https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usDecember 8 The study aims to examine and elucidate the ideologies that are used by Antoon to trace his local society in his novel The corpse washer and which textual conceptual tools of critical stylistics he implements in the selected extracts. The study adopts Jeffries’(2010) critical stylistic framework to analyze the collected data quantitatively and qualitatively. The data of this study are four extracts from a different chapter of Antoon’s novel The corpse Washer. They are chosen depending on two themes: deterioration of education and art and insecurity. Each theme includes two extracts. The analysis of the data shows that Antoon uses all of the tools to present his viewpoint. The insecurity theme gets a higher percentage of the total use of analytical toolkits at a rate of 62.55%, which shows that Antoon criticizes the Iraqi government and American Army for their irresponsibility in protecting the Iraqi borders, which cause Al-Qaeda and Isis to enter the country and spread violence by killing Iraqis from different sects and ethnic groups. The analysis shows that the theme of decoration of education and art comprises 37.45% of the total use of textual conceptual functions offering Antoon’s criticism for the Iraqi administration, teachers, and people for neglecting education and art. https://ijels.com/detail/a-critical-stylistic-analysis-of-the-representation-of-the-iraqi-local-society-in-sinan-antoon-s-the-corpse-washer/ Hadeel Iedan Halyut, Prof. Dr. Ahmed Qadoury Abed https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-11120221-ACritical.pdf The paper aims to talk about how artistic pursuit or passion while indispensable also poses a predicament in life in terms of human relationships and the raising of ethical quandaries. As an ideal that is considered to be intertwined with the creation of meaning in life and its contemporary popularity seeded in its overtaking by the capitalist industry, it becomes pertinent to examine the complexities surrounding the idea of artistic pursuit. The paper will examine Ernest Hemmingway’s The Old Man and the Sea and Mario Vargas Llosa’s The Way to Paradise to further propound on the nature of such a predicament. https://ijels.com/detail/life-the-antagonist-of-artistic-pursuit/ Aditi Pradhan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-110202243-Life.pdf This paper closely observes the code of conduct of the war actors engaged in a Napoleonic war. In “The Warrior’s Soul”, the latter, as a palimpsest, is reminiscent of no other crisis than the Grand Army’s invasion of Tsar Alexander’s Russia in 1812. Narrowing down its attack and occupation field in this short-story under our study, this history-based conflict unfolds to show a manifest Franco-Russian opposition if we consider Moscow and Paris metropolis as a space-time. In the second and final phase of the short-story, what we find as the Moscow narration, the story on the war bends exclusively over the military herds which are depicted from a battlefield equally chaotic and horrific. In such apocalyptic disorder, the patriotic and conservative will of the Russian adjutant and Officer is put in competition with a heroic altruism we relate to the Tomassov-De Castel case. By looking deeper and deeper into the story of experience marked with the Russian pride and patriotism and that of the Franco-Russian duo, our analysis of “The Warrior’s Soul” as a polemic and historic writing further exposes the horrors and illusions of a war to better exalt honour, ethics and dignity within humans. https://ijels.com/detail/facets-and-artifices-of-war-a-historical-reading-of-the-warrior-s-soul-by-joseph-conrad/ Oumar Thiam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-110202220-Facetsand.pdf The current study aimed to examine the influence of three different leadership style including (authoritarian leadership style, democratic leadership style, laissez faire leadership style on work environment at selected private businesses in Erbil. The current study applied quantitative research method to measure the developed research hypotheses. The study prepared a questionnaire consists of different sections; including questions regarding to the authoritarian leadership, certain questions regarding to the democratic leadership, moreover several questions regarding to the Laissez-Faire leadership styles and lastly set questions about work environment at private businesses. The findings revealed that the most powerful leadership style with associated with work environment was Laissez-Faire leadership followed by democratic leadership style and the lowest value was for authoritarian leadership style. https://ijels.com/detail/leading-project-teams-the-role-of-leadership-styles-in-dynamic-work-environment/ Sanarya Adnan Anwer, Ahmed Jawhar Mohammad, Bryar Sami Abdulrahman, Khowanas Saeed Qader, Diyar Abdulmajeed Jamil, Bayar Gardi, Karkhi Khalid Sabah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-111202214-Leading.pdf This project provides a feminist reading of Naomi Wolf’s The Beauty Myth. In this book she talks about deconstructing the myth of beauty and realising how patriarchy stresses our appearances in order to damage us all. Figures, data, citations, and statements abound in this book, which is divided into six topics: labour, culture, religion, sex, hunger, and violence. In each part, Wolf tries to demonstrate how the concept of "beauty" has historically and continues to keep women in inferior positions. https://ijels.com/detail/feminist-reading-of-naomi-wolf-s-the-beauty-myth/ Kopal Mehta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-11120222-Feminist.pdf This paper aims to analyse Alankrita Shrivastava’s film Lipstick Under My Burkha (2016) in terms of its narrative technique and the handling of a sensitive topic in the context of Hélène Cixous’ The Laugh of the Medusa (1975) which introduces the concept of écriture feminine. In the process, characters, various themes, associated symbols and censorship is scrutinized to prove that the condition of every woman despite of age, sexuality, religion and social background is the same in terms of repression of desires and denied the freedom of expression. It’s only through women raising their own voices will help better the situation with women’s narratives demanding their space amongst the pool of male-dominated narratives in the popular culture. The stories now need to be narrated from the female gaze. https://ijels.com/detail/no-more-sweeping-under-the-carpet-repressed-feminine-desires-and-sexuality-in-lipstick-under-my-burkha/ Poorva Karamchandani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-11120223-NoMore.pdf Children’s literature is one of the chief vehicles contributing to development of gender identity in children. It can be read as an important socio-cultural and socio-political document. This article examines the gender issue of female infanticide and the representation of gender relations in Ranjit Lal’s ‘Crossword Best Children’s Book Award’ winner Faces in the Water. The study focuses on the correlation between the societal gender issue and childhood. The narrative is analysed using an interdisciplinary approach to the aspect of gender issue addressed in the text in relation to Indian society and studies made in social sciences. Also, the prevalence of the serious gender issues in the realistic narratives and the position of children as readers of narratives with serious gender issues is analyzed. https://ijels.com/detail/female-victimization-the-issue-of-female-infanticide-in-children-s-literature-and-the-indian-society/ Dr. Sapna Desai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-110202235-Female.pdf Hip Hop has been a cultural wave creating and modifying the revolution started in the 1970s by Black people against systemic oppression, and while it manifests itself as a commodified narrativization against racism, sexism and other equally troublesome oppressive ideologies, it becomes a site for change through ethnographic performativity. Spoken Word poets have used this tool to bring marginal narratives to the center and challenge the heteropatriarchal lens, misogynoir and racist practices all around the world. Spoken word poetry has not been researched analytically or theoretically much previously, and even when it was, the research and statistics were limited to the technical aspects of performance. This paper deals with the idea of culture being a site for performance, and simultaneously performance being the action that precedes stereotypes and false representations of marginalized cultures throughout the global north. The spoken word poets use the stage as a liminal space for a multiplicity of cultures to thrive, and challenge the oppressive tools, including that of language, clothing, and voice used by mainstream cultures to oppress the said communities, and normalize their own traditions and morals. The paper reveals the performative tactics used by spoken word poets in order to deinstitutionalize systems of power, and establish a counter narrative of their own as a form of revolution. https://ijels.com/detail/decolonization-through-spoken-word-poetry-a-postcolonial-analysis-of-emi-mahmoud-and-safia-elhillo-s-poetry/ Riya Sohini https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-110202224-Decolonization.pdf Politeness is a linguistic phenomenon in which the participants, who are involved in a dialogue, use different politeness strategies in order to get the desired result. Sometimes, they want to save the face, the public self image, of their counterparts, and sometimes they want to take advantages with the use of some specific politeness strategies. Most of time, the face gets threaten by some verbal or non-verbal acts and it can be done deliberately to achieve some goal or it is done by mistake for some or other reasons. If one wants to save the face and wish to build a healthy social relationship, he uses politeness strategies accordingly. The present paper will try to explore this feature of politeness in the short story “An Astrologer’s Day”. It is the first story from the collection An Astrologer’s Day and Other Stories by R. K. Narayan. https://ijels.com/detail/politeness-strategies-in-r-k-narayan-s-an-astrologer-s-day-a-discourse-analysis-perspective/ Dr. Pradeep Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-11120229-Politeness.pdf The literature of the pre-partition era will remain incomplete without the mention of the word conflict as it defines that bloody period of history. Much has been written on the themes of the pre-partition and post-partition period. Among the domineering themes of that era,bloodshed,slavery and poverty stand out. During this period,a whole galaxy of stars was ever present as far as the artistic landscape of the Indian sub-continent is concerned. Especially the role of the Progressive Movement was note-worthy as they provoked the masses for independence. With the tragedy of the event, thjs fervour declined as folks and members of the establishment were locked in an ongoing tussle for control which remained the focus of post-partition Pakistani prose.Given these outlining details,the paper aims to excavate and probe into the conflicts qqqqbetween the common folk and the existinvg establishment or status-quo in Ashfaque Ahmed’s famous short-story The Shepherd. For this purpose, the paper would make use of textual references and critical articles. Historical record would also be utilised as the research has its roots from the on-going capitalist-communist struggle. The research would help us understand the theme in depth and would explore new avenues for research. https://ijels.com/detail/the-ongoing-conflict-between-the-common-folk-and-the-prevailant-status-quo-in-ashfaque-ahmed-s-the-shepherd/ Muhammad Asad Obaid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-110202236-TheOngoing.pdf The lived experience of two women – no matter how similar they are, be it simply by virtue of being born a woman, or sharing a similar skin colour, racial affiliation, nationality, class, religion, sexual orientation – can never be the same. Gloria Jean Watkins, better known by her pen name bell hooks, was an author and social activist who theorized on the singular nature of the black woman’s travails. Across her extensive critical oeuvre there is a recurrent emphasis on the onslaughts of patriarchal hegemony that routinely victimize black women. Her theories on gender violence among black couples have now come to address diverse manifestations of sexism that widens the racial divide. hooks pointed out that gender violence is a reflection of deeply embedded African cultural ideologies and practices that are premised on women playing second fiddles to their men. In this paper I have attempted to read Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus in the light of hooks’ theories on gender violence to highlight the socio-cultural as well as political framings of gender within the black community. https://ijels.com/detail/revisiting-bell-hooks-theorization-of-gender-violence-in-adichie-s-purple-hibiscus/ Ashmita Biswas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-110202231-Revisiting.pdf This paper, taking the subtitle translation of an American comedy The Big Bang Theory as the object of the study, selects the subtitle translations of some typical clips. Based on the integrated framework of multimodal discourse analysis proposed by Professor Zhang Delu, the subtitle translation is analyzed from four levels including culture, context, content, and expression. This paper concludes that multiple modalities interact each other in complementary ways. The interactions between multiple modalities help viewers better understand subtitle translation. Subtitle translation, together with other modalities, helps viewers grasp the plot of the TV series. The author hopes that this study can provide some reference for subtitle translators. https://ijels.com/detail/perspective-of-multimodal-discourse-analysis-a-case-study-of-the-big-bang-theory/ Wu Qingqing https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-11120226-Perspective.pdf The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of capital structure on company profitability using a representative sample of 162 businesses. Researchers in the Kurdistan area of Iraq took a quantitative approach to assessing the role that capital structure (corporate governance, ownership structure, and constructive thought patterns) plays in ensuring that local businesses maintain a competitive edge over their rivals. The study's sample was drawn at random, and it was conducted in a number of different areas across the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Out of 175 surveys distributed, only 162 were returned with complete responses. Based on the findings, the strongest correlation was found between corporate governance and business profitability, whereas the worst correlation was found between ownership and firm profitability. As a consequence of our analyses, we conclude that debt should be used only as a last resort by financial managers. More controlled variables, larger samples, and longer time period data might all be added to the regression models used in this study to improve the quality of our findings. There is flexibility in the choice of metrics and approach. https://ijels.com/detail/firm-probability-does-capital-structure-have-influence-on-firm-profitability/ Rozhgar Khorsheed Mahmood, Zaid Saad Ismail, Swran Jawamir Jwmaa, Saif Qudama Younus, Baban Jabbar Othman, Muhammed Khazal Rashad, Idrees Sadeq Kanabi, Diyar Abdulmajeed Jamil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-111202223-Firm.pdf This study's overarching objective is to learn how certain traits of leaders affect the efficiency of building projects. Five separate building companies in the Kurdish capital of Erbil participated in the study. A quantitative method was used to analyze the data in this study. There are a total of seventy one people in this research. Because the highest value for the charismatic leadership characteristic was determined to be.737>.01 and the P-value was.000, we can conclude that there is a significant positive association between charismatic leadership and the efficiency of project development teams. https://ijels.com/detail/analyzing-the-relationship-between-leadership-styles-and-dynamics-work-environment-in-kurdistan/ Swran Jawamir Jwmaa, Saif Qudama Younus, Baban Jabbar Othman, Muhammed Khazal Rashad, Idrees Sadeq Kanabi, Diyar Abdulmajeed Jamil, Rozhgar Khorsheed Mahmood, Zaid Saad Ismail https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-111202222-Analyzing.pdf This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the internal communication process of Alano & Sons Credit Corporation during the calendar year 2019. This study used the descriptive research design with survey as the chosen data-gathering tool. The effectiveness of the communication process was measured using the components of effective communication. The respondents consisted of 171 regular employees of Alano and Sons Credit Corporation. Frequency counting, percentage, weighted mean, and ANOVA were used to answer the research problems and test the null hypothesis. The study found no significant differences on the level of effectiveness of communication process when employees are grouped in terms of sex, age, highest educational attainment, position, length of service, and area/office of assignment. The study also found that the employees see the overall communication process of Alano & Sons Credit Corporation as effective. This is consistent in all components namely, communicator, message, channel, feedback and environment. Furthermore, the evaluation on the effect of the barriers of communication present within the company found that the employees see them as having a significant effect. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-internal-organizational-communication-process-of-alano-sons-credit-corporation-basis-for-continuous-development-of-company-operations-dipolog-city-philippines/ Lydith Marie Benitez Barrera, Edgardo S. Cabalida https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-11122211-AStudy.pdf Poe’s “Metzengerstein” stands in a class of its own. It is first and foremost, a Gothic tale but, at the same time, it is much more as well. The Gothic mores embedded in the narrative are open to all the usual interpretations associated with Gothicism. Fear induced by the uncanny in the Freudian sense of unheimliche is an integral part of the text under consideration. What makes this tale special is the fact that the Gothic conventions have been used as an allegory for the decline and disintegration but ultimate vindication of creative imagination. The contemporary commodification of literature makes a writer’s journey a tight ropewalk as he traverses the precarious path marked by the breakdown of ‘Imagination’ in the Coleridgean sense of the term but culminating in its definitive exoneration. Viewed from a modern standpoint, “Metzengerstein” can be looked upon as a projection of Poe’s own fears and desires. It is also a repository of our apprehensions of being a ‘Doppleganger’. https://ijels.com/detail/poe-s-metzengerstein-untangling-the-skeins/ Dr. Vikram Krishan Koshal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-111202226-Poe.pdf This study aimed to determine the basic psychological need satisfaction and how it affects the work engagement of Andres Bonifacio College, Inc. employees during the school year 2022-2023. A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was employed in this study. Using frequency counting and percent, weighted mean, standard deviation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman Rank-Order Correlation, data were obtained from 120 employees of Andres Bonifacio College, Inc. The study found that the respondents' perceived level of basic psychological need satisfaction is agreed upon and interpreted as satisfied. Standard deviations less than 3.0 supported a high degree of homogeneity in their responses. Moreover, the study found that the respondents perceived level of work engagement is agreed upon and interpreted as highly engaged. The study found that there existed a significant difference in the perceived level of basic psychological need satisfaction when the respondents were grouped in terms of age, position, and educational attainment, but no significant difference in the perceived level of basic psychological need satisfaction when the respondents are grouped in terms of sex, monthly income and years in service. Furthermore, data analysis also revealed a significant relationship between basic psychological need satisfaction and work engagement. This indicates that the basic psychological need satisfaction was significantly related to employees' work engagement in Andres Bonifacio College, Inc. Hence, management strategy and working environments would be enhanced to boost employee job satisfaction, psychological well-being, and engagement. https://ijels.com/detail/basic-psychological-need-satisfaction-and-work-engagement-of-employees-in-andres-bonifacio-college-inc-dipolog-city-philippines/ James O. Baes, Leo C. Naparota https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-111202210-Basic.pdf Post-world war II England saw a gradual decline in attendance in the churches which reflects a slowdown in overall religious belief of the masses. They rather seemed to be interested in church buildings as they provided them an opportunity to find meaning of their lives and keep their spirit of tradition alive however they were indifferent towards religion as a governing body. Larkin’s “Church Going” (1954), which is his most celebrated religious poem perfectly delineates the mood of the time and portrays the relationship between religion and the then society. The narrator, who is an atheist, describes himself as an “Anglican agnostic” which indicates he is Larkin himself. He attempts to combine agnostic dissent with an effort of preserving tradition. This is a reflection of the ideology of secular Anglicanism wherein the importance of Church remains but that of God seems diminishing. This paper aims to explore these themes and understand Larkin’s perspective of religion in the twentieth century English society. https://ijels.com/detail/larkin-s-church-going-carefully-balances-agnostic-dissent-with-an-insistence-on-saving-the-spirit-of-tradition-which-reflects-secular-anglicanism/ Prerna Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-11220222-Larkin.pdf “Language is a purely human non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”--Edward Sapir (1921) At the outset English language plays a vital role in every walk of life either in home town or in abroad. How a language is created? In the primitive era the monolithic man communicated his matter or message through gestures. Later on, he used sounds. The sounds become words of his-own would be understood by the opponents and the opponents too responded to the voiced words. There by, the process of communication went on. Gradually, it developed in terms of letters, signs, words, sentences etc. These tools paved way to speak or to write anything and to anybody. But it seemed only to be particular language speakers were able to communicate with themselves. The linguists analyze that the one language which should be unique and universal that is only with the English language. The leaning and teaching of English language prospered as it is treated as universal one. The universality leads to aspire for learning the language amongst almost all the nations of the world. Fortunately, more number of countries was colonized by the British people consequently, the English language was influenced in the minds of the people inherently who were colonized, hence the language becomes a second language and the learners are called second language learners. Automatically, it is considered as English as a Second Language (ESL). In turn, most of the western countries treat English Language as a Foreign Language. Whatever it be it is the need of the hour that all should i.e. each and every nation has bounden duty to teach and learn the English language as it is interconnected to all the remains of world especially to the technologists who are otherwise called higher learners and they should have the effective communication skills as the scenario is the whole world is in a small silicon chip. https://ijels.com/detail/an-experimental-and-experienced-study-on-imparting-english-language-to-the-higher-learning-students-with-analogies/ Karuppasamy Anand, Kadambiah Satharam Srinivas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-11020222-AnExperimental.pdf After the end of World War II, the British colonial grip loosened, and many independent countries emerged. In August 1947, two countries got their independence: India and Pakistan, which were created on the basis of the religious majority in each part. The following days saw one of the biggest migrations of human history as Many Muslims from India tried to migrate to newborn Pakistan and vice versa. The whole subcontinent fell under fire, and violence erupted in many places. Stories of murder, rape, beating, forced conversion, kidnapping, and property grabbing emerged in various corners, especially in the frontier zones. As a survivor of partition ensued violence, Khushwant Singh describes the mayhem he witnessed, in a fictional term in his novel Train to Pakistan. He modelled Mano Majra, a small peaceful village in the Punjab frontier, as a miniature of the society and showed how the poisonous communal hatred had engulfed the whole place, where people were living in peaceful harmony for thousands of years, and made it a fireball. This paper is going to explore Singh’s picturization of Violence and atrocities in post-partition India through the fictional village Mano Majra. https://ijels.com/detail/depiction-of-post-partition-violence-in-khushwant-singh-s-train-to-pakistan/ Ashfaque Ahmad Shovon https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-111202218-Depiction.pdf This study aimed to assess the job satisfaction and quality of work life of the government employees in the Municipality of Liloy, Zamboanga del Norte, during the calendar year 2020. A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was employed in this study. Using frequency counting and percent, weighted mean, standard deviation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman Rank-Order Correlation, data were obtained from 170 employees of the Local Government Unit in Municipality of Liloy Zamboanga del Norte. The study found that the perceived level of employees' job satisfaction is strongly agreed upon and highly satisfied. Standard deviations less than 3.0 supported a high degree of homogeneity in their responses. In addition, the study discovered that the respondents' perceived quality of work life is strongly agreed upon and described to a very large extent. Standard deviations less than 3.0 supported a high degree of homogeneity in their responses. The study found no significant difference in the perceived level of employees' job satisfaction regarding age, sex, and level of education. Moreover, the study also found no significant difference in the perceived level of employees' quality work of life in terms of age, sex, and level of education. Furthermore, the study revealed a significant relationship between job satisfaction and employees' quality work of life in the Local Government Unit of Liloy. This indicates that job satisfaction is significantly related to quality work of life. Hence, management strategy and working environments would be enhanced to boost job satisfaction and employees' quality of work life. https://ijels.com/detail/job-satisfaction-and-quality-of-work-life-among-government-employees-in-the-municipality-of-liloy-zamboanga-del-norte-philippines/ Grace Licudan-Credo, Leo Credo Naparota https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-111202216-JobSatisfaction.pdf Indonesian students learn to speak English from elementary school to university, but they still get lower skill in using English actively especially in speaking. It shows that there is serious problem of learning English in Indonesia. This research to elaborate the real problem of student in senior high school in learning English especially in speaking. Survey method is used in this study to find responses from students in Empat Lawang regency South Sumatera, Indonesia. After analysing data, the result of research can be presented as: the first, in the mind of students of senior high school English is difficult, not subtantive for their future and only formality subject. Secondly, students’ problem in learning especially speaking skill such as unconfident mentality, low motivation and lack of practice. So it can be concluded that problem of learning English for senior high school is from inner and outher class room. It recommended that teaching English in senior high school must be disigned as interesting and necessity based for students. https://ijels.com/detail/analysis-problems-of-low-skill-english-speaking-for-senior-high-school-students-in-indonesia/ Ahmad Nasihin, Oktarini https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-108202232-Analysis.pdf Throughout this paper I have systematized and studied in critical terms, a range of Alice Munro mainly women-centric short stories, with an in-depth study of their living condition under the traditional social conventions. Being concerned about women Munro in her fiction has recreated the world of Canadian women, with its true picture of the Canadian society, with culture, custom and environment. She has continuously wrote about the invaluable document of human relationship, as well as female experience under social values and expectation. In her work, Munro explores women's role in different situation of life as a young girl, a career women, a lover, wife or mother. In each of these roles Canadian women found a reflection of their selves mirrored in Munro's chronical of women's social history down the decades. She writes about past experiences of her childhood, cultural traits and social structure that she minutely observed in her different age group. Her subjects are rural landscape, lives of girls and women, their coming of age, love, hate, marriage, suffering and stuff of rural life with reference to small town locality. Lake Huron, Otawa Valley and Wowanash County. Munro's strength, as a short story writer, is the range of her portraits of a variety of female characters from childhood to old age. In this way, most of the girls and women of Munro, as the main protagonists, confront, challenges at personal, familial and social level. However, they all are not alike; some are submissive and introvert and feeble while others bold, rebellious and self-indulgent who are real girls and women of Munrovian model, search their original self, and who put aside all their pretentions, show the Canadian society, alternatively, to the world what they, in reality are. Muro is a realistic writer, her character a represent cultural reality of rural Canadianness of her age. Del and Rose are Munrovian iconic characters, with whom she reveals her own childhood, youth and maturity and they have been transfigured in her favorite books Lives of Girls and Women and Beggar Maid intentionally. Protagonists of Dance and Progress are modelled on herself. https://ijels.com/detail/socio-cultural-reality-of-canadian-women-in-the-fiction-of-alice-munro/ Anil Kumar Mandal, Dr. Arjun Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-111202220-Socio-Cultural.pdf Nautical culture with its various characteristics has attracted writers over the years. Gunvantrai Popatbhai Acharya, who is exceptional in Gujarati language and literature, is one of the leading discoverers of audacious nautical narratives in Gujarati literature. Ancient accomplishments of Gujarati shipment are portrayed in Acharya’s Dariyalal written in the Gujarati language in the foundation stage. Subsequently, the text was translated into English by Kamal Sanyal and demonstrated by Gautam Chattopadhyay in 2000. The focus of the novel offered is set against the background of past experience. The present paper titled, “Exploring Nautical Culture in Gunvantrai P Acharya’s Dariyalal: A Study” seems to explore nautical fantasy, importance of sea, festivities related to sea and Guajarati oceangoing community with the kaleidoscopic aspects. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-nautical-culture-in-gunvantrai-p-acharya-s-dariyalal-a-study/ Ms. Rima B Soni, Dr. Vidya G Rao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-11220225-Exploring.pdf The history of Indian struggle for independence is replete with stories of tremendous sacrifices made by the countrymen. Though the participation of women in freedom struggle was there since it’s beginning but it was sporadic, men played the role of protagonists for the major part of the movement and women only came to the forefront after Gandhi’s Ji initiation in the second and third decade of 20th century. These tradition-bound women fought with exemplary courage and commitment, side by side with their male counterparts, even so, many of them were left unsung. Raja Rao’s ‘ Kanthapura’ accounts the story of such brave Indian women using fictional characters. These women of village Kanthapura collectively represent the disadvantaged position of Indian women who were fighting a twin war, one at home with the patriarchal society trying to break away the shackles that limited their role to do household chores and the other with Britishers. The novel is told through a feminine point of view using the voice of Achakka, an old woman. Achakka traces the story of the immense changes that occurred in the life of these marginalised women of pre-independent India by Gandhian movement that was brought to their village by Moorthy, the hero of the novel. The novel articulates how Mass political movement like Non- Cooperation helped Indian women to cross the conventional boundaries to certain extent and in the manner the awakening of these women benefitted the Independent struggle in return. The characters of Rangamma and Ratna are presented as emerging new women who defy conventions and lead the war of independence. The present paper tries to explore the agonies suffered by hundreds of volunteer women, who following the Gandhian way chose the path of ahimsa to fight against the British raj. In order to voice against a foreign power these women came out of their well defined roles of goddess of the house and took on the role of Jhansi ki Rani, the fearless queen. The paper acknowledges the indelible sacrifices made by Indian women in India’s freedom struggle. https://ijels.com/detail/awakening-of-women-and-their-role-in-national-freedom-movement-in-special-reference-to-raja-rao-s-kanthapura/ Ruchita Bhatt https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-11220227-Awakening.pdf Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta is analyzed in this paper for its juridical and biopolitical significance. It was the goal of early modern city planners to prevent diseases from spreading across the city's public spaces. By protecting the politic body from sickness, Malta's walls help differentiate between the physical and metaphysical world. In Marlowe's view, the national body is a living thing threatened by alien bodies. According to the play's medical discourse, pathogenic infiltrations of Turks and Catholics are eradicated by another invading entity, a Jew. https://ijels.com/detail/the-significance-of-walls-in-christopher-marlowe-s-the-jew-of-malta-analytical-perspectives/ Dr. Wael Fadhil Hasobi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-112202230-TheSignificance.pdf The action evaluation of the Public Administration emphasizes the compromise with the appropriate management and results; therefore, it is necessary to get the instruments that evaluate it. In Mexico, the inclusion of the evaluating process has been differentiated in the local area since heterogeneity of the municipal governments, and the capacities of the institutions have caused as a consequence that at this level there are no specific instruments that help the evaluating processes, in this way information becomes learning. In the case of performance, indexes can contribute to strengthening decision-making, because they are based on the information gathered from these instruments, so the results of actions are related directly to the increase in the quality of people’s lives. The main objective of this article is to do a diagnostic evaluation of the public services of the 84 municipals of Hidalgo State. Consequently, in constructing the performance index, it was possible to identify through three sub-indexes the services with a greater supply. According to the literature checked, the reasons or motives that caused the public administrations to have better attention were explained through the identification of the generation of own resources, symbolic value, and the importance of taking care of the inhabitants’ health with the correct benefit. https://ijels.com/detail/municipal-services-performance-index-for-hidalgo-mspih/ Claudia Lizeth Gil Velázquez, Talina Merit Olvera Mejía, Erik Gerardo Jiménez Proa https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-112202210-Municipal.pdf In the year 1922, Philip Larkin was born in Coventry, which is located in England. In addition to finishing with First Class Honors in English, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree from St. John's College, Oxford, where he also became friends with the author and poet Kingsley Amis. After completing his undergraduate degree, Larkin went on to pursue professional courses in order to become a librarian. He began his career in Shropshire and Leicester, continued it at Queen's College in Belfast, and ended it as the librarian at the University of Hull. He worked in libraries the whole of his life. Not only did Larkin produce volumes of poetry, but he also wrote and published two novels, Jill (1946) and A Girl in Winter (1947), as well as jazz music criticism, essays, and review articles. The latter were compiled into two books: All What Jazz: A Record Diary 1961-1968 (1970; 1985) and Required Writing: Miscellaneous Pieces 1955-1982. Both were published in 1970 and 1985 respectively (1984). Before his death in 1985, he was considered by many to be "England's other Poet Laureate." He was one of the most well-known poets to emerge from England in the decades after World War II. In point of fact, when the post of laureate became available in 1984, numerous poets and critics advocated for Larkin's election to the position; nevertheless, Larkin chose to stay out of the spotlight. https://ijels.com/detail/critical-assessment-of-poetry-of-philip-larkin/ Nikhilesh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-11220223-CriticalAssessment.pdf The current paper aims to take up the textual analysis of the short story Mayhew by W. Somerset Maughamfor the modern elements of motivation and self-actualization. Maugham has often been criticised for his cynical views and the negative projections of his leading protagonists, yet a closer analysis and interpretation of his characters can offer positive and redeeming characteristics which can be emulated. Most of the readings and interpretations of Maugham’s works have found the element of cynicism to be a common threadin his writings;yet on closer textual analysis of his short story ‘Mayhew’, the two elements of motivation and self-actualizationrelated to modern concepts of behavioural science can be discerned in this story, which is a part of Vol III of Maugham’s collection of short stories. https://ijels.com/detail/motivation-and-self-actualization-in-mayhew-by-somerset-maugham/ Sujata Sinha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-111202215-Motivation.pdf Invisible Man is an American novel that is written by Ralph Ellison which is used as an example of how African Americans have lost their identity in the United States and how they may regain it. According to the text, the pain and struggle of black people to build their own identity may be traced back to white people's perceptions of racial discrimination and the flaws of black people. It tells the story of the protagonist's search for solutions to transcend his pain and build a sense of self-identity. Rather of just complying to society's predetermined obligations, the narrator attempts to develop himself as a complicated person. https://ijels.com/detail/where-do-we-go-from-here-the-dilemma-of-black-americans-in-ralph-ellison-s-invisible-man-analytical-perspectives/ Mustafa Mohammed Rashid Al-Nuaimi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-11222236-WhereDo.pdf This paper seeks to quantify the value of group work in the classroom. The benefits of group study on academic achievement are investigated here. To study together is to embrace a way of life and an approach to education. As the theory goes, when individuals get together in groups, they are better off working together to achieve their objectives rather than engaging in unhealthy intragroup rivalries to figure out how to handle sticky situations. The principles of the online learning community were included. However, today's schools encourage rivalry among students as they compete for higher test scores, better scholarships, and more prestigious college admissions. To shift this paradigm, it is necessarily important to include collaborative learning into every stage of a child's education, from pre-K to college. Teachers need to take on an innovative role if they want to influence their students' conduct. They have to give up lecturing in favor of active classroom participation. The research indicates that when students work together to learn, their knowledge and classroom involvement improved. It suggests that universities should promote collaborative learning spaces because of the positive energy they may bring to the classroom. Teachers and students alike may gain from the cooperative learning approach by sharing and discussing ideas and analyzing challenges as a group. https://ijels.com/detail/the-benefits-of-using-collaborative-learning-strategy-in-higher-education/ Dr. Lina Fathi Sidig Sidgi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-11222237-TheBenefits.pdf The assertive aim of this study is to foster a conceptual adaptation model focused on two literary categories: the book and the film. Regarding the study’s discussion, eclecticism on film adaptation theories is applied to Dan Brown’s famous mystery Angels and Demons. The impacts of the Vatican, the Catholic Church, and parish animosity, which become entwined with history and Christianity, and the layers that augment the idea of Science, will be scrutinised in the aforementioned perspectives of content and form via textual and visual descriptions on the aesthetic frame. When the reader is subtly acquainted with the dichotomy of element-meaning and religion-science among the lines of the novel, the director builds a prolific link between the visuals in the film. People typically see Science and Religion to be in conflict nowadays. However, it is also simple to find researchers and theologians who think they should coexist because they believe Science is limited in its ability to address moral issues. Some even went a step further and believed two domains could constructively express their views, as Ron Howard’s adaptation of the book Angels and Demons envisions. https://ijels.com/detail/abridging-science-and-religion-in-angels-and-demons-absolutism-of-novel-in-adaptation/ M Caleb Theodar, Dr Saranya P https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-112202226-Abridging.pdf Gender discrimination against women within the matriarchy and patriarchy plays a pivotal role in the protagonist's life in the select novel. This paper examines the protagonist's journey as seen in Easterine Kire's A Terrible Matriarchy, and also aims to expose patriarchy for what it is. Kire gives a critical insight into how girls are raised and groomed to be submissive wives. Women's subordination in tribal communities is one of the key themes explored in this novel. As the Angami society is a dominant patriarchal society, this work shows how unfair the matriarchy is to women. This paper focuses on how a matriarch becomes an ardent defender of patriarchy. https://ijels.com/detail/patriarchal-structure-and-place-of-women-in-angami-society-in-the-select-novel/ T Reshika, Dr. P Saranya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-112202219-Patriarchal.pdf Tennessee Williams was one of the three great American dramatists of the 20th century. The Glass Menagerie, which was produced in Chicago in 1994, took him from obscurity to fame. There are many ways to interpret the characters in The Glass Menagerie. This paper analyzes the personality structure of Laura from Jung's persona theory, and deeply reveals the reasons for the formation of the characters, so that readers can deepen their understanding of the text and the characters and reveal the complexity of the human spiritual world. https://ijels.com/detail/through-psychological-analysis-of-the-glass-menagerie-laura-s-unsound-personality-causes/ Qiu Minghui https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-112202235-Through.pdf Many studies show the close relationship that exists between text and illustration. In the case of travel literature, this relationship is much closer, as for most of the authors whose work is related to travel literature, illustration is as necessary as the text in order to convey to the reader the reality that they have experienced far home. In many cases, it was the writer who illustrated the book, but on other occasions the writer commissioned the work to a professional illustrator. The case of Louisa Tenison catches our attention, given that, despite being a drawer, she orders the illustrations that depict figures to a professional illustrator while landscapes belong to her own sketches. This paper tries to emphasize how special this traveler is, because she is still one of those many forgotten, ignored and silence ones and who also not only wrote what she saw but also drew it. With this work we intend to describe the author's need to capture both with words and with strokes her experience in Andalusia. https://ijels.com/detail/the-especial-relationship-between-text-and-illustrations-in-castile-and-andalucia-by-louisa-mary-anne-tenison/ Marta Jiménez Miranda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-112202222-Theespecial.pdf This study was conducted to determine the perception of CTE Stakeholders towards Bohol Island State University (BISU) Clarin campus Interns. The respondents of the study were the 88 cooperating teachers coming from the different Host Schools in the Department of Education, Division of Bohol. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test with Bonferroni correction was employed in the study. Result showed that the overall performance of the BISU Interns is “Outstanding”. Among the ten categories, the result revealed that there is a significant difference in the following categories 2 (Verbal Communication) and (3 Written Communication) with p-value of 0.0010, categories 3 and 9 (Coachability/Follow Instruction) with p-value of 0.001, and categories 9 and 10 (Attention to details/Accuracy) with p-value of 0.001. The findings of this study can be a good input for the development of intervention to improve the performance of interns particularly on written communication and problem-solving skills since these are only two categories interpreted as Very Satisfactory. It is likewise recommended that the faculty would consider integrating more activities that could enhance the written communication and problem-solving skills of the education students. The researchers also recommend to give the interns a pre-deployment seminar-workshop to enhance more their capability along their practice teaching journey. https://ijels.com/detail/cte-stakeholders-perception-towards-bisu-clarin-interns/ Dobielyn T. Ombajin, Sheila Mae N. Bojos, Romar B. Dinoy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-112202215-CTE.pdf For food; fur; fat; and fun, humans hunt. The literary analysis of these hunting factors is commonly non-religious being based on secular Ecocriticism. With the coinage of Islamecocriticism (Islamic thought integrated into ecocritical theory), the current study aims at bridging a gap in academia by illustrating the input of Islam concerning hunting through literary criticism. The three angles of Islamecocritical theory: religion, literature, and environmentalism are fused to introduce crucial hunting rulings that govern the relationship between the hunter and the prey. The argument is not based on humans' whims, but it is derived from heavenly wisdom whose goal is the benefit of all creatures. With the development of the discussion, some suggestions and solutions are traced in selected Canadian hunting eco-poems. Though the field of discussion is Canadian, it is intended to be applied to any hunting field. https://ijels.com/detail/hunting-f-factors-an-islamecocritical-analysis-of-selected-canadian-hunting-poems/ Inas S. Abolfotoh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-112202216-Hunting.pdf Untouchable Spring as a novel epitomizes the struggle of Dalits and their assertion for self-identity through the means of revolution. Religious conversion was seen as a primary source to gain social ascendancy hence large number of untouchables, specifically the Malas and Madigas in Andhra Pradesh converted to Christianity however it still did not provide them the deserved status. The novel presents how this means of resistance is radical and revolutionary as compared to the conventional forms of revolution undertaken by the Dalits. It not only exposes the plight of Hindu Dalits but also the humiliation faced by the Christian Dalits when they converted. Hence while recording the uprising of the Dalits, the novel also potrays an alternative history of generations of oppressed people and the means adopted by them to attain liberation. This paper aims to study the issue of Dalit oppression even after conversion and understand the impact of Ambedkar in adopting conversion as a solution. https://ijels.com/detail/untouchable-spring-2000-offers-conversion-to-christianity-as-a-means-of-dalit-resistance-in-andhra-pradesh-in-contradiction-to-the-conventional-process-of-emancipation-adopted-by-the-lower-castes/ Prerna Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-11220229-Untouchable.pdf Studying the female, the feminine and the feminist has been a part of literature for quite some time now but the study of men, male and masculinities is a novel field in literature which is gaining popularity lately. The idea of masculinity studies is to provide a firm platform to the masculine and male ideologies that have been relegated to the back owing to the ever-increasing feminist studies and prevalence of feminist ideologies in the field of literature. Just like the female identity, masculinity or masculine identity is a construct and mostly a probe into studies of men and male principles. Such studies reflect that masculine representations in literature are now open to ideas of alternative masculinities that do not essentially reinforce the existing patriarchal image. The fictional world sends out ideas about the existence of the protean nature of masculine and the male. It can be understood that the male identity is not restricted to the patriarchal masculine but branches into other forms like romantic masculine, lustful masculine, new masculine, and cathectic masculine. The current paper explores this concept of alternative masculinities and the protean nature of the male and the masculine as reflected in the works of Damodar Mauzzo, a Goan writer. His short story collection The Wait and Other Stories presents a gamut of male characters who represent alternative masculinities ranging from patriarchal to the egalitarian. https://ijels.com/detail/the-protean-masculine-a-study-of-the-male-characters-in-selected-short-stories-of-damodar-mauzzo-s-the-wait-and-other-stories/ Dr. Ruchi Nigam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-112202213-TheProtean.pdf This research paper aims to examine the influence of popular online games played by children on their development of English language skills. The language English carries a certain international status and different research in the field of language pedagogy attempt to find ways for teaching it easily. Different games can be proved helpful for teaching and learning English in interesting ways. Nowadays children are being highly involved in online gaming where they communicate with co-players from different countries using English. Thus, they get exposed to a constructed reality where lies the possibility of developing English language skills through interaction and active learning. To explore that possibility, this research has been conducted on 8-14 years old gamer children of Dhaka city who are yet to be proficient in English language. The sample children were surveyed and observed along with collection of opinions of some of their guardians. The analysis of these data showed that online gaming has brought noticeable development in the speaking skill of these children when listening and reading were facilitated to a certain extent too without much effort. But it has the least or almost no impact on their writing skill. These findings would add knowledge on the field of language pedagogy and facilitate easy learning. https://ijels.com/detail/influence-of-popular-online-games-on-english-language-skills-development-of-children-in-dhaka-city/ Afra Ibnat Achol, Shakila Akter https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-112202234-Influence.pdf Following the establishment of New China, China's economy quickly recovered from the post-war period, particularly after reform and opening up. China's economy has ushered in a 40-year period of rapid growth, with the report of the 19th National Congress in 2017 stating that "China's economy has shifted from a stage of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development." The article first reviews and summarizes previous studies on high-quality economic development by domestic and foreign scholars to provide a reference for this study; second, it conducts a theoretical study on the definition of high-quality economic development through two perspectives of political science to clarify the economic definition and measurement method of high-quality economic development and to test the objective facts of high-quality economic development. Third, a comprehensive evaluation system for high-quality economic development was constructed through 16 indicators in four parts: economic structure, social security, environmental protection, and institutional construction. Fourth, scientific experiments were carried out using the double difference method to verify that "China's economy has shifted from the stage of high-speed growth to the stage of high-quality development," reflecting the obvious development transformation. https://ijels.com/detail/a-theoretical-and-empirical-studies-on-the-high-quality-development-of-china-s-economy/ Yu Fengze https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-112202211-ATheoretical.pdf The study focused on the Women and Children Desk Tanudan, Kalinga. The research design use was the descriptive design with interview as the main data gathering instrument. The informant were twenty-one victim-survivors whose whereabouts were known. The research found that the PNP Women and Children Desk is implemented as experienced by the victim-survivors. They have received the expected mandatory services, other services provided by the government agency concern and the entitlements. Physical violence is the most frequent crime committed. There were reported incidence of psychological violence such asrepeated verbal abuse, harassment and marital infidelity of the husband. There was no reported incidence of sexual abuse and child abuse. Wife battering dominates the other abuses committed in domestic home. There are psychologically abused women but there were no reports on sexually abused women and child abuse. The important and necessary services and supports to the victim-survivors are provided but not substantial to meet all the needs of the victim. There is no obvious show of convergence among the government concern agencies in response to women abuse. The findings justify the recommendation as follows: More trainings of the PNP Women and Children Desk personnel should be instituted and institutionalized. More Local Government Units involvement should be initiated. A PNP Personnel should be assigned exclusively for the Desk so that the task will be concentrated to manning or managing the Desk.Forge and strengthen the convergence of the government agencies concerned to hasten reporting, communication and delivery of the benefits and privileges of the victims including their immediate and important needs.Finally, institutionalized a massive information-education campaign on the laws concerning the protection of women and their children against abusive and violent partners or parents. https://ijels.com/detail/philippine-national-police-women-and-children-protection-desk-pnp-wcpd-strengthening-the-intervention/ Edgar M. Naganag https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-10120235-Philippine.pdf Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of satisfaction among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Tabuk City regarding the efficacy, reliability, and accuracy of the use of an inventory system and a point of sale (POS) in order to develop standardized and high-quality software. Methods/Statistical analysis: Weighted Mean, T-Test, and F-test Statistical analysis tools were utilized to assess the efficacy, reliability, and accuracy of the Inventory System and Point of Sale Service for SMEs in Tabuk City. Furthermore, the researchers used a questionnaire to gather data. Findings: Respondents in this survey were satisfied, as evidenced by the system's efficacy having a general weighted mean of 3.0 reliability weighted mean of 3.05 and accuracy at 3.21 points out by this study's findings. Furthermore, a significant difference in the Efficacy, Reliability, and Accuracy of Inventory System and POS revealed that when grouped according to position, enterprise classification, and years in business. While on the contrary, there is no significant difference in the efficacy, reliability, and accuracy of inventory system and POS when grouped according to position, enterprise classification, and years in business. Novelty: It will assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) improve business process procedures without incurring significant capital expenditures to purchase such a system. The evaluation of the system will help the researchers determined how to improve the system and address future needs. https://ijels.com/detail/efficacy-reliability-and-accuracy-of-inventory-system-and-point-of-sale-service-for-small-medium-enterprises-in-tabuk-city/ Mathew Jun P. Mariani, Ronald U. Wacas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-10120238-Efficacy.pdf The teaching of the subject Mathematics in the Modern World is one of the new course in the first year college requires teachers to be a high tech teacher-leader or teacher-manager in their respective classrooms. This study surveyed freshmen college students in Math 11(Mathematics in the Modern) on their level of interest, attitudes, and academic performance and did a correlational approach to the gathered data. It also adopted the Performance Analysis Quadrant (PAQ) for employees by Jones (1993 to analyze the relationship of the factors like attitudes towards Mathematics and the level of performance indicated by the freshmen students in the areas of Mathematics. The results showed that:That most of the students have low interest and unfavorable attitude in Math 11(Mathematics in the Modern World) in which most of them have grades of 80 to 84%. The correlation of the level of interest in Math and academic performance is “positive moderate correlation”, while the attitude and level of interest in Math is” positive low or weak correlation”, and the attitude and academic performance is also “positive low correlation.” This implies that as attitude change, the academic performance also changes moderately. “The performance analysis quadrant revealed that most of the students have satisfactory performance but with unfavorable attitudes towards Math 11(Mathematics in the Modern World). Thus, the level of interest can contribute to the attitudes and the academic performance of the students in Math 11. https://ijels.com/detail/paqia-the-relationship-between-freshman-college-students-academic-performance-and-the-performance-analysis-quadrants-interest-and-attitudes-in-mathematics-11/ Loneza G. Carbonel, Arsenia Bayongan, Maribel Carino, Irene Daguasi, Lamberto Guzman, Pommy Viloria https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-101202310-PAQIA.pdf This study focused on identifying the present situation of the selected elementary schools in terms of the issue on bullying. Frequency and actions taken to address bullying incidents was gathered using questionnaire and informal interview. The study revealed Bulanao Central School to have the highest number of bullying incidents for school year 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Tabuk Institute has the least recorded bullying incidents. It is also noteworthy that the highest is a public school and the lowest is a private school. Bullying incidents in almost all school were recorded to be from Grade 4 students. The most common actions taken to address bullying incidents is “teacher and pupil conference” and “home visitation”. https://ijels.com/detail/bullying-incidents-in-the-selected-elementary-schools-of-tabuk-city/ Mary Grace M. Ignacio, Irene M. Daguasi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-10120236-Bullying.pdf The study centers on the readiness of the beneficiaries to engage in Sustainable Livelihood Program as basis for intervention. Specifically, it gathered data on the profiles of the respondents as to age, gender, combined family Income, family size, and other sources of income, including the level of readiness of the beneficiaries and the community in the establishment of the Sustainable Livelihood Program their locality. Moreover, the study revealed that the community is fully ready in identifying the project and in project implementation. Additionally, the beneficiaries are ready for Microenterprise Development and in the aspect of Employment Facilitation. It was also revealed that there is no significant difference on the perception of the respondents’level of readiness of community, microenterprise development, and employment facilitation. Hence, the study concludes that the beneficiaries are indeed eager to start-up their SLP plan and the community is very much willing to provide the necessary support for the endeavor.The income of the family might push some families to be motivated and encouraged as members of the SLP. Families are also motivated to join because they see the creation of the SLP as an opportunity to improve their live and earn a living especially during this COVID-19 Pandemic. The real implementation of the SLP is a good evolving process of an organization that merits keen observation for additional knowledge in business management and administration especially in a rural locality with families of minimal income and education. https://ijels.com/detail/readiness-of-the-beneficiaries-to-engage-in-sustainable-livelihood-program-slp-as-basis-for-intervention/ Edgar M. Naganag https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-10120234-Readiness.pdf The BS Environmental Studies course is required as a frontline for environmental care, protection, and management. In Kalinga State University, itproduced its pioneer BSES graduates in 2022. Individual interviews were employed in gathering the data—this employed phenomenology to qualitative research that focuses on the meaning of lived experience within a particular group. The information gathered was interpreted using the Creswell method. The study participants gained various meaningful experiences both during and after the training, it was discovered. After analyzing the data, the vast majority of the respondents' learning experiences were in a favorable direction. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-learning-experiences-of-pioneer-bs-environmental-studies-students-of-kalinga-state-university/ Catherine C. Cawayan, Juman Kevin B. Tindo, Shinju Cawis Lingbawan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-101202313-Exploring.pdf This study was conducted to determine the status of production and marketing of agroforestry products in the Municipality of Rizal, Kalinga from February 10 to April 15, 2022. There were 53 respondents of the study. The descriptive statistics was used. Frequency counts, percent, means, ranks and correlation were used in the analysis and interpretation of data. Most of the respondents are Ilocano, males, married and at age bracket of 51 to 60 years old and had reached elementary level and supporting 5 and above family members. Most agroforestry farmers were cultivating their own sloping land with an area of 1 to 2 ha for more than 10 years and had used their own savings as capital in agroforestry farming. Majority were not affiliated with any organization. Many received financial assistance from government agencies to sustain their farming activities. Many farmers had generated an annual income of about ₱201, 000 and above from agroforestry farming. Generally, farmers’ house distance to their farms was 500 meters and below and a distance of 1 km and below from their farms to the market. Farm produced were mostly marketed through word of mouth and usually sold wholesale in local market. However, prices of products mostly fluctuate during peak and lean seasons. From the different agroforestry systems they have adopted, the highest income was generated from their agrocrops. Problems in production, marketing and financial aspects were rated slightly serious. Findings show a significant correlation between annual income and educational attainment, farm size, organizational membership, length of farming experience, distance of house from agroforestry farm and market, and the topography of the farm. Likewise, a significant correlation existed between the seriousness of problems encountered by the respondents to farm size and distance of agroforestry farms to market. https://ijels.com/detail/production-and-marketing-of-agroforestry-products-in-the-municipality-of-rizal-kalinga/ Clarisa L. Amoga https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-10120237-Production.pdf This descriptive research aimed to assess analyze and evaluate the implementation of CSR among MSME in Tabuk City All seven indicators indicate mean ratings of ‘great extent’. Among the eleven CSR activities MSME’s are most active in disaster relief assistance activities and are not inclined to support Scientific Researches, Service to Veterans and Senior Citizens, Health Development and Socialized and Low Cost Housing. The extent of implementation of Community research and extension programs of Kalinga State University by its faculty garnered an overall mean of 2.62 which reveals that there is a ‘moderate extent’ of implementation. According to a DTI key person, lack of time, man power, promotion of benefits, incentives and proper coordination are the main problems and challenges encountered by the MSMEs in the implementation of CSR. It is therefore recommended that the College of Business Entrepreneurship and Accountancy should focus more on finding theories and concepts that are appropriate for implementing good and effective CSR by conducting CSR -related researches and the research findings and the theories and concepts formulated should be communicated to the MSMEs through the development of IEC materials and conduct of Training and Seminars. There may be collaborative implementation of CSR programs between Kalinga State University and the MSMEs of which the university may serve as the interceder between the MSME and the community. As an offshoot of the study, a proposed addition to the Research and Extension Agenda of the College of Business Accountancy and Entrepreneurship was crafted and A program proposal that aims to contribute to community development by conducting a series of training/seminars/workshop activities leading to a deeper and meaningful understanding and appreciation of CSR and towards socially responsible MSME’s in Tabuk City Kalinga is formulated. https://ijels.com/detail/corporate-social-responsibility-practices-assessment-towards-responsible-entrepreneurship-for-tabuk-city-s-micro-small-and-medium-enterprises/ Karen Razelle M. Duyan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-101202334-Corporate.pdf Financial stress is one of the challenges that everyone would like to win because prevailing over it results in a more peaceful life. Filipinos are renowned for their resilience in the face of adversity, as we can still smile despite all of life's challenges. Everyone has been touched spiritually, emotionally, physically, and financially due to this massive pandemic, and the war against it appears endless. Since day one, financial stability has been the number one concern, which is why the government has attempted to increase the people's demands. This quantitative and qualitative study examined the financial management system that these employees implemented to combat fatal infections. More than three hundred twenty-four randomly selected respondents completed the structured questionnaire, were interviewed, and provided photographic documentation for data collection. The majority of employees' budgets and savings were moderately affected, according to the research. It was also determined that there were no statistically significant differences between the effects of the pandemic and employment status, wage range, source of money, and purchasing techniques. In addition, the staff engaged in gardening, farming, earning a living, and accepting part-time activities such as pedicure manicures, artificial insemination of large animals, and tutorials, with a strong emphasis on online selling. However, additional interviews revealed that most needed to be financially prepared for the lockdown, as mentioned above. They resulted in additional borrowings because most were financially unstable and spent more than they had saved. Therefore, it is suggested that an extended program on proper financial management be considered to address the preparedness of this personnel for future crises. In addition, a lesson has been learned through the lengthy absence, which is to spend more time with family and friends because we never know what the next day will bring. https://ijels.com/detail/financial-management-mechanisms-of-tabuk-city-local-government-unit-employees-amidst-covid-19/ Dianne Gallema – Domingo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-101202336-Financial.pdf Swear words have become a regular part of everyday life. This qualitative descriptive study focused on exploring the use of swear words among the pre-service teachers of Kalinga State University for the school year 2021-2022. The study used a semi-structured interview administered through google form then probing through calls and in-person interview was also done in gathering and validating responses. Results showed that swear words used by the respondents range from body function types, imbecilic terms, sex, excretion, mother-in-law, death, and animal terms. It was also found that the respondents’ swear word use is influenced by the environment and social media. Respondents also claimed that expressing oneself through cuss words reflects one’s ethnic identity and culture; hence should be avoided, especially since the respondents are pre-service teachers. Swear words are considered as paniyaw which means it is against the will of the Supreme Being. The pre-service teachers manifest their strong belief and practice of the paniyaw, one of Kalinga’s core values. This leads them to live a life founded on moral values, serving as their guide to avoid uttering swear words. The researchers recommend that the Kalinga core values of paniyaw, ngilin and bain should be continuously reinforced within the youth, and further studies in exploring cuss words and their effects in culture and ethnic identity within other age groups in Cordillera should be undertaken. https://ijels.com/detail/swear-words-among-the-pre-service-teachers-of-kalinga-state-university/ Jinky V. Mangad, Brenda B. Lumines, Gila Mica A. Paguel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-101202333-Swear.pdf This study was conducted to document the Agroforestry Practices in Kinama, Rizal, Kalinga.A documentation and basis for intervention plan from September05 to September 30, 2022. There were 102 respondents of the study. The descriptive statistics was used. Frequency counts, percent, means, ranks and correlation analysis were used in the analysis and interpretation of data. Results of the study showed that most of the respondents are males and married. Many of the respondents belong to age bracket 41 to 50 years and attained elementary level. All the respondents are owner-operators and less than half have six to eight years’ experience in Agroforestry farming: cultivating an area of 1 to 5 hectares Many of the respondents earned Php 9,000 and above after adopting Agroforestry. Almost all of the respondents practiced multi-storey with tree components of yemane, mahogany, mango, citrus, rambutan, lanzones and coffee. The integrated agricultural crops are pigeon pea, banana, corn and eggplant. The respondents are moderately benefitted in terms of economic and environmental benefits and also fairly benefitted in cultural benefits. Results showed that the degree of seriousness of the overall problems encountered were fairly serious with a mean of 2.26. However, poor location was rated as the highest and the non-ownership of land and unstable tenure status was claimed not serious with the lowest rating. The correlation analysis was found to have no significant relationship of income derived from agroforestry farming to educational attainment and years of farming of the farmer-respondents. https://ijels.com/detail/agroforestry-practices-in-kinama-rizal-kalinga-a-documentation-and-basis-for-intervention-plan/ Marsky A. Ubeña https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-101202338-Agroforestry.pdf Identifying and addressing factors that can hinder learners from achieving ultimate language acquisition access is vital for educators, especially during this online platform. This study utilized the mixed methods design to examine the levels of language anxiety among the online learners and to solicit their thoughts on online learning platform. It focused on the experiences of the Junior High of Kalinga State University Laboratory High School who experienced online learning rather than modular learning. The 33-item Foreign Language Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) adapted from Park (2014) was utilized as a questionnaire administered online through a google form. Results revealed that the most prevalent language anxiety experienced by the respondents is fear of negative evaluation. Both males and females have a very high level of language anxiety. Moreover, it was found out that there is a significant relationship between sex, year level and the language anxiety among the respondents. The students also shared that they become independent learners because of online learning. They also highlighted that teachers' feedback in their outputs can guide and help them to be on the right track. These suggest a need to improve the learning environment and the pedagogical approaches being employed by teachers in the online context. https://ijels.com/detail/language-anxiety-among-the-online-learners-a-sample-from-the-kalinga-state-university-laboratory-high-school/ Jinky Valdez-Mangad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-10120239-Language.pdf This study focused on the CoViD 19 prevention practices of the students of the College of Health and Natural Sciences.Specifically, it aimed to undergo study on the sources of information on the CoViD 19 prevention practices among the students of the College of Health and Natural sciences; level of knowledge of the students on the CoViD 19 prevention practices; attitudes of the students towards CoViD 19 health – seeking behavior; correlation of the knowledge of students on the CoViD 19 prevention practices and their attitude towards CoViD 19 health – seeking behavior; practice of the students on the CoViD 19 preventive measures; factors that may affect the frequency of practice of the students on the CoViD 19 preventive measures.It was concluded that the students get information from television, social media, and from their classmates and friends. They have good knowledge on the preventive measures against CoViD 19. They also have positive attitude towards health seeking behavior. While, their knowledge and attitude have very low correlation. These students always practice the preventive measures against CoViD 19. But, sometimes, they forget, not mindful of the health protocols and they are not used to the guidelines. https://ijels.com/detail/covid-19-prevention-practices-among-the-students-of-the-college-of-health-and-natural-sciences-kalinga-state-university/ Divina A. Balocnit, Anie N. Malano, Joy C. Dapeg, Teodifel Lao – Aten, Lou Marshal M. Banggawan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-101202342-COVID-19.pdf Social media platforms are ubiquitous nowadays, and have connected us in ways. We share information and updates with different social media platforms used. Teaching and school-related works are high-stress professions where it’s very important to used social media apps in which it leads to a more productive and collaborative atmosphere hence it is also good everyone’s psyche. Today’s world social media plays a vital role in connecting everyone’s life, and relationship through online communication, postings, and reactions. A descriptive normative survey method was undergone in data gathering procedures such as observation, survey questionnaires, and interviews. This study focuses on the identification of the participant's age and gender demographic profile and common active social media platforms used by the faculty and non-teaching staff in participating group discussion or interaction, determination of the level of awareness on the use of emoticons, common social media terminologies on social media across demographic groups, social media ethical practices and its implications towards their social relations. The work category were 141 Faculty and 30 Non-teaching staff members who are commonly working at one campus and evaluated thru 5 point Likert Scale. Most of the work category belong to the generations which are familiar on the use of computers and android cellphones where social media is easily accessible; Facebook and Messengeris revealed to be the most familiar social media plat forms for postings and sharing of both pictures and movies purposely for collecting social reactions while Messenger was used as communication media both for private and group communications. However, communication barriers are established among faculty and non-teaching staff members on the use of social terminologies and emoticons across demographical groups but generally social media implications has positive effect on social relations. https://ijels.com/detail/level-of-awareness-on-social-media-platforms-among-the-employees-of-kalinga-state-university-bulanao-campus/ Mark Joby T. Aguilar, Rodemelia B. Bangat, Annie Rose G. Durian, Diana C. Medrano, Grethen C. Tuquilar, Eileen B. Cosidon https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-101202312-Levelof.pdf This study assessed the level of personal financial literacy of Kalinga State University Laboratory High School students and aimed to determine student's finance opinions, decisions, practices, and financial challenges. Researchers used statistical tools like frequency count and simple mean to analyze the obtained data through a structured questionnaire distributed to 298 respondents. The study revealed a need for students to improve their finance knowledge for the better. Areas that need improvement include knowledge on the inflation rate, the distinction between depository accounts, saving and borrowing options that give the lowest and highest interest rates. More than most students do not have savings accounts, and less than half of them maintain very detailed financial records. Almost the majority of the students experience running out of money before the next allowance arrives. As a result, they borrow from relatives, friends, and acquaintances and borrow cash even with interest. The findings support the need for personal financial literacy education, significantly extending help on areas where students are less knowledgeable. The recommendation includes the development of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) material distributed to improve students' financial literacy and strengthen more good economic behavior. Also, the Student Affairs and Placement Services office of the University should link with institutions that offers part-time jobs. Likewise, it should provide student organizations financial assistance to implement income-generating projects, thereby running out of money before the next allowance arrives would be addressed. Lastly, a laboratory cooperative with BIBAK Multi-Purpose Cooperative as the mother cooperative needs to be organized to solve students' problems on saving and borrowing money. https://ijels.com/detail/money-management-and-difficulties-among-laboratory-high-school-students/ Angeline L. Labbutan, Loneza G. Carbonel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-10120233-Money.pdf The study assessed the learning needs in Purposive Communication of the English freshmen of the Kalinga State University. It specifically looked into the (a) importance of the English language to their course; (b) macro skills needed by the students; (c) expectations of the students from their English course; (d) perceived difficulties of students along the five macro skills; (e) situations in which students learn best, (f) factors contributory to language learning of the students; (g) rhetorical patterns that are found useful by the students; and (h) self-assessment of students on their proficiency in the English language. Descriptive research method was used in this study. A survey questionnaire was used in order to assess the learning needs of the college freshman students. The learning needs are presented making use of ranking.The problem on learning needs assessment are categorized and presented in table forms. Categories are based on the six macro skills of the learners. It was found out that students consider their reading very satisfactory, yet they expect to learn more how to read. They also want to improve speaking and reading more than other skills. According to students, they have difficulty mostly in unlocking meanings, organizing ideas, choosing the right words, pronouncing correctly, using appropriate language, and analyzing content. https://ijels.com/detail/learning-needs-assessment-in-purposive-communication-among-the-english-freshmen-of-kalinga-state-university-philippines/ Dr. Sheila F. Malao, Brenda B. Lumines, Brent B. Martinez https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-101202335-Learning.pdf Online bus tracking and reservation applications an application for mobile devices that functions on a centralized network. The software application "Online bus monitoring and reservation application” provides a bus transportation system, the opportunity to book seats, the cancellation of tickets, and a variety of inquiries needing prompt and swift reservations. Online bus reservation and monitoring apps are intended to facilitate the management and computerization of traditional databases and the booking, tracking, and monitoring of buses and travel. It allows workers to check ticket availability and make reservations for specific clients. It maintains all user data, including bus, reservation, booking, and customer data. https://ijels.com/detail/online-bus-monitoring-and-reservation-application-obmra-for-gl-trans-agency/ Eric A. Paloy, Jayhan C. Sarne, Joseph Christian C. Padin, Mathew Jun P. Mariani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-101202340-OnlineBus.pdf The outbreak of African swine fever in the Yookah Native Pig R&D Project is really a devastating experience, not just wasted financial assistance but most difficult feeling in the part of the researchers who put all their time and effort to produce research results and new knowledge and technology significant in the native pig industry. The objective of the study looked into the factors that caused the outbreak and identified the preventions and controls done during the outbreak. It is found out that human negligence is the number one factor that causes the spread of ASF. But, a good biosecurity protocol and strict implementation of farm rules can somehow prevent and control the spread of the disease in the farm. Based from the results and conclusions of the study, the following is recommended to somehow control and prevent the spread of the disease (1) with or without disease outbreaks, farm biosecurity protocols should be strictly implemented; (2) once confirmed through laboratory test that there is ASF positive in the herd, depopulation of the entire herd is necessary; and (3) if a certain area has still positive cases for ASF, repopulation or acquiring new herd should be avoided. May these ASF outbreak ordeal will serve as a lesson to each and every researcher to be more objective in their approach in conducting researches to avoid uncontrolled situations like this. https://ijels.com/detail/african-swine-fever-asf-outbreak-in-the-kalinga-state-university-native-pig-r-d-project-the-yookah-depopulation-ordeal/ Sharmaine D. Codiam, Mark Stephen S. Ballog, Chester N. Dongga-as https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-10120232-African.pdf The objective of the study is to create further insights in the level of publication Stress, Attitude and Resources Perception of faculty researchers to find out potential solutions and innovation that would help further research publication in Kalinga State UniversityThis is necessary, as variations in ranks and experience could indicate the necessity for different interventions.The Publication Pressure Questionnaire was used to measure perceived publication pressure inresearchers which consists of three subscales covering Stress, Attitude and Resources. The findings in the study suggest that respondents are optimistic about publishing in their field, and has access to multiple supporting resources as reflected in their subscale scores but perceive their level of performance as overall unsatisfactory. It is revealed thatfaculty researchers who holds higher ranks have lower attitude and resources perception scores but have higher rate in performance. They have equal level of perceived stress attitude and resources across experience but those who have more experience tend to do better in research.To improve the faculty researcher’s performance,the University is recommended to come up with a thorough plan and program interventiontaking into consideration the rank and experience of the faculty researchers to improve their research and publication skills and productivity. https://ijels.com/detail/publication-perception-of-faculty-researchers-in-a-state-university/ Karen Razelle M. Duyan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-101202343-Publication.pdf Covid-19 is the latest crisis that happened worldwide. Since the onset of this crisis, many higher education and other institutions have faced challenges. With its continuing effect to the public, this study aims to explain student's perceptions and experiences related to the pandemic. In the study, data was achieved after analyzing the reports of 377 undergraduate students. Data were collected using an online questionnaire describing their perceptions and experiences. Consequently, it was found that most students still have positive feedback to the transition to online learning and they were most satisfied with the support provided by teaching staff. Students were mainly concerned about matters to do with their future career and studies. The findings also show thatthe pandemic incited various emotions and opinions from students. This includes the experience of anxiety and other distress, the restrictions of socializing, its negative effect on the learning process of the students, and the disruptions it is causing on the livelihood of people. On the lighter side, the pandemic was able to make the students recognize the importance of human communion and the importance of recognizing their responsibilities. Policymakers in higher education may benefit from these findings while formulating recommendations and strategies to support students during this time. https://ijels.com/detail/the-effect-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-higher-education-students-perspective/ Aleli M. Langgaman https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-101202344-TheEffect.pdf This descriptive research aimed to is to assess the responses of Provincial LGU with the DILG issuance on Covid 19 to aid in the proposal of a multidimensional revitalization plan which the local government of Kalinga may utilize in its continues fight against Covid 19. The assessment of both the implementers and beneficiaries of the two Memorandum Circulars issued by DILG relating to Covid 19 implies that the Provincial Government of Kalinga as the implementer was able to comply at a rate that is acceptable to the beneficiaries. However, the assessment of both types of participants on the Support of LGUs to Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries’ Organizations (ARBOs) amidst the Covid 19 Pandemic and Community Quarantine Period were not fully complied with or were not properly executed by the implementers. The major problem or challenge encountered by the Provincial Local Government Unit is the lack of localized guideline in the implementation of Covid policies because no assessment in the local setting was made. It is therefore recommended that a Multidimensional Revitalization Plan may be adopted to enhance the effectiveness of the Provincial LGU in its response to Covid 19. The plan includes the following proposals: Increasing Inclusivity in Public Access to Government Information about Covid 19, Enhanced Covid 19 Prevention Strategies, and the Implementation of the Sagip Saka Act in Kalinga. https://ijels.com/detail/covid-19-pandemic-response-of-the-local-governments-in-kalinga/ Juan Moshe M. Duyan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-101202341-Covid19.pdf Violence against women committed by their intimate partners is a phenomenon that exists anywhere. Laws were passed to ensure that women were protected from violence. Knowledge of authorities on the laws that protect women is therefore imperative. This study looked into the protection of women against violence in Tabuk City, specifically the modes of violence committed against women; the level of awareness of barangay officials, women-residents and victim-survivors on laws protecting women against violence; and the services mandated by law to be provided to victim-survivors of violence. This study used quantitative and qualitative research designs using a questionnaire and semi-structured interview guide as data-gathering tools. In attaining the objectives, the study involved the 13 barangay officials of the selected urban barangays, 356 women-residents, and 29 victim-survivors of violence in the City. The data gathered from victim-survivors revealed that physical and psychological violence is the most common mode of violence experienced by women in the urban barangays of Tabuk City. Barangay officials, victim-survivors, and women residents are aware of the laws relative to protecting women against violence and the services provided to victim-survivors. Services provided to victim-survivors by barangay officials generally are done not because of the law mandating its provision but because their culture tells them to do so. Further, the barangay officials' awareness of services to be provided to victims-survivors is connected with their comprehension of the law. https://ijels.com/detail/state-of-protection-of-women-against-violence-in-tabuk-city/ Mary Grace M. Ignacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-101202339-Stateof.pdf The study examined the College of Engineering and Information Technology's efficiency. Delivering better educational services within the limits of available resources is considered internal efficiency. It tried to assess the college's social, cultural, and economic subsystems. A survey was employed to gather data. The 150 respondents were college seniors. It received 35 responses from the ag and c & e departments. Forty-five replies came from civil engineering. Seventy-five (75) were from IT. These were chosen at random. Internally, the college's social, cultural, and economic subsystems were ranked and counted. The college's social subsystem is efficient. The teachers are far more capable. The communication flow is much better in college. The company is in a good mood. Each of the four functions is well stated. However, the ruling system is reasonable. CEIT's cultural component also works well. More detailed, achievable, and relevant to the school, community, and country's growth. They are found globally. The courses have been considerably enlarged, upgraded, and streamlined. Diverse instructional methodologies are employed. Co-curricular activities should be adequate, useful, and motivating. The same goes for teaching aids, reading materials, audio-visual equipment, and recorded video lectures. The college's economic structure is moderately efficient. The available resources are heavily exploited to create labs, libraries, and other facilities and train teachers. https://ijels.com/detail/the-internal-efficiency-of-the-college-of-engineering-and-information-technology/ Zorayda C. Gavino, Mathew Jun P. Mariani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-10120231-TheInternal.pdf Awareness of Data Security of Facebook Users in the Philippines Identifying the level of awareness and does gender affect the level of awareness. The researchers conducted online surveys to facilitate the consolidation easily and have a faster tracking of the number of respondents. This research is based on another research from Harvard stating that Filipinos are the least in the ranking and need to be made aware of Data Security and its importance. It is a reality check if Filipinos need to be made aware; the respondents come from first-year University of Cordilleras students, specifically from the College of Information and Computer Science. We have chosen the first-year students knowing that teens nowadays use Facebook not only to socialize with others but also in terms of school and family matters. The following chapters include a brief overview of social networking and social media history. They focus primarily on the Facebook website and one of the main problems: its data and privacy security settings and policies. After setting the stage with this overview, various research related to privacy and data security awareness of various countries will be summarized and compared with the survey results conducted in this research. This study mainly focused on understanding how far Facebook users in the Philippines understand Facebook's privacy and data security. Surveys conducted in this research also look to determine to what extent Filipino Facebook users edit and configure their privacy settings online. Aside from these findings, there is also a comparison between Male and Female Facebook users to determine whether there is any significant difference in the survey results. https://ijels.com/detail/awareness-of-data-security-of-facebook-users-in-the-philippines/ Aline Teresa L. Mendoza, Dylan Alexander R. Phillips, Mathew Jun P. Mariani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-101202337-Awareness.pdf In an era dominated by post-truth politics and the manipulation of historical narratives, the pursuit of truth and the reclamation of lost histories have become pivotal themes. A.S. Byatt’s Possession: A Romance (1990) intricately explores these concerns through dual narratives of contemporary scholars and 19th-century poets. The novel interrogates the construction of history, its revision, and the dynamics of power that influence knowledge production, with a focus on gender, class and sexuality. This study examines Possession as a critical commentary on post-truth and historical revisionism, emphasizing Byatt’s portrayal of history as a mutable narrative shaped by power and ideology. https://ijels.com/detail/post-truth-and-historical-revisionism-in-a-s-byatt-s-possession-a-romance/ Rashmi Verma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-101202387-Post.pdf The connection between biopolitics and German literature provides a valuable perspective for understanding how literary works depict state authority, the regulation of human life, and control over the body. From Goethe’s Faust to 20th-century dystopian fiction and modern novels, German writers have frequently examined issues related to surveillance, state influence on biology, and the political significance of health and existence. https://ijels.com/detail/biopolitics-and-german-literature/ Ratul Nandi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-10320258-Biopolitics.pdf