women-in-khamosh-pani-pinjar-and-eho-hamara-jeevna/ Randeep Kaur, Mahesh Arora https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-108202346-Stoicism.pdf This abstract delves into the discourse of radical humanism and pluralistic perspectives as manifested in four significant plays by Wole Soyinka, the renowned Nigerian playwright and Nobel laureate. The selected plays for examination are "The Swamp Dwellers," "The Strong Breed," "Madmen and Specialists," and "A Dance of the Forests." Wole Soyinka's theatrical repertoire is characterized by its profound exploration of human agency, societal dynamics, and the clash of tradition and modernity. Through intricate plots, vibrant characters, and symbolic imagery, Soyinka navigates themes of power, oppression, spirituality, and the resilience of the human spirit. At the heart of his works lies a fervent commitment to radical humanism, advocating for individual autonomy, dignity, and social justice in the face of tyranny and societal decay. Furthermore, Soyinka's plays reflect a pluralistic worldview that celebrates the multiplicity of cultures, beliefs, and worldviews across Africa and beyond. He intricately weaves indigenous traditions, colonial legacies, and global influences into the fabric of his narratives, challenging monolithic narratives and embracing the complexities of cultural hybridity and interconnectivity. By closely examining the selected plays, this study aims to unravel how Soyinka employs dramatic techniques, linguistic innovation, and cultural symbolism to critique entrenched power structures, challenge hegemonic narratives, and amplify marginalized voices. Through the lens of radical humanism and pluralistic perspectives, Soyinka's plays offer profound insights into the human condition and the quest for meaning, freedom, and belonging in a rapidly changing world. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Soyinka's literary legacy and its enduring relevance to contemporary discussions on identity, politics, and social transformation. By shedding light on the interplay of radical humanism and pluralistic perspectives in Soyinka's dramatic oeuvre, this study invites readers to engage critically with the complexities of human experience and the ongoing struggle for justice and equality. https://ijels.com/detail/a-symphony-of-voices-wole-soyinka-s-narrative-on-pluralism-and-radical-humanism/ B K Mohan Kumar, Dr. P Sartaj Khan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-103202337-ASymphony.pdf The concept of the self has posed a persistent challenge throughout the history of philosophy. Both modern and Postmodern theories of self have either outright rejected it or struggled to grasp its essence. In this paper, I endeavour to revisit the Greek and Upanishadic traditions to gain insight into the true nature of the self. Despite their differences, these two traditions share a common thread: they define the self in relation to its transcendental realm. The central hypothesis of this paper is to argue that in order to truly understand the nature of the self, it is imperative to consider it in its holistic entirety, which necessarily involves acknowledging the transcendental sphere of the self. https://ijels.com/detail/transcendental-self-in-upanishad-and-greek-philosophy/ Jagvir Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-103202338-Transcendental.pdf