https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usApril 9 Major novels written by Amitav Ghosh, in which he expresses concern for the disadvantaged members of his society, have earned him widespread acclaim. In his most important works, you can see that he cares about the less fortunate. His writings reveal the issues of alienation, migration, and existential crisis faced by underprivileged individuals. By making them the main characters, special attention has been paid to these people’s voices, struggles, and sacrifices. This paper aims to examine the selected novels of Amitav Ghosh and highlight his existentialist conception of history and culture. The Circle of Reason, The Calcutta Chromosomes, The Hungry Tide, and The Shadow Lines are the novels chosen for this paper. He has realistically depicted the deplorable and difficult state of society, which is considered dynamic change in the society, in these novels. https://ijels.com/detail/beyond-boundaries-a-critical-review-of-amitav-ghosh-s-selected-works-cultural-hybridization-and-integration/ Dr Meghana Rao R, Shankar Devasoth https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-102202337-Beyond.pdf Being the most populous country and the second biggest economy in the world, the PRC (Peoples Republic of China) is one of the most consequential State Actors in the contemporary international order/system by any yardstick. Like other great powers she follows a strategic vision or grand strategy to accomplish her aims. Meanwhile, importance of SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) can be gauged from the fact that this relatively new international body, set up in 2001, accounts for 60% of the land mass and 45% proven energy reserves in the world. In this essay I would like to analyse how SCO fits into the Beijing's foreign policy framework and Grand Strategy and whether the different aims and goals of the SCO are aligned with PRC’s interests and objectives. https://ijels.com/detail/shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco-and-grand-strategy-of-prc-some-observations/ Dr. Anjan Saha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-10320235-Shanghai.pdf This article studies the literary forces around the pandemic in India. It looks at the purpose and motivation of pandemic poetry, the role of the writer and writing behaviours and the role of the digital medium. A combination of primary and secondary texts has been used to present the therapeutic and community building role of poetry. Additionally, interviews were conducted with thirteen poets who were writing about the pandemic and posting their work on Instagram. The main theoretical frameworks used are Susan Sontag’s ‘Illness as a Metaphor’ and the affective communities as theorized by Leela Gandhi and Emma Hutchison. https://ijels.com/detail/literary-forces-that-surround-pandemic-poetry/ Shrishti Sinha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-108202233-Literary.pdf The focal point of this writing is to spotlight the brutal gender discrimination, suppression and servitude endured by Maya Angelou, an acclaimed American writer and distinguished poet, a plucky rape survivor, splintered the prejudiced stereotypes, metamorphosing the whole world. This writing further dissects how Maya Angelou swallowed the pellet of subjugation and gender marginalization through her poetry. The kaleidoscopic view of Angelou’s poetry unfolds the keynotes of class distinction, toxic masculinity, bondage and notably racism. The particular goal of this writing is the interpretation of Angelou’s poetry in context of chauvinist discrimination that tormented the Black women and how Angelou’s writings appeased dolour community. The writing engaged both primary and secondary data sources. The primary source includes Maya Angelou’s metrical compositions and publications. The secondary source encompasses Angelou’s memoirs, the web and other featured treatise. Ultimately, the writing finalizes with an objective ameliorating an unprivileged women’s life globally by dint of Angelou’s influential poetry. https://ijels.com/detail/peeking-through-maya-angelou-s-poetry-in-the-context-of-racialism-and-servitude/ Ayesha Sameen Qaseem https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-103202312-Peeking.pdf Critical thinking is a crucial skill that students need to develop to succeed academically and in life beyond the classroom. However, teaching critical thinking is challenging for educators, and there is a need for effective strategies to promote its development. This paper provides an overview of existing literature on critical thinking, including its definition, significance, and challenges in teaching. The paper identifies and describes six specific strategies that have been proven effective in promoting critical thinking: Socratic questioning, collaborative learning, inquiry-based learning, concept mapping, problem-based learning, and argument mapping. Additionally, the paper discusses how teachers can effectively implement these strategies in their classroom and highlights the importance of ongoing assessment in promoting critical thinking development. The paper provides examples of each strategy and discusses their potential benefits and limitations. The paper conducted and experimental study to elucidate the role of collaborative learning strategy in promoting critical thinking among 160 university students, and the findings reveal an association between the two variables. The findings of this paper suggest that promoting critical thinking through collaborative learning is essential for student success, and educators should incorporate this strategy into their teaching practice. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of this strategy in different educational contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/strategies-for-promoting-critical-thinking-in-the-classroom/ Rachid EL YAZIDI https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-10320236-Strategies.pdf This study will focus on the refugee crisis and migration due to the idea of nationalism in the poetry of Jibanananda Das’s “1946-47” and Allen Ginsberg’s “September on Jessore Road.”. There is an affinity between the experiences of the two poets. Das’s “1946-47” theme focuses on the refugee crisis and communal violence during the subcontinent's partition in 1947. On the other hand, Ginsberg experienced the refugee crisis on his travels to India during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971. His famous poem “September on Jessore Road” describes the suffering of the refugees due to the genocidal attack by the Pakistani Army. Both poems are instrumental in poetic form and content regarding the contemporary refugee crisis in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). Das and Ginsberg also witnessed and acknowledged the social and political turmoil on both sides of the Bengal delta due to the uprising of extreme nationalism and religious identity in the subcontinent. So, this study will follow Benedict Anderson’s idea of “imagined communities” as the critical evidence. This paper will conceptualize and analyze how the paradoxes of nation and nationalism enable both poets to portray the complexities of migration, calamities of refugees, and humanitarian crises in these two historical poems. https://ijels.com/detail/migration-and-refugee-crisis-in-poetry-birth-of-bangladesh/ Arunav Das https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-102202326-Migration.pdf The study assessed the main effects of leadership styles on organizational performance and use of English to communicate at the Apex Banks located in Kenema in Kenema District; Pendembu and Koindu in the Kailahun District. The study specifically sought to determine the impact of Laissez Fair, Transitional and Transformational leadership styles on organizational performance at the Apex Bank. A descriptive survey research based on perception of middle and senior managers in three community banks, namely Apex Banks in Kenema, Pendembu and Koindu. A well-structured research questionnaire was distributed completed and collected after one week. The completed questionnaires was checked for plausibility, integrity and completeness. Two independent variables were used namely, yes or no based on the objectives of the study. To discover the leadership styles that influence organizational performance, a distinction was clearly made between the Transformational Leadership factors and organizational performance rating which seemed to be very low. Thus, the study showed that the Laissez-Fair Leadership Style is high in organizational performance. Based on the findings, therefore, the study recommended that the Laissez-Fair Leadership Ltyle should be discarded by becoming more involved in guiding subordinates, public managers should formulate and implement effective reward and recognition systems. Also, managers should strive to become role models to their subordinates; inspire subordinates by providing meaningful challenges to work; stimulate subordinates’ efforts to become more innovative and creative; and pay greater attention to each individual’s need for achievement and growth. https://ijels.com/detail/the-assessment-of-leadership-styles-and-their-effect-on-organizational-performance-including-use-of-english/ Samuel Tamba, Desmond Pratt https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-10320238-TheAssessment.pdf This study identified the extent of language use in the tourism pages of the official websites of the province. The text and images of six tourism pages were subjected to qualitative content analysis, and data were coded to identify the linguistic features and discursive techniques employed by the tourism officers in promoting and motivating potential clients to visit tourism destinations in the province. The common lexical features were positive adjectives and use of proper nouns for descriptions while the syntactic features were declaratives in active voice, imperatives in the form of commands and requests, and interrogatives in the form of wh-questions. In addition, modality includes brightness, color contrast, and perspective; while the salience composes of perspective, relative size, and sharpness of objects in focus. The use of collage features three to six photos with descriptive texts and participants such as people captured in photos. On the discursive techniques, the tourism administrators employed the techniques to inform such practical necessities for decision-making like cognitive necessities, to persuade through manipulation, and to direct in the form of directives. https://ijels.com/detail/content-analysis-of-tourism-section-of-davao-oriental-official-websites/ Nelson P. Pastolero, Mary Ann E. Tarusan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-102202331-Content.pdf Ancient and modern societies both have a binary way of observing gender. Through this dual thinking, gender roles are imposed on men and women. They were judged according to their gender roles. Modern mentality also could not bring about much change in this fact about gender stereotypes, which has been happening since the beginning of the world. Masculine gender roles portray men to be physically strong, intelligent, and aggressive. Feminine gender roles portray women to be physically weak, emotionally fragile, and submissive to a man’s whims and fancies. Historically, there have been some iconic women who have challenged these gender stereotypes which became inspiration for those women who are struggling for their rights. From ancient to modern literature, many authors also tried to create some female protagonists with endowment to break them all the barriers of gender stereotypes. Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth from Macbeth (1623) and Aeschylus’ Clytemnestra from Agamemnon (458 BC.) are two of such characters. Both of the women are conscious of their rights and do not let either their femininity or their womanhood prevent them from their destined and determined paths. They struggle for their own identity, glory, dignity, strength, and defense of their own rights. They tried to increase their status as women even if they had to become evil in order to do so. https://ijels.com/detail/masculine-traits-in-women-characters-a-comparative-study-between-lady-macbeth-and-clytemnestra/ Kiswar Zereen, Afshana Islam Muna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-10320239-Masculine.pdf Located in the deltas of Ma River, Chu River, Co Bon village, Dong Thanh commune, Dong Son district, Thanh Hoa province, it is an ancient land, where the sacred gas of rivers and mountains converges, gathering of residential areas long before. Not only that, but this place is also famous for its glorious tradition in the process of building and defending the country and carrying many traditional cultural features of the nation. One of them is the tradition of studiousness - academic excellence. Perhaps that's why this place is always mentioned as the "cradle", the "umbrella" of the Thanh school, producing many talents whose names and careers are recorded in history books, and admired by the people. https://ijels.com/detail/some-features-of-the-learning-success-in-the-land-of-co-bon/ Trinh Tien Dung https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-103202340-SomeFeatures.pdf There are rituals that may or may not include religious practices, such as family and weddings in Azerbaijan Oguz turk culture. Family and marriage are rituals as long as they follow a set of rules. A marriage ritual is something that people do on a regular basis as part of their routine. Partners who take the time to create a love ritual have more devoted and romantic relationships. If you've been looking for a way to revitalize your romance, a love ritual could be the answer. The tribal chiefs put the devoted young males of Azerbaijan's indigenous tribes to the ultimate test. There were difficult and unpleasant responsibilities on the road to love, which resulted in sacrifice and even death. These disasters and stories eventually evolved into secular and poetic fairy tales and legends. These stories depicted exciting and amusing competitions. Even though the lovers were able to endure these trying and painful challenges on occasion, they were unable to achieve their beloved's goal. https://ijels.com/detail/family-and-marriage-traditions-in-azerba-jan-folklore/ Murshudova Ulduz Bashir https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-103202313-Famıly.pdf National Education Policy 2020, Para 12.2 states, ‘’Accordingly, curriculum and pedagogy will be designed by institutions and motivated faculty to ensure a stimulating and engaging learning experience for all students, and continuous formative assessment will be used to further the goals of each programme. All assessment systems shall also be decided by the HEI, including those that lead to final certification.” The core of the NEP 2020, rests in holistic development of learners while working on the principles of Universal Design for Learning and not, ‘One Size Fits All” paradigm. Understanding the thin lines of the policy, the Act points out in differentiating measurement, assessment and evaluation of a learner in the hands of Teacher and not the Administrators or Affiliating Bodies. The Assessment formats need to provide for Multiple Means of Representation, Flexibility and Autonomy to learners and not just Assessment of learning, as we are doing it presently. They need to be bi-directional where it not only assesses the learner’s abilities but also provides input to the teacher in designing its pedagogy. This article aims at demonstrating ways of assessing students innovatively in the consortium of English Language with an aim to upsurge the thinking process of a teacher in the designing continuous assessment process suiting its needs. https://ijels.com/detail/innovating-formative-assessment-to-improvise-learner-engagement-amongst-second-language-learners-in-light-of-nep-2020/ Mahesh Madhav Deshmukh Mangala, Lalita Ghanshyam Mutreja Manju https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-103202329-Innovating.pdf Dhruv P Bhatt, who is excellent in Gujarati language and literature, is one of the foremost pioneers of impudent ecocritical issues in narratives in Gujarati literature. Contemporary accomplishments of Gujarati literature are depicted in Bhatt’s Samudrantike, written in the Gujarati language in the foundation stage. Subsequently, the text was translated into English as Oceanside Blues by Vinod Meghani in 2013. The focus of the novel offered is set against the background of his own experience. The present paper titled, “Theoretical Representation of Dhruv P Bhatt’s Oceanside Blues seems to explore the theory of ecocriticism, environmental problems, importance of coastal area of Gujarat, sea, festivities related to Gujarati Khaarava’ as well as culture and taboos of Guajarati maritime community with the variegated characteristics. https://ijels.com/detail/theoretical-representation-of-ecocriticism-in-dhruv-p-bhatt-s-oceanside-blues/ Rima B Soni, Dr. Vidya G Rao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-103202338-Theoretical.pdf Language anxiety is becoming a significant issue in language teaching and learning. It has been a common problem in the EFL context and has had a significant impact on language teaching. Furthermore, students who were learning English felt anxious, and the factors that contributed to their anxiety were identified. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate some of the factors that influence students’ anxiety and to identify the types of anxiety that they experience. The data were collected through questionnaires from 150 students from Cihan University-Duhok General Education Department English Branch second and third year and through semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed descriptively to answer research questions. The findings indicated that students from Cihan University had a higher level of anxiety. In addition, some factors causing students’ anxiety in learning English were lack of vocabulary, pronunciation, preparation, grammar, and prior knowledge of the classroom activities, including fear of making mistakes, fear of negative evaluation, afraid of being laughed at by other students, and lack of self-confidence. https://ijels.com/detail/students-speaking-anxiety-in-efl-classroom/ Azad Nayyef Mustafa Alazeer, Zeravan Ayoub Ahmed https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-103202322-Students.pdf Nationalism has always been a thought-provoking topic of discussion. Both Indian literature and Irish literature have numerous texts that trace the idea of nationalism. This paper intends to locate similarities in the understanding of nationalism in India and Ireland, through the craftsmanship of Rabindranath Tagore and James Joyce. https://ijels.com/detail/locating-similarities-in-indian-and-irish-nationalism-through-rabindranath-tagore-s-the-home-and-the-world-and-james-joyce-s-a-portrait-of-the-artist-as-a-young-man/ Debanjana Mukherjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-103202330-Locating.pdf It may also be taken as an analogy regarding the significance of retaining moderation and equilibrium in one's life. Amitabh firmly believes in the existentialist perspective that acknowledges life's transience and fleetingness. The conventional ways of thinking and doing are unable to grasp the complexity of human existence. Both of these ideas are congruent with a sense of uncertainty about the nature of human life and the connection between people and the wider environment in which they live. After World War II, the fragmented world was forced to re-evaluate human existence and look for meaning and purpose in life. Amitabh Bhattacharya's ‘Kahani’ (the story), a contemporary song, prompts its listeners to discover the authenticity of life. https://ijels.com/detail/kahani-the-story-within-us-and-beyond-decoding-amitabh-bhattacharya-s-lyrics-from-an-existential-perspective/ Sayani Jha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-103202326-Kahani.pdf The discourse of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) report can predict the performance of CSR. Research on the CSR report of international well-known companies can provide reference and encouragement for others listed companies. Based on the multi-dimensional analysis method of Biber, this study investigates the linguistic features of the CSR report discourse of Huawei and Apple. This study makes a comparative analysis of the CSR discourse from the two firms, to explore the differences in discourse functional dimensions between Chinese and American corporate CSR reports. This study finds that, on the one hand, there are differences between Chinese and American CSR reports in dimensions of Involved versus Informational Production, Explicit versus Situation-dependent Reference, and Abstract versus Non-abstract Information. Compared with Apple’s CSR reports, Huawei’s CSR reports are more informative and explicit, but less interactive and abstract. On the other hand, there is no significant difference between Huawei’s and Apple’s CSR reports in Narrative versus Non-narrative Concerns and Overt Expression of Persuasion dimensions, indicating that CSR reports are less narrative and persuasive in both Chinese and American firms. This study has implications for improving the quality of Chinese enterprises’ CSR reports and enlightenment value for corporations to improve social responsibility performance. https://ijels.com/detail/a-corpus-based-multi-dimensional-analysis-on-chinese-and-us-corporate-responsibility-reports-a-case-study-of-huawei-and-apple/ Yifan Shi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-103202341-ACorpus.pdf Pride and Prejudice is a novel of manners. In the novel Jane Austen characterises the complex conditions of women in nineteenth-century England. A woman's happiness is associated with marriage. Her social status is being guided by a man whom she chooses as her husband. Happiness and love are the secondary themes in the marriage, what carries weight is the wealth and the property of the man or groom. A woman tries to mould her identity at the optimum level to deem fit for married apparel because unmarried daughters are considered a burden on their parents. Women's priorities and choices are often ignored. The patriarchal civilization has always dominated the female counterparts through their authoritative voices. Women play a submissive role in society, their voices are crushed and they are compelled to follow in the footsteps of their husbands and fathers. In the novel, there is not a single self-made woman. All women are tied to societal constraints. https://ijels.com/detail/ritika/ Ritika https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-104202220-Anexcursion.pdf This study aimed to assess the work engagement and organizational learning capability among educators of DMC College Foundation, Inc. during the second semester of 2022-2023. A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was used in this study. Data were obtained from 47 educators of DMC College Foundation, Inc. Frequency count, Weighted Mean and Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the gathered data. The study found that when a teacher is tenured, he/she is more engaged in the organization. Among the indicators of work engagement, dedication has the highest mean which means that educators are very much dedicated on the job they are doing. In terms of organizational learning, educators are more immersed with the system of the school having dialogue as the indicator garnering the highest weighted mean. This shows that the school has a well-established protocol in relation to communicating members of the organization. Moreover, this study found out that there is a significant correlation between work engagement and organizational learning capability across age groups anyhow having a positive correlation, age is not a factor that will affect both work engagement and organizational learning capability. Also, the study concluded that there is no significant correlation between work engagement and organizational learning capability when grouped according to years in service. Additionally, work engagement and organizational capability shows a significant and strong positive correlation with each other. https://ijels.com/detail/an-assessment-on-work-engagement-and-organizational-learning-capability-among-educators/ Nelson A. Cordova Jr., Marites C. Hussin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-103202337-AnAssessment.pdf Faith and political machination surrounding Ram Janmabhoomi / Babri Masjid issue triggered probably the biggest mass movement in Post-Colonial India, leading to a massive upheaval in the contemporary society and politics, that had been analysed in detail. But the jurisprudence involved in the case, which was finally settled by the Apex Court attracted little scholarly attention so far. In this essay I would analyse how the doctrine of ‘juristic personhood’ came to be imposed on temple deities, as well as philosophical foundation and contestations about this interesting, but little understood, seldom analysed phenomena. https://ijels.com/detail/almighty-as-litigant-ram-janmabhoomi-case-and-the-concept-of-juristic-personhood-of-temple-deities-in-india/ Anjan Saha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-103202343-Almighty.pdf First- and second-hand accounts of cancer diagnosis in physicians are rare in the literature. In the books The First Cell: And the Human Costs of Pursuing Cancer to the Last, by Azra Raza, and When Breath Becomes Air, by Paul Kalanithi, similarities are seen. These similarities include devotion of the affected physician to his profession, and use of the literature, imagery, rhetorical questions, and repetition throughout the texts. These two works movingly show the devastating effects a cancer diagnosis has on the lives of these individuals, and how this diagnosis is uniquely devastating to a medical professional who is cognizant of their ultimate prognosis. https://ijels.com/detail/similarities-of-first-and-second-hand-accounts-of-cancer-diagnoses-by-two-physicians-in-the-literature/ Justin Lee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-10420234-Similarities.pdf The qualitative study examined the discursive devices in President Duterte’s speeches on controversial issues using Critical Discourse Analysis. This study looked at ten controversial speeches given by President Duterte between 2016 and 2019, including a hardline stance against drugs and criminality, an end to graft and corruption in the government, a despotic policy against drug pushers, making brash off-the-cuff remarks, extreme bravery, stepped-up attacks against the rebels, and intense love for his country. The study results revealed that President Duterte used different discursive devices such as dysphemism, directness, alliteration, anaphora, metaphor, epiphora, and expressive values to evoke affiliative responses from his audiences, offend groups of people, give rhythm to the speeches, and emphasize, influence, encourage, and persuade others. The findings may be utilized further to provide valuable insight to the people to become good listeners and properly discern a particular discourse's real and fundamental meaning. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-controversial-issues-discursive-devices-in-duterte-s-speeches/ Elvie Lyka L. Duran https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-10420239-Exploring.pdf Polysystem Theory was developed in 1970s by Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar borrowing ideas from the Russian Formalist of the the 1920s(Munday, 2001: 109). Although building on work by the Formalist, Even-Zohar reacts against ‘the fallacies of traditional aesthetic approach’(Even-Zohar 2002: 4), which had focus on ‘high’ literature and had disregarded as unimportant literary systems or genres such as children’s literature, thrillers and the whole system of translated literature. We put the translation of children’s literature in the general circumstance of social culture and find that children’s literature is on the margin of the literary system. This causes a lot of constraints and obstructions in writing and translating for children’s literature. This paper explores how the translation of children’s literature were influenced by cultural environment. the author conducted the development of Chinese children’s literature into 3 period and analyze how children’s literature improved in different eras from the perspective of polysystem theory. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-on-translation-of-chinese-children-s-literature-from-the-perspective-of-polysystem-theory/ Liang Xin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-10420238-AStudy.pdf The COVID-19 pandemic affected education worldwide due to community lockdown and quarantine, driving students and school personnel to study and work from home and leading to various learning delivery modalities. Findings revealed that teachers’ challenges in the new learning delivery modality were “to a very large extent.” On the other hand, school heads “highly performed” their leadership practices with teachers claiming them “performed.” Moreover, teachers’ challenges in the new learning delivery modalities were moderately and positively correlated with and significantly related to the school heads’ leadership practices. The study concludes that the current instructional modality limit learners’ interaction opportunities with their teachers and classmates and affect their holistic development. Likewise, the disparity between teachers’ and school heads’ perspectives on the leadership practices could be due to the limiting connection between teachers and school heads, failing to monitor activities fully in the course of duty. The study recommends that teachers are encouraged to study and attend training to understand how different learning modalities are related to students’ experiences and learning to be fully equipped with what constitutes effective instructional design in distance learning contexts. Finally, leadership skills and managerial practice standards should be explored among school heads to structure quality school monitoring and evaluation to help teachers cope with the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. https://ijels.com/detail/correlation-between-the-challenges-of-teachers-in-the-new-learning-delivery-modality-and-leadership-practices-of-school-heads/ Mary Faith A. Esmade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-104202327-Correlation.pdf This paper presents and describes the process of borrowing of Turkic origin words into English. The languages of the world have been enriched at the expense of each other for millennia. Every day, new words are created in the languages of the world, and these words typically spread new concepts or refined concepts to neighboring or related languages. There is a very ancient history of borrowing words of Turkish origin into different languages. In English it was happened as a result of Mongol-Tatar invasions of Europe, these words began to enter in the form of terms. Basically, the words used by Byron in his oriental poems are described, the stylistic features of these words are revealed. Using the words of Turkic origin, Byron portrayed the oriental flavor, replenished the English vocabulary. In general, some Turkic words borrowed into English entered the Great Oxford Dictionary and are still used in everyday life. https://ijels.com/detail/words-of-turkish-origin-in-english/ Farida Ismailova https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-10420235-Wordsof.pdf Toni Morrison's novel Beloved is a powerful exploration of the complexities of humanity, particularly the impact of slavery on the lives of African Americans. Through her vivid portrayal of the characters and their experiences, Morrison examines the various ways in which humans are capable of both cruelty and compassion. Beloved's presence forces Sethe to confront the past she has tried so hard to forget, and the novel follows her journey towards healing and redemption. Throughout the novel, Morrison portrays the ways in which slavery dehumanized and degraded its victims, robbing them of their sense of self and agency. At the heart of Beloved is Morrison's exploration of the complexities of love, particularly the love between a mother and her child. Sethe's love for her children is both a source of strength and a burden, as she struggles to protect them from the horrors of slavery while also dealing with the trauma of her own experiences. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-human-race-in-toni-morrison-s-beloved/ Bolla Madhavi, Dr. Konda Nageshwara Rao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-10420231-AStudy.pdf Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a literary canon in American literature. As a classic, this novel has already been interpreted in many ways, such as feminism, existentialism, ecofeminism and so on. However, as for the analysis of characters, the research of the novel The Scarlet Letter mainly concentrates on Hester or Dimmesdale, yet Roger Chillingworth hasn’t been studied in depth. This essay is going to delve into the psychological process of Chillingworth’s tragedy in The Scarlet Letter based on Jungian archetypal theory. This essay discusses Chillingworth’s destruction, mainly attributes to the main archetypes of the “persona” and the “shadow” that manifest in him. The importance to realize and adjust one’s archetypes to a balanced state for a healthy psyche is shown in this essay. Furthermore, by understanding Chillingworth’s tragedy helps readers to avoid such kind of tragedies. https://ijels.com/detail/an-interpretation-of-chillingworth-in-the-scarlet-letter-from-the-perspective-of-jung-s-archetype-criticism/ Zhang Zhao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-104202314-AnInterpretation.pdf Patriarchy or the social construct that reckons men as the 'absolute authority' has remained an amplified substratum of our societies for time immemorial. This noxious tendency has been glorified and siphoned into normality, relinquishing the power of women in the long run. Circe is a novel by Madeline Miller that tells the story of a Greek mythological character named Circe, the Witch of Aiaia. Circe was born into the family of God Helio but was deemed unworthy from her very birth. Being born powerless and unattractive had kept her in darkness for ages. She gets violated throughout her life until she accidentally discovers her power of witchcraft. This power left her with another magnitude of subjugation and brutality. This research attempts to read and analyze the novel Circe on the grounds of feminism. This paper will explore the presence of patriarchy and its impact on the female characters in the novel. This paper will also venture to identify the patriarchal supremacy that had remained rooted in Greek mythology. Circe was not born a monster but framed into that construct will be divulged through this research. https://ijels.com/detail/humanizing-circe-the-witch-of-aiaia-a-novel-that-projects-the-repercussions-of-patriarchal-supremacy/ Nithya Ranjith https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-104202319-Humanizing.pdf The Partition of Bengal in 1905 ushered in a new current of national mobilization which found expression in a nascent yearning among Indians to be self-sufficient in terms of infrastructure, industries, and education. Manmathanath Ghosh, a lesser-known figure in the Swadeshi struggle visited Japan during this nationalist effervescence. This essay aims to resurrect him and reevaluate his importance in terms of his contemporary age, the historical relationship between India and Japan, his observation of Japanese society, and the inherent patriotism that had already germinated in the psyche of the ordinary Bengali. In terms of mass movements, history remembers the leaders but more often than not, it fails to remember the same revolutionary fervor among the followers. Ghosh's account not only provides testimony to foreign journeys for the purpose of freedom but also gives voice to the very sentiment of Swadeshi present in the ordinary Indian. https://ijels.com/detail/locating-manmathanath-ghosh-in-japan-during-the-high-tide-of-indian-nationalism/ Aisheedyuti Roy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-104202311-Locating.pdf Mamang Dai’s The Black Hill (2014) is based on recorded historical events of the journey of two French missionaries Nicholas-Michel Krick and Augustin-Etienne Bourry, who were engaged in a mission to set up a church in Tibet, but in the 1800s the only way to reach there was through northeast India—present day Arunachal Pradesh. While they were on the final leg of their journey, they were killed by Kaisha, a village chief of the Mishmi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh on August 2, 1854 at Somme village, near the Tibetan border. The Mishmee chief was later captured and sentenced to death by hanging in Dibrugar (Assam) jail. It is this historical event that goes into the making of Dai’s novel. Mamang Dai dexterously interweaves Gimur- Kajinsha love story into this historical narrative. The arrival of Father Krick at the Village of Mebo as part of Southern Tibet Mission and later his journey to Mishmee hills coincides with Gimur’s elopement with Kajinsha from her native village Mebo to Kajinsha’s Mishmee hills. Dai imagines it was inevitable that their pathways must have crossed. While the priest and Kajinsha are characters from history, Gimur is a fictional character created by Dai to explore the gaps and silences of history. Where the story encoded in history ends, or gets enshrouded in enigmatic silence, Dai makes Gimur articulate those silences and proclaim the innocence of Kajinsha, thus subverting a historical narrative. https://ijels.com/detail/narrating-the-silences-of-history-mamang-dai-s-the-black-hill/ Supriya M. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-104202315-Narrating.pdf Science fiction often renders plausible directions in developing the society and making it more rigid towards any outer species that is a threat to human civilization as seen in sci-fi web series Halo, however, establishing space civilization requires the process of terraforming that consists of several behaviors like the culture, social, science and their ethical implications. This research paper intends to analyze the multiple aspects of terraforming that includes the consciousness of the intelligent life and what it meant to be the intelligent species in the universe. This paper includes a comparison of Halo and Mars Trilogy to delve deep into the aspects of narrating the consciousness of the universe which is none other than the humans. While approaching the intelligence of the universe, anthropocentric attitude was kept aside because in doing so the study can be conducted fairly in understanding the establishment of a race that is emotional and rational in behavior. https://ijels.com/detail/space-civilization-a-study-on-the-consciousness-of-intelligent-life-in-mars-trilogy/ Aditya Raj, Rajkumar Yadav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-104202346-SpaceCivilization.pdf Meena Kandasmy’s When I Hit You: Or, A Portrait of the Writer as a Young Wife narrates the story of a wife trapped in an abusive marriage where her abuse is meted out and sustained through a structure of manipulative tactics which her abuser claims as nothing but “leftist truths”. This immaculate description of toxic masculinity and violence upheld by flawed yet historically founded absorptions of leftist political ideals begs the need for a deeper enquiry into how the left conserves toxic masculinity. This paper is a further analysis of the novel with respect to understanding the ways communist and socialist ideologies (or what can broadly be termed as the left in popular political vocabulary) defend and reproduce hegemonic notions of masculinity while at the same time denying its effects or existences. This is also an enquiry into the possibilities how the left has in many ways believed in what can be understood as a post-truth that it is inherently resistant of patriarchy, while upholding it. https://ijels.com/detail/the-post-truth-of-toxic-masculinity-in-leftist-circles-reading-meena-kandasamy-s-when-i-hit-you-or-a-portrait-of-the-writer-as-a-young-wife/ Asmita Kundu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-104202353-The.pdf This paper attempts to study the significance of naming in the literary context of two selected works of Haruki Murakami and Easterine Kire respectively. Along with this, the study of the process of self-introspection that is revealed through the protagonists will also be undertaken. The blurring of the surreal and the real by Murakami, much like the magical realist novels, play a pivotal role in the formation of the protagonists’ selves. In Kire’s Son of the Thundercloud, the lack that the main protagonist feels is initiated by stories narrated to him during his childhood. This lack is subsequently intensified in the later years, when the protagonist’s family is wiped out when a drought affects their village. Like the Murakamian world, the world that Kire creates in her novel is a concoction of the surreal and the real. In the works of these authors, the fragmentation inherent in the characters is dealt with, often through the exodus of the main protagonists. This ‘reaching out’, more often than not, entails a re- telling of the past both literally and metaphorically. Reconciliation with the past is crucial for the future. In the course of this ordeal, the main protagonists’ search for meaning behind their names and the name of their acquaintances becomes a prerequisite for the formation of identity. This initially entails a process of disintegration of the ‘self’, or broadly, the ‘subject’. The paper will also lay emphasis on the study of how the protagonists try to attain integration from disintegration. https://ijels.com/detail/literary-onomastics-and-identity-in-haruki-murakami-s-and-easterine-kire-s-selected-novels/ Rodi Lalrammawii Hmar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-104202354-Literary.pdf African Literature has been the field of male writers and has lacked the feminine lens for a long time. These male writers have depicted the African woman as obedient who obeys man without discussion. However, this unrealistic presentation has been rectified only after the rise of women writers. As more and more African women got educated and started to participate in social and political fields, the women writers started portraying and reporting the changes they have been experiencing in their contemporary societies. As they have been suffering in their patriarchal communities, they could feel the agonies of these women who have been living in subjugation to men since old times. Using Buchi Emecheta’s Second Class Citizen and Mariama Bâ’s So Long a Letter, the article analyses how African female writers have cleverly and surreptitiously carved out for themselves advantages and immunities which ordinary women and even ordinary men could never imagine. Such statuses were like personal identity cards which neither outlived them nor were reveled by other women during and after their existence. https://ijels.com/detail/transcending-the-age-of-androcentric-representations-in-african-women-s-writing/ Fatima Zahra EL ARBAOUI https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-104202310-Transcending.pdf Psychoanalytic feminism is a theory of oppression which asserts that men have an inherent psychological need to subjugate women. The root of men’s compulsion to dominate women and women’s minimal resistance to subjugation lies deep within the human psyche. Indian film industry has been phallocentric depicting mainly male dominated narrative structure whereas women are reduced to marginalized roles only to glamorize the hero-centric set up. These films rarely portray women and their isolated worlds because this subject would be a commercial set back preventing audiences from hitting the theatres. This stereotyped representation of women has been always criticized by feminist film critics. Laura Mulvey, one of the most influential feminist film critic in her 1975 seminal essay “Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema” criticizes this patriarchal control and for-profit nature of cinema using psychoanalytic theory. Considering Mulvey’s psychoanalytic theory, this research paper attempts to explore that how social construction of patriarchy determines gender stereotyping & phallocentrism in Indian film industry and seeks to examine the various factors behind the misrepresentation of women in Indian cinema. The paper further intends to take into account why male centric films receive huge commercial success as compared to female ones. https://ijels.com/detail/a-psychoanalytic-feminist-study-of-gender-bias-in-indian-cinema/ Priya Kumari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-104202345-APsychoanalytic.pdf In this paper I seek to analyse the events in A Passage to India by E. M. Forster to argue that it is impossible for a coloniser to develop a genuine friendship with his/her colonised counterpart. Using postcolonial theory, and particularly Homi K. Bhabha's concept of ‘mimicry,’ this paper demonstrates why the desperate attempt by the colonised to become friends with the coloniser fails. This is an effort to discover an answer to the question that the author poses in his novel. The author poses the query in one of the first chapters of the book. In this paper, I analyse the hypothesis that colonised people frequently strive to imitate the values and customs of their oppressors in an attempt to be seen as their actual allies, but fail miserably. This will be analysed by looking into the various points of intersectionality that are present throughout Forster’s novel. https://ijels.com/detail/almost-an-ally-but-not-quite-intersectionality-and-insistence-in-forster-s-a-passage-to-india/ Abdullah Nouman https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-103202324-Almost.pdf Starting with the traditional audio-lingual method of didactic instruction, teaching methods have changed over time by using different techniques and different teaching and learning tools. Since changes to the input and interactional activities are the core of any learning and teaching process in a classroom, input and output modifications have been the focus of serious experimental research in the field. Even though a lot of studies talk about the role of feedback and correcting mistakes in the teaching process, not many of them actually do an experiment to find out how much feedback and other similar inputs help boost motivation and confidence in the process of learning a second language. This paper is an attempt to discuss the theories and practices of giving feedback and fixing mistakes when teaching a second language (L2), especially in the context of English-language classrooms of Arabic colleges in Kerala, India, which have been growing recently. The study mostly looks at the Hudawi and Wafy courses, which were designed and implemented in the district of Malappuram in Kerala and have a long course duration of 8–12 years at a stretch. These two curricula focus on teaching and preparing students in four or five languages, including their native language, Malayalam. These languages are English, Arabic, Hindi, and Urdu. https://ijels.com/detail/to-be-welcomed-or-not-to-be-errors-and-correction-feedback-in-the-second-language-classrooms-of-arabic-colleges-in-kerala/ Mohammed Musthafa T https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-103202314-Tobe.pdf The Philippines is a major provider of seafarers, with the majority of Filipino sailors serving on merchant ships all around the world. To stay competitive in the global market, most shipping companies recruit maritime students through a variety of processes and provide them with the necessary knowledge, expertise, and skills. The experience of maritime cadets/cadettes in the workplace aids them in realizing and grasping the employment needs onboard merchant vessels. This quantitative research study assessed the onboard experiences of PMMA cadets in order to improve the academy's shipboard training program and policy. A researcher-made survey questionnaire via Google form was used to gather data from the 162 First Class cadets/cadettes who were graduating midshipmen of S.Y. 2020-2021. The study found out that the cadet-trainees were exposed to technical tasks during their shipboard training. In terms of challenges onboard, they never at all experienced sexual and verbal harassment and abuse. Accordingly, they have very low experience related to civic disengagement. Inculcating high tolerance in shipboard training related to work stress and condition is one of the strengths of the PMMA Shipboard Training Program and the assignment and availability of training officers on board was noted as one of its weaknesses. https://ijels.com/detail/students-onboard-experiences-basis-for-improved-shipboard-training-program-policy/ Ronald G. Magsino, Victoria Q. Paraggua, Froilan D. Mobo, Ronalyn C. Acuavera, Leah D. Villavicencio, Geraldine C. Pasa, Sheena Lee A. Guiang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-104202326-Students.pdf Jhumpa Lahiri's Unaccustomed Earth (2008) is a collection of short stories that explores the experiences of immigrants and their descendants in the United States, particularly those of Bengali origin. This research paper critically examines the diasporic discourse of identity and alienation in Lahiri's work. Through a close analysis of selected stories from Unaccustomed Earth, this paper delves into the themes of cultural displacement, the search for identity, and the feeling of alienation among the characters. It also explores how these themes are intricately connected with the characters' diasporic experiences and the challenges they face in navigating their dual identities as immigrants or children of immigrants in a foreign land. The paper argues that Lahiri's portrayal of diasporic experiences reflects the complexities and nuances of the immigrant identity, the sense of unbelonging, and the constant negotiation between the old and new worlds. Moreover, it highlights how Lahiri's work engages with the tensions and conflicts that arise from the clash of cultural norms, the longing for home, and the struggle to reconcile with one's past while embracing the present. https://ijels.com/detail/a-discourse-on-diaspora-exploring-identity-and-alienation-in-jhumpa-lahiri-s-unaccustomed-earth/ Yogesh Kumar, Prof. Gunjan Sushil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-10520232-ADiscourse.pdf The problem of refugees has spread at a large scale throughout the world in the twenty-first century. Refugees are the migrants worst-hit by their destinies as they are forced to leave their home and hearth due to some sort of political or religious conflicts, war or violence. They are completely unwanted in the country of their arrival due to fear and suspicion of the natives. At the same time refugees earnestly desire to be treated on humanitarian ground and regain the lost space in this world. Mohsin Hamid marvelously deals with this problem of refugees in his fourth novel Exit West (2017) from the transcultural lens with the hope to create a transpace for refugees. The paper examines how migrants are forced to leave their homeland as they are not considered as lawful citizen of the land and are devoid of basic human needs. The paper explores the struggle of refugees in the initial period before achieving their transcultural space in the foreign land. In addition to this, the paper also analyzes the effect of their movement, struggle and success in creating transpace on their identity. https://ijels.com/detail/search-for-transpace-a-study-of-mohsin-hamid-s-exit-west/ Vandana Sukheeja, Jap Preet Kaur Bhangu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-104202331-Search.pdf Jean Rhys, through her ground breaking novel, Wide Sargasso Sea, portrays the journey of a French Creole woman Antoinette from a troubled childhood to her eventual culmination into madness. This novel is a prequel to Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre and was published in England in 1966. Jean Rhys’s protagonist Antoinette is the representation of the character “Bertha” in the novel Jane Eyre. Through this novel, Jean has given Bronte’s “Bertha” a chance to tell her side of the story of how she ended up in the attic alone and mad which finally ended up in her demise. Madness is an inherent theme which plays an important role and also acts as a consequence of gender oppression. This paper intends to study the inherent gender oppression that the protagonist Antoinette faces from her husband and the consequent madness that follows from this oppression in Jean Rhys' novel Wide Sargasso Sea. Through a detailed analysis this paper tries to investigate how Antoinette’s husband Mr. Rochester, by his patriarchal male supremacy and domination, oppressed Antoinette to the point that she not only lost her identity but also slipped into madness. The main motive of this paper is to show how Antoinette’s culmination into madness is not just a result of mental illness but also the result of long repressed scars of her traumatic upbringing which are exacerbated by her husband's rejection and cruel behaviour of her which completely erodes her self-esteem ultimately culminating into madness. This paper attempts to prove that Antoinette's abusive patriarchal husband drives her "mad" on purpose and his view of Antoinette as "mad" is the result of her not living up to his Victorian standards of restrained sexuality. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-oppression-and-the-consequent-madness-in-jean-rhys-s-wide-sargasso-sea/ Iypshita Gogoi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-104202340-Gender.pdf The unwillingness to use English as a foreign language (EFL) in classrooms is a long-term challenge to the language educators. Communication apprehension, language anxiety, or the lack of motivation is a problem that many learners face and prevents oral participation and the development of communicative competence. The emergence of digital interactive technologies, including Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Flipgrid, and Padlet, has created the opportunities to motivate unwilling speakers to engage in speaking activities in non-stressful, adaptable, and interactive forms. This paper investigates the use of these platforms to motivate reluctant EFL learners to transition from silence to speech. Using theories of affective factors in language learning, motives to communicate, and self-determination, the study investigates how the digital platform can be used to provide a less threatening context during oral practice, higher autonomy among learners, and the enhancement of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. It was also a mixed-method study that involved 60 EFL undergraduate learners who went through both face-to-face and digitally mediated speaking assignments. The results prove that online interactive tools can greatly enhance the desire to communicate and reduce anxiety and encourage continued oral involvement among learners. The study suggests implications for EFL pedagogy, particularly regarding the inclusion of digital tools to support learners who might otherwise remain silent in traditional classrooms. https://ijels.com/detail/from-silence-to-speech-the-role-of-digital-interactive-platforms-in-motivating-reluctant-efl-speakers/ Dr. Lina Fathi Sidig https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-101202391-FromSilence.pdf Recently, teaching and learning languages has largely and directly focused on students' ability to study independently. Therefore, it is necessary for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students to develop learner autonomy (LA) in learning. Conducting studies to explore the ability to study autonomously among secondary students is necessary. This study, hence, aimed to explore the 9th grade students’ perceptions of their strategies in LA development in learning EFL at a state-owned secondary school (SOSS) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study involved 152 ninth graders. Both quantitative and qualitative data were obtained through the use of two instruments, namely the questionnaire and interviews. For analyzing the collected data, descriptive statistics and content analysis were employed. The findings of the study revealed that to develop LA, most students used strategies related to identifying learning needs and trying to achieve learning goals, and over half of them used such strategies as setting learning goals and making plans, applying learning strategies, and evaluating the learning process and outcomes. The study also made some recommendations for both teachers and students, as well as their families, with the aim of enhancing students’ LA in learning EFL. This study is expected to shed light on methods for language teaching and autonomy-based learning orientation. https://ijels.com/detail/strategies-used-in-learner-autonomy-development-in-english-as-a-foreign-language-learning-among-9th-grade-students/ Vo Thuy Anh, Le Van Tuyen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-104202338-Strategies.pdf Anand is largely remembered for his depictions of the oppressed class in India. He had got an international acclaim because of his perceptive insight into the lives of the oppressed class in India. Untouchable ,being his first novel that was published in 1935,is well known for his analysis of the exploitation and subservient, pathetic conditions of the lower class people that he depicts through a character like Bhaka .though the novel presents incidents that happened in a day in the protagonist’s life,by large it speaks about the oppression of the lower castes by the upper castes that was very much visible in the colonial as well as the postcolonial India .the novel mainly focuses on the subaltern that was and also is the most burning issue in the Indian subcontinent. The novel displays the pretentions, snobbery and flamboyance gestures of the upper class against the lower classes. https://ijels.com/detail/oppression-of-the-subaltern-a-depiction-by-mulkraj-anand-in-his-untouchable/ Aravind R https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-104202329-Oppression.pdf William Shakespeare’s play Othello features the life of Othello, a black Moor, a Muslim, who although is the most trusted man of the King of Venice, struggles to fit in with the prominent White, Christian medieval framework of Venice. He indirectly subscribes to the prevailing morality and thinks himself inferior to the rich, white European Christians. He tries to be like them, imbibing their values and their codes, but still struggles with his different color and has an inferiority complex. This ultimately leads to his downfall and it results in him killing his beloved wife, Desdemona and it ultimately led to his suicide. https://ijels.com/detail/the-moor-and-the-fair-lady-an-analysis-of-othello-shakespeare-s-play-through-the-lens-of-marginalisation/ Alen Tharakan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-104202343-TheMoor.pdf George Gissing is a famous essayist and novelist in the late Victorian era. His masterpiece New Grub Street reveals the negative impact of literary marketization on literature and even culture by describing the different living conditions of literati. The novel depicts three different types of literati images, namely idealists who adhere to artistic standards, utilitarians who cater to the market, and female writers who are on the edge of literature, thus reflecting the writer's critical attitude towards the social reality that literature has become a commodity. https://ijels.com/detail/the-crisis-of-liberati-in-george-gissing-s-new-grub-street/ Du Haixia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-104202350-TheCrisis.pdf The practice of meditation has been associated with a wide range of positive physiological and psychological effects, such as reduced stress, improved emotional regulation, and increased overall well-being. In this research, the procedure of meditation that eliminates psychosomatic disorders is investigated. Psychosomatic disorders impact the mind and body. Mental disorders like stress and anxiety can lead to physical diseases like chronic pain and muscle dysfunction. This article investigates the possibility of meditation being used as a remedy for psychosomatic disorders. Examining existing literature on the topic reveals that meditation has been demonstrated to reduce stress and anxiety levels, enhance immune system functioning, and promote emotional regulation. The evidence suggests that meditation could be a possible alternative treatment for psychosomatic problems. This study discusses the mechanisms of Vipassanā and Yoga meditation techniques. The paper further highlights the necessity of seeking medical counsel and treatment and utilising meditation as an element of a comprehensive care approach instead of a stand-alone remedy. Overall, the paper indicates that meditation may be a helpful aid for controlling the symptoms of psychosomatic disorder, and it emphasises the need for additional research on the subject. https://ijels.com/detail/can-meditation-be-a-remedy-for-psychosomatic-disorder/ Anshu Kumar, Pankaj Kumar Bharti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-104202348-CanMeditation.pdf Ibsen, as a playwright, as Thomas F. Van Lann comments, has been accused of deceiving his audience regarding the matters of his play- both its central business and its manner; particularly in his style and mode. While reviewing Ibsen through a Lacanian lens, critics such as Oliver W. Gerland III, argue that reading Ibsen is a task of revising interpretative paradigms and that Ibsen’s protagonist revises strategies for enacting the “self”. The Wild Duck (1884), has been critiqued as a poignant drama of illusions, where an idealistic outsider’s gratuitous truth-telling destroys a family. This paper argues that Ibsen’s texts stage the Oedipal crisis in a revised form by taking recourse to Lacan’s re-reading of Freud, where he suggests a paradigmatic triad as a representation of the displaced form of familar Oedipal structure. For Lacan, the Oedipal structure is not a simple love for the mother and hatred for the father, rather it places the child in the realm of the Symbolic, i.e its linguistic association with the father. He argues that the self is rooted in the mirror stage and the infant’s identification with images of coherence and stability- e.g its own reflected image. This paper argues that Ibsen locates his drama in the simples of the Oedipal complex, but revises it. Hjalmar Ekdal’s Imaginary web is disrupted when the idealist Gregers Werle breaks down the Imaginary, invokes the Symbolic authoritarian “no”, and substitutes it with the retelling of Hakon Werle. This paper seeks to accentuate Gregers’ idealism as what Lacan termed as obsessional neurosis and a display of his own lacking in preserving his Imaginary i.e playing a father to his friend and maintaining Hjalmar’s heroic image in his mind, finally resulting in little Hedvig’s suicide. https://ijels.com/detail/a-psychoanalytical-reading-of-ibsen-s-the-wild-duck/ Atlanta Gogoi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-104202332-APsychoanalytical.pdf Most of Mary Shelley’s novels have reflected the socio-political as well as the scientific aspects to her writings and ideas that we find while going through her novels. Her famous novels were written with a perception against the utopian ideas and deals with the critique beyond her father’s, William Godwin’s utopianism which occurred mostly in the form of narrative and metaphor. Sterrenburg says that Mary Shelley's stories have anti-Jacobin themes like grave robbing, the dead coming back to life, and creatures that kill their creators. In order to appropriate the political images, she gives us a new form which slightly subverts the utopian ideas about revolution. The present research focuses on the depiction of the generation of radicals and the regeneration of man in demonic terms and uses the subjective, complicated, and problematic term "new form" in her works and how Shelley tried to translate politics into psychology. She used revolutionary symbolism and wrote it in the post-revolutionary era when there were no political movements. https://ijels.com/detail/themes-of-trauma-and-political-reflections-in-the-novels-of-mary-shelley/ Sunil Kumar Mishra, Himanshi Sharma, Parul Mishra, J K Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-106202322-Themes.pdf The present paper attempts to compare and analyze two marvelous poems of all time, ‘Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour, July 13, 1798’ and ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ composed by the two highly philosophical poets William Wordsworth, who was a stalwart in the galaxy of Romantic poetry and the most celebrated American poet of 20th century, Robert Frost. The comparison has been made based on the themes, structure, poetic temperament and setting so as to bring differences and similarities between the poems. Objective of study • To bring out the comparative analysis between the poems. • To understand the poems deeply and understand the essence to see the similarities and differences of the poems. • To bring out the conclusions out of this comparative study. • To understand the different structures and styles of the poems to understand its uniqueness. https://ijels.com/detail/comparative-analysis-of-stopping-by-woods-on-a-snowy-evening-and-lines-written-a-few-miles-above-tintern-abbey-on-revisiting-the-banks-of-the-wye-during-a-tour-july-13-1798/ Hema. R, Sunil K Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-106202321-Comparative.pdf