https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usOctober 8 Decency in language use forestalls breakdown of communication. In the face of conflicting views, it is inevitable to trespass on an opponent’s interests, equanimity or personal preserve but speakers are expected to redress that by use of politeness strategies. This study analyses the use of redressive action in political discourse in the face of conflicting views. The researcher adopts politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987) to analyse, interpret and discuss the data collected from pre-recorded television telecasts of three public functions on Building Bridges Initiative (BBI) in Kenya, a constitutional amendment initiative that drew sharp conflicting opinions. This study adopts an analytical research design of the discourse of eight purposively sampled politicians to elicit politeness strategies they use to redress the face threats posed by their utterances on their target hearers. Descriptive qualitative research technique is used in the analysis of data. The study finds that the political class in Kenya employ all the four politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) to redress face threats. https://ijels.com/detail/redressive-action-in-political-discourse-in-the-face-of-conflicting-views-a-case-of-the-building-bridges-initiative-in-kenya/ Kipkogei Kirwa, Dr. Caroline Kinuu Kimathi, Dr. Ouno Victor Onyango https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-108202250-Redressive.pdf The present article aims to study Williams’ play from a feminist perspective, focusing on the life of its female protagonist – Maggie. It endeavors to reveal why Maggie, the cat, is virtually the most vulnerable character of the play, despite her beauty, intelligence, and resoluteness. The central questions of the research are: Why Maggie is the weakest link in the three couples of the family including herself and Brick, Mae and Gooper, and Big Mama and Big Daddy? To what extent does Maggie manage to perform the tasks assigned to her by the male-dominated capitalist society? What does she do to get over the sense of ‘otherness’ and rejection? Adopting a feminist critical standpoint, the researcher concentrates on the relation among Maggie and the other members of the family, her husband in particular, and tries to disclose the power structure as well as the source of power in the family. Concepts such as family background, gender, performativity, victimization, illusion, and male-chauvinism are deemed significant. The present research shows that if a woman cannot live up to the expectations and performances set by dominant males, she is considered a misfit and a liability, even though she is white, married, middle-class, and intelligent. Everyone blames Maggie for not bearing a child or for the estranged relation between her and her husband, although everyone knows (or at least suspects) that Brick is impotent and a homosexual day-dreamer. Surprisingly, Brick’s homosexuality and alcoholism are attributed to Maggie’s alleged frigidity and lack of womanly affection. It implies that in the eyes of the family members, and the society as a whole, Maggie fails to perform her tasks as a responsible, caring, and child-bearing wife. https://ijels.com/detail/a-feminist-reading-of-tennessee-williams-cat-on-a-hot-tin-roof/ Ladan Farah Bakhsh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-108202234-AFeminist.pdf Lesson planning through backward design was introduced in the schools in one of the Dzongkhags in eastern Bhutan to enhance students' learning since 2017. This study was undertaken to find out the effectiveness of backward design lesson planning in teaching and learning physics. A qualitative case study approach implementing semi-structured interviews, classroom observation, and document analysis was used. A purposive sampling method was used to select eight physics teachers from four schools. The study found that lesson planning using backward design significantly influences students' understanding of the concept and promotes purposeful classroom engagement through realistic classroom learning. As the assessment is planned separately in this design, it provided teachers with an improved understanding of students' learning, the achievement of learning standards and, subsequently, scaffolding them to achieve greater learning performance. The other benefits include improved academic achievement and increased confidence of teachers. Some challenges were limited evidence of transferring students' learning to their everyday lives; more time requirements in the planning phase; teachers' limited knowledge in setting instructional goals; and developing reliable assessment tools and essential questions. This study recommends conducting similar studies in other subject areas involving more participants to offer richer perspectives on the effectiveness of the backward design. https://ijels.com/detail/effectiveness-of-backward-design-lesson-planning-in-teaching-and-learning-physics-a-case-study/ Phuntsho Gombu, Karma Utha, Kinley Seden https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-10920221-Effectiveness.pdf An Era of Darkness, a speech by Shashi Tharoor at Oxford Union in England in 2015, came in print in October 2016. The speech was mostly devoted to dispelling the notion of the benefits of British rules, such as democracy and geographic and political unity. However, the book was slightly modified further to graphically record the blinding darkness of British rule in India. This book undoubtedly serves as an eye-opener for the previous and current generations of Indians. In this book, Shashi Tharoor explores how the racist, selfish British brutally exploited India - starving its people, taking their wealth, tearing apart its social structure, and leaving it with a collapsed economy, an unfit democracy, and bewildered modernity. The objective of this research is to analyse the novel using the social cognition concept. https://ijels.com/detail/a-social-cognitive-approach-to-shashi-tharoor-s-an-era-of-darkness-the-british-empire-in-india/ T. R. Persia, Dr T. Senthamarai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-10920226-ASocial.pdf Travel writing is a literary genre that remain concerned with travelling accounts or records of a person. Such accounts enable one to know about different cities and countries and become familiar with varied cultures, behavioral patterns and their living conditions. Travel writings are being produced since time immemorial. India is a land of diverse cultures, languages, and food habits that remained a favourite destination among travel enthusiasts living both India and abroad. Many European, Chinese and Arab Travel writers like Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ibn-e-Battuta and Hiuen Tsang have written at length about their experiences of travelling to India. They all have written works on India, its culture and the people that are living there. Their accounts are not reliable from the information point of view because they are based on whatever these travellers have seen or witnessed around them. They do not provide an actual image of India but rather presented an unrealistic portrayal of India in their writings. They have not focused on the adversities and social evils that were prevalent at that time. Earlier, travel writings remain a product of colonial enterprise. That is why there is a need for India travel writers to discuss their opinions regarding the impression of India and the people at large. Through this paper, I will try to show the history of Indian travel writings and works that are being done under this genre until now. At the same time, I will also discuss about the recent changes that are happening in this genre. https://ijels.com/detail/travel-literature-a-perspective-on-the-history-of-indian-travel-accounts-and-recent-developments-in-the-genre/ Priya Kharyal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-10920227-Travel.pdf The term ‘gender’ is used to describe the distinction between the socialized features of femininity and masculinity as well as the biological sex. It is a social construct that defines behaviors like masculine and feminine behavior. Gender plays a hugely important part in society. Specifically, a situation in which men frequently oppress women and where women are assigned responsibilities that make it clear that they are less capable of acquiring and using arbitrary authority than men are. The term ‘patriarchy’ often refers to the system in which this power appears and is exercised. Additionally, men tend to appreciate the power factor and insist on participating in activities that are primarily focused on them. So, a man’s identity defines his sexuality and area of work. Men also want to participate in activities that are largely about them and tend to appreciate the power component. A man’s identity thus determines his sexual orientation and line of work. In his play Dance Like A Man, Mahesh Dattani takes on these issues head-on as a dramatist. He challenges the socialization of gender roles and the hierarchy of the sexes. The present paper attempts to explore the discourse masculinity, patriarchal hegemony and gender construction within the margin of family unit characterized by generation gaps as depicted in the play. https://ijels.com/detail/newly-constructed-masculinity-in-mahesh-dattani-s-dance-like-a-man/ Diganta Deka https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-109202212-Newly.pdf Indian English fiction scholars portray history and culture and their encounters in man centric social orders with a profound thoughtful comprehension. Ghosh’s set of experiences and culture are depicted delicately and truth be told they are the main spirits in his fiction. He depicts their social development. Amitav Ghosh never presents his women characters as obvious extremist women’s activists nor as the generalization pictures of Sita and Savitri. His portrayal of women is basically sensible. Through his portrayal of women in his novels, Amitav Ghosh has strived to investigate the close to home universe of culture that assists the readers with figuring out the inferior to reasonableness as well as their critical research. In The Shadow Lines history and culture is being addressed as gutsy as men since they battle the difficulties of livelihood, destitution unfairness. In the novel The Circle of Reason characters are that of an extraordinary progressive, with solid patriot sentiments. The tendency of the post present day Indian English creator is to flabbergast a great many whimsical portrayals and categorisations with the result that unquestionable lines and cut off points between the designs, as well as blissful of an insightful work are speedy disappearing. Amitav Ghosh mirrors the states of history and culture in his books. Ghosh follows the development of the way of life and world from the generalizations to the orientation segregation. His women characters are depicted as life providers and are the main spirits of his fiction. He depicts history and culture and its involvement in thoughtful comprehension. This paper concentrates on the portrayal of culture and history in select novels of Amitav Ghosh of his The Shadow Lines and The Circle of Reason. In these two novels, Ghosh visualizes a future where custom will prompt the liberating changes in the bigger social issues. The research paper also portrays the existence of three age across societies and boundaries. In this present paper, I additionally would examine philosophical components, women’s struggle against man centric culture, orientation talk and status of women in the general public. https://ijels.com/detail/representation-of-history-and-culture-in-amitav-ghosh-s-the-circle-of-reason-and-the-shadow-lines/ Dr Meghana Rao R, Shankar Devasoth https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-10920222-Representation.pdf Land is not only a tangible asset but is the mainstay of most of the rural folks as they are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The tribal economy is also primarily agro-based and they have emotional attachment to land. But, with the opening of the tribal areas, the tribal land is being alienated to the non-tribals. Consequently, a large number of tribal cultivators have been rendered landless labourers. Decrease in the number of cultivators and increase in the number of landless labourers indicates the disturbing trend of land alienation. Shifting cultivation as the earliest form of agriculture continues to be predominantly practiced by the tribals. Though it has its own merits and demerits, it has become a way of life with them. The Constitution of India provides certain provisions to protect the interests of the Scheduled Tribes, which will also be discussed in this unit. The present study reveals the overall scenario of tribal belt with mining affected areas in Keonjhar district of Odisha and its present livelihoods in the displacement process due to land alienation. https://ijels.com/detail/displacement-and-tribal-livelihood-in-mining-areas-of-keonjhar-district-in-odisha/ Dr. Ashutosh Dash https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-108202216-Displacement.pdf Films are one of the most powerful tools and medium in the present times to convey certain set of ideology by keeping people intact and hooked to the screens. People can easily empathize and sympathize seeing movies as, one can relate well by understanding the inherent grammar or language of the film by connecting it to the reality. The paper here will try to form a bridge between the Queer Studies and Film Theory. The term Queer in itself stands for something weird and abhorred. It stands for the people of the alternative sexualities who do not fall into the bracket of binaries. Thus, queer in this way becomes an umbrella term to unite all these identities and is a creation of a new form or a new language to bring the wind of change in the lives of people who are marginalized since ages. In this way queer here also becomes a symbol of hope and stands for multiplicity of desires and identities. The movies taken here for research purpose Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui (2021) and Badhai Do (2022) both are recent films which talk about the queering of cinema and toppling down the accepted normal gender roles in the films. Both the movies try to create an alternative structure and vision for the public, broadening the horizon of expectations. https://ijels.com/detail/critiquing-the-motion-cinema-through-queer-lens/ Ashish Aggarwal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-109202214-Critiquing.pdf At barely six in mid-1561, Watson had the misfortune of having his parents die successively and was hence moved from the London house he grew up in at Mark Lane, Saint Olave, to another dwelling temporarily before he joined Winchester College. He lived from mid-1561 to September 1562, for nearly sixteen months, at this temporary dwelling either in London or in his Uncle Lee’s estate in Oxford, till he joined Winchester College and stayed there until his graduation for the next seven years in mid-1569. He is recorded in the Winchester College as having been enrolled there wherein his dwelling is noted as Saint Helen’s parish, London. https://ijels.com/detail/thomas-watson-s-lodging-from-may-1561-to-september-1562/ Ibrahim Alhiyari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-109202210-Thomas.pdf In recent times many critics view Samuel Taylor Coleridge epoch-making work ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ from many different perspectives. This paper mainly tends to unify all major perspectives of critics in one single reading. 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' as a supernatural poem, a lyrical ballad, a Christian allegory of sin, sufferings and exploitation leading to spiritual elimination along with ecocritical conscious with which ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ recently associated by the Eco critics and environmentalist. Within the structural framework of seven parts, the poem is formally designed as a romantic lyrical ballad in which the basic ingredients of medieval gothic ballad tradition are satisfactory found how an adventurous journey change into a journey of sin and how the mariner harm the natural world and how he realises his sin and bent before God for forgiveness. The main motto of this paper is to discuss the above mention aspects of the poem which can give a new light to the poem as well as to bring forth the poetic genius of Coleridge. https://ijels.com/detail/rereading-of-samuel-taylor-coleridge-s-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner-as-an-allegorical-poem-a-ballad-with-ecocritical-touch/ Arunava Das https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-10920228-Rereadingof.pdf This paper focuses on the works of both of these women and aims to carry out a comparative study via a conceptual methodology of research. Both were about 4000 miles apart yet so closely linked with their philosophical ideas and stand on topics like sexuality, women and their sufferings, feminism, etc. There is a vast difference between the works of both spectacularly talented women, in terms of language, context, and writing style but still, the very essence of their work denotes similar notions. Even after decades, their works are widely read and deliberated upon by people when it comes to feminism. Having said that, it is also true that their work did not die even after so many years and it will most probably continue in the future as well, whether supported, discussed, opposed, or criticized. The paper focuses primarily on the question of the relevance of their work in the present period, and on whether the ideas of Amrita Pritam and Simone de Beauvoir remain similar throughout or did they contradict each other at some point. https://ijels.com/detail/analogy-between-the-philosophical-ideas-of-simone-de-beauvoir-and-amrita-pritam/ Somya Goel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-109202218-Analogy.pdf Literature is a mirror to society: a way of imparting knowledge, sharing ideas and thoughts, and bringing revolutions in the civilization. When it comes to literature, the treasure of literature lies in the vernacular language and which needs to be translated into the globally accepted language in order to make it available to each stratum of the society. Traditionally “Translation Literature” means “translating literature of one language to another language in authentic way”, however, there is a surge in research probing the parallels between translation and adaptation process. What is available in the form of printed text in one language is translated not only into the printed text in another language but also into the language of sound and moving objects. This paper attempts to examine how “Literature” in one language translated into “Cinema”. When a book is translated into the film, a scriptwriter makes certain changes by adding the essence through the appropriate dialogue: while working with language, he translates and adapts relevantly for the modern audience - translating a written text from one language into another language and the another medium. https://ijels.com/detail/translating-printed-texts-into-the-moving-pictures-film/ Ms. Shivani Joshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-109202216-Translating.pdf The Circle of Karma, a novel published in India in 2005 by Zubaan Books in collaboration with Penguin Books. It is explicitly a Buddhist novel but one that concentrates on the everyday struggle to apply religion to the protagonist- Tsomo’s life. The writing is rich with rich Buddhist imagery but the story firmly grounded in mundane realities of gender and cultural issues, in short an excellent novel about one woman’s hard life, set against vivid gender, cultural and religious background. The novel applies the theory of Nemesis in practice. It deals with the importance of Karma/action. There is message that each human being will experience the Consequences of karma whether good or bad, in one or other way, in this or other birth. There is no escape. The novel is a story of Tsomo the central character, a fat girl compelled by her own restless spirit and later by circumstances to leave her family and go on series of endless travels. Hope and tragedy mark her path in equal measure as her story gives a look of microcosm of Bhutanese society. It is informative regarding the cultural, religious and gender issues in Bhutan which is a Buddhist country. https://ijels.com/detail/the-circle-of-karma-a-realistic-approach-to-bhutanese-gender-culture-and-religion/ Dr. Abhishek Kumar Jaiswal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-109202217-TheCircle.pdf Shakespeare’s most haunting tragedy, Macbeth, has been regarded as one of his best tragic trios. One of the most significant characters of the play – Lady Macbeth – often realized as the ‘antagonist’ of the play, is portrayed as the impetus and motivational factor behind Macbeth’s brief victory and, apparently, even his ultimum ruinam. With her actions within the course of the play, it becomes a daunting task to justify them without referring to the history of Lady Macbeth. Most of the past studies have focused on her earlier marriage and multiple miscarriages in order to condone her behaviour. The present research essay, however, reviews the play in a deconstructive approach and delves into a deep exploration of the representation of Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare’s renowned tragedy. The study focuses on the influence of normalizing power and gender distinction upon the actions of the characters. It studies the theory of Normalizing Power (as given by Michel Foucault) and views it in the context of how femininity is depicted within Macbeth. It further reinvestigates the patriarchal dominance and looks at the existing power structures that subconsciously affect Lady Macbeth’s motivation, leading to the tragic fall of the characters. By visiting the play from the lens of power and femininity inherent in the subconscious mind of the readers, the research aims to portray Lady Macbeth in a different light, one that is not dominated by supporting ideologies of male dominance or the notion of power in the hands of the phallus. https://ijels.com/detail/power-beyond-sex-a-foucauldian-reading-of-lady-macbeth/ Sofiya Shahiwala https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-109202220-Power.pdf Simulation is an approach used in teaching to enhance students learning especially when the concept being taught is abstract and hands on activity is not possible. However, it serves its purpose only if it is effectively implemented in the real classroom situation. Using a mixed method approach, a study on the effectiveness of simulation in teaching Geometrical Optics in class IX physics was conducted in one of the schools of Bhutan. For the quantitative approach quasi-experimental design was employed involving 70 students (35 experimental, 35 control group) and two physics teachers. Five students from experimental group and two subject teachers were interviewed. The findings of the study revealed that students taught using the simulation approach performed better than those using the conventional method. The finding also revealed that the simulation approach enriched students’ attentiveness and self-exploration in learning physics. Some of the recommendations from the study included the need to provide professional training on simulation to teachers, and make adequate ICT facilities available in the schools to support learning through simulation. The study also recommends future researchers to replicate this study in other subjects to find the effectiveness of the approach. https://ijels.com/detail/effectiveness-of-simulation-in-teaching-geometrical-optics/ Tshering Penjor, Karma Utha, Kinley Seden https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-109202222-Effectiveness.pdf The purpose of the study is to examine whether and how organizational culture are associated with job dissatisfaction and turnover intention among firm employees in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Ninety-two workers participated in the study after being selected at random. The 100 employees from various companies were selected at random based on the total student body size at each school to receive the survey. In order to get the survey responses ready for statistical analysis, they were cleaned, coded, and put into an Excel matrix. The findings revealed that organizational culture has a significant mediation role between employee dissatisfaction and turnover intention. The test results returned both direct and indirect effects for all the relationships, which indicated only partial mediation in all the tested relationships. The results provided organisations’ insight into the possible consequences of firms in Kurdistan region of Iraq on employees and the organisations’ culture. https://ijels.com/detail/organizational-culture-as-a-mediator-between-employee-dissatisfaction-and-turnover-intention/ Dalia Khalid Faeq, Zain Noori Ismael https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-11020226-Organizational.pdf The year 1947 saw the birth of India’s freedom and the death of its people’s joy, leaving behind slaves of religious chauvinism, communal barbarity and inhumane cruelty. The partition of 1947 was a gruesome and landmark incident in the history of both the nations. The ‘bloody’ line of partition that was drawn by Cyril Radcliffe has not stopped bleeding since 1947. This line, drawn by a man who never visited the nation before, had marked the fate of millions, causing an unceasing chaos which eversince has been the reason behind tension between the two nations today. The two nations that were one community; a community which lived in peace and harmony once. The high spirits of the nation after its victory in the struggle for freedom was supressed by the pain of partition. Author Moni Mohsin, in her literature piece, throws light on the way India won this freedom at the cost of happiness and lives of millions. In her words – “The creation of India and Pakistan in 1947 led to horrific sectarian violence and made millions refugees overnight” (Mohsin). The partition of India was nothing less than a heart cut into two pieces and though wounds will heal, memories will fade but the pain will always reside in the hearts of the families that were destroyed. This grotesque event led by greed for political powers had caused one of the largest massacres and migrations in the history of mankind. Although the partition was a landmark incident in the geopolitical history of India, “Toba Tek Singh” by Sadat Hassan https://ijels.com/detail/understanding-the-trauma-of-1947-india-pakistan-partition-an-account-of-toba-tek-singh/ Sejal Choudhary https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-109202223-Understanding.pdf EFL students are observed to face various difficulties in approaching pragmatic issues; therefore, they resort to numerous strategies to arrive at convincing pragmatic interpretations, among these issues, presupposition constitutes one of the problematic areas for students. Thus, this paper aims at detecting the most common strategies taken on by Iraqi EFL university students in approaching the pragmatic interpretations of presupposition, eliciting the reasons behind presupposition failure and find out the possible solutions. Fifty Iraqi EFL students of the Department of English, College of Arts, Mustansiriyah University during the academic year 2021-2022 have been administered to a test. The paper concludes that Counterfactual Conditionals trigger ranks first since it scores the highest ratio while Implicative verbs trigger represents the lowest ratio. Most EFL students succeed to derive the suitable pragmatic interpretations of presupposition. Consequently, it can be noted that resolution strategy is preferred to the accommodation and rejection strategies. https://ijels.com/detail/presupposition-triggers-iraqi-efl-students-strategies-in-approaching-presupposition/ Abbas Lutfi Hussien, Hiba Ibrahim Mohammed https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-109202239-Presupposition.pdf This paper is an ecocritical reading of Amitav Ghosh’s Ibis Trilogy which comprises of three historical fictions, Sea of Poppies (2008), River of Smoke (2011) and Flood of Fire (2015). It is a documentary of the opium trade between India and China and the trafficking of people as indentured labors by the East India Company during the mid-nineteenth century. The paper will examine the ecocentric dimensions in the work of Ghosh. Ecocriticism is a rapidly emerging field of literary study that considers the relationship which human beings share with the environment. The main issues that become very prominent in these novels are Ecological Imperialism and Ecocide. These terms are portrayed by Ghosh in his Ibis Trilogy in a very realistic manner with the grand scale of opium war. Opium war is one of the greatest incidents in the colonial history of India. This paper will analyse the issue of environmental degradation as found in the Ibis Trilogy in the light of ecocriticism. https://ijels.com/detail/an-ecological-sailing-towards-amitav-ghosh-s-ibis-trilogy-a-historical-perspective/ Ekta Bawa, Dr. Shaifali Arora https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-109202215-AnEcological.pdf Life itself is comprised of many favorable and unfavorable situations. Our lives are hampered by unfavorable circumstances, and these adverse situations change the progress of our life into a decline. Because of factors like caste, poverty, and other comparable issues, we frequently suffer identity crises in our daily lives. But without attempting to change the situation, it is impossible to envision a successful era and identity for us. Having an optimistic outlook on life provides us the strength to confront and altar the circumstances. Literature provides numerous real life examples of such situations, which make us question the assumption that just because there is a human, there must also be humanity. Literature also makes us aware of the conditions under which a person must struggle to survive and to protect his rights. However, only a person with an optimistic attitude on life is capable of enduring this struggle. Bandhu Madhav’s short story ‘The Poisoned Bread’ makes us aware of the helplessness of life but also emphasizes the importance of maintaining a positive attitude, which always brings a ray of hope to our lives. This paper will talk about destitution, optimism, and resistance for identity in Bandhu Madhav’s ‘The Poisoned Bread’ and will convey a valuable message that humans must have humanity. https://ijels.com/detail/destitution-optimism-and-resistance-for-identity-in-bandhu-madhav-s-the-poisoned-bread/ Pooja Shankar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-11020227-Destitution.pdf The nineteenth century Bhadralak attempted to recast women and model them into the Bhadramahila (“respectable woman”). This was done as an attempt to establish themselves as a class and propagate the ideologies of liberal nationalism. I look at this recasting project through the reading of the Bamabodhini Patrika, a periodical for the upper-middle-class Bengali women started by Umesh Chandra Gupta in 1863. The Bhadralak introduced the antahpur education, which featured extensively in the Bamabodhini, as a mean to emancipate the women from the clutches of Hindu patriarchy. This project, however, was circumscribed by its own limitations. In analysing the serialized publications in the Bamabodhini Patrika (‘Gayanada, Sarala and Abala’ and ‘Strir Prati Swamir Upadesh, ‘Kanyar Prati Matar Upadesh’, and ‘Swami Strir Paraspar Sambandha’) I bring out how the Bhadralak tried to curb curiosity and tame female self-subjectivity. Therefore, in construction of the Bhadramahila, the Bhadralak reorganised some of the tenets of the older order of patriarchy and placed her in a newer and reformed patriarchy dictated by a distorted concept of ‘emancipation’. However, viewing the patrika solely in terms of hegemony is, reductionist and one-dimensional; it provided one of the first platforms for the self-expression of the women. Although the patrika’s strict editorial policies did not align with radical self-expression, towards the end of the nineteenth century and the twilight years of the Patrika the editorial policies were relaxed. The task I have undertaken in this dissertation is to collect the scattered voices of resistance and unpack them as challenges to the new formed patriarchal discourse. Periodicals like the Bamabodhini Patrika contaminated the public sphere with personal narratives of the Bhadramahila, and problematised the nineteenth century nationalists’ attempt to resolve the woman’s question. My reading further complicates the conclusions drawn by critics such as Partha Chatterjee regarding the dichotomies of the inner and the outer domain of nationalist discourse. His contention that women’s autonomous struggles were tucked away in the private tracts of autobiographies shall also be disproved by my thesis. Finally, I propose that the Bamabodhini Patrika offered a space for women’s writings to leak into the public sphere, and stands as a mean of obfuscation of lines that tried to neatly compartmentalize women’s resistance in the private. https://ijels.com/detail/contaminating-the-binaries-the-rhetoric-of-resistance-in-women-s-autobiographical-narratives-in-the-bamabodhini-patrika-1863-1922/ Sampurna Nandy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-109202227-Nandy.pdf The present study is an attempt to look for the place and role of using innovations in English language teaching (ELT) in schools. Teaching English to young learners as a second language at schools is one of the most significant steps in contemporary education. The researcher has provided some examples about different innovations throughout this article by referring to their different concepts of innovations: modern approaches, CLT method, games, interactive activities and new technologies in English language teaching. In addition, the researcher tries to explain the innovation term, the issue of innovations in education and some interactive activities which give the motivation and engagement for young learners to learn new language during language classroom. Young learners are children and they always prefer learning a foreign language in new ways and interesting ways. The use of these varieties of innovations in teaching English as a second / foreign language at schools brings the most effective results nowadays. https://ijels.com/detail/teaching-english-and-innovations-at-schools/ Nigina Misirova https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-109202235-Teaching.pdf This article revolves around the possibility of implementing ecofeminism as a pedagogical device and perspective on teaching ecofeminist literature in the Tunisian departments of English. Ecofeminist courses maybe taught mainly after an English literature student has already become familiar with feminist, postcolonial and ecocritical theories. Such courses may be a synthesis review and an expansion of the literature due to the interdisciplinary quality of the theory of ecofeminism. Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing may be considered as the best exemplary novel that lands itself to an ecofeminist reading. Hence, students may dig into ecofeminist ethos through an analytical eye on it. https://ijels.com/detail/towards-implementing-ecofeminism-in-the-different-departments-of-english/ Amel Zaouga https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-109202237-Towards.pdf The industrial revolution during the eighteenth century had many favorable outcomes. Through the Victorian era, there was rapid progress due to industrialization. This divided society into the rich and the poor. Charles Dickens’s novel "Hard Times" is considered one of the early works that had a critical perspective on the effects of the industrial revolution on working life. This paper analyses Dickens’s opinion on the events that were witnessed during the Industrial Revolution. Though he criticizes the sudden changes due to industrialization, he was not against the industrial revolution. It can be seen that his concern for the people made him reach out to bring about the necessary changes in the lives of the factory workers. The goal of the research is to understand how industrialization affected society from the writer's perspective. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-the-industrial-revolution-on-society-in-charles-dickens-hard-times/ Abdulqader Sulaiman Mejbel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-110202229-TheImpact.pdf The interactions between literature and painting can be analyzed in different ways. This article presents several comparative methodologies discussed by Wellek and Warren (1989), and Praz (1982). The objective is to reflect on the relevance of those theoretical approaches to the current landscape of research on comparative literature. To this end, the article analyzes the dialog between the pictorial and the verbal in Clarice Lispector’s Água Viva [The Stream of Life]. https://ijels.com/detail/territory-of-arts-the-theory-of-literature-in-the-boundaries-between-the-pictorial-and-the-verbal/ Leandro Marinho Lares, Andréa Portolomeos https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-11020225-Territory.pdf This paper has set off to unearth how cognitive construal operations anchor social actor representation is discourse. Most of the previous literature resorted to different approaches to deal with the domain of social actor representation focusing on analyzing the text itself rather than taking into concertation how the given linguistic choices provoke different conceptualizations in the mind of the reader. Thus, the present paper seeks to address the association between social and cognitive aspects of the text. It is motivated by the lack of rigorous critical sociocognitive analysis that address the enacted ideology as a social and cognitive phenomenon. Furthermore, the paper highlights the crucial role of cognitive conceptual abilities as a mediator between text and society and recommends the adaptation of sociocognitive multimodal analysis to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse text to cover both descriptive and interpretive levels of analysis. https://ijels.com/detail/review-on-cognitive-mediation-in-social-actor-representation-in-discourse/ Sabra Hasan Ghanim, Prof. Ahmed Qadoury Abed https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-110202214-Review.pdf The feeling of belongingness gives strength and confidence and makes one feel connected with the people and the place. There is probably no exact term to describe a feeling of not belonging anywhere. One feels isolated and alienated even amidst people. A sense of estrangement creeps in even when one is surrounded by people. It is a strange situation when one is forced to leave one’s native place as there is nothing left and is forced to flee to a place where he is not accepted for he doesn’t belong to that new place. The turmoil experienced by the individual in such situations and the variations in cultures across borders is well portrayed by Anita Desai in her 1988 novel, ‘Baumgartner’s Bombay’. The paper attempts to focus on the inner nooks of the internal psyche experienced by the protagonist Hugo throughout his life journey. A paradox of belonging to and not belonging is felt at the same time by the protagonist. Anita Desai portrays the cultural disparities and sense of estrangement with an authentic excellence. https://ijels.com/detail/sense-of-cultural-alienation-and-estrangement-in-anita-desai-s-baumgartner-s-bombay/ Ragamayee K https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-109202224-Sense.pdf In the present study, Hanif Kureishi’s The Black Album was analyzed in the view of Bhabha’s concepts of ambivalence, assimilation, hybridity, double-consciousness, and homeliness. Shahid, a Pakistani student, constructs a hybrid identity and symbolically marries a widow lecturer who teaches postcolonial literature. On the contrary to Shahid’s views, Riaz’s group is a fundamental Islamic aggregation in 1980s London devoted to anti-racist activities while take part in book-burning and violent actions. As Bhabha theories about hybrid identity, it seems that Shahid’s assimilation into the host mainstream culture and developing a hybrid identity enfeebles colonial and imperial power more than Riaz’s group and their violent resistance against imperial power. https://ijels.com/detail/assilation-and-resistance-in-hanif-kureishi-s-the-black-album/ Faramarz Elyasi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-109202238-Assilation.pdf This paper sets out to examine the traditional family in contemporary British fiction with focus on Nick Hornby’s About a Boy and Hanif Kureishi’s Intimacy. The second half of the twentieth century witnessed many changes in the structure of family formation and family behaviour that resulted in a diversification of family forms. Consequently, it has become more and more difficult to use a general or universally acceptable definition to define the the term ‘family.’ Using Jean-Francois Lyotard’s decentring, or better still, lack of fixity as well as Louis Montrose’s inextricable link between literature and history and Jacques Derrida’s a ‘decentered universe’, the paper interrogates and deconstructs typologies of family set-ups emanating from the traditional family as depicted in Nick Hornby’s About a Boy and Hanif Kureishi’s Intimacy. The paper therefore intimates that there is no ‘death of the family’ as heralded by some critics like Judith Stacey in her discourse geared towards ‘rethinking family values in the postmodern age,’ but rather a dramatic, and profound transformation. It further reveals that the literary representations of the family now include other types of families that have thus expanded the paradigm of the family to what is perceived in this study as triad, which, even though challenged, does not substitute the traditional family. https://ijels.com/detail/deconstructing-the-traditional-family-representation-in-nick-hornby-s-about-a-boy-and-hanif-kureishi-s-intimacy/ Ndode Divine Halle, Adamu Pangmeshi, David Toh Kusi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-106202233-Deconstructing.pdf Experiences of linguistic shift (LS) and language maintenance (LM) among Saudi postgraduates who had returned home from studying internationally were investigated. Assessment of perspectives of their first language (L1) among the learners and their children was undertaken, in addition to efforts at advocating language maintenance adopted by educational facilities, cultural and religious associations, as well as the learners themselves. Furthermore, the strengthening of language maintenance in particular fields was examined. Semi-structured interviews were carried out to discuss with and observe Saudi postgraduate students, who possessed over five years of study experience in nations where the first language is English. Evidently, no robust ties to their L1 are felt by young learners, even though their language is appreciated by postgraduate learners and they exert themselves to maintain it. Thus, a decline in L1 writing capabilities occurs, while code reversals pervade their L1. The lack of impact on L1 from language shift has been established in recent studies, while the limited duration of the issue was identified in the existing literature. Maintaining one’s L1 is affected by numerous variables, challenging common perceptions. With postgraduate learners studying and working internationally, their instruction in Arabic and English has led to a multilingual society emerging when they return home. However, isolation from and eradication of cultural norms is just one of the various detrimental outcomes of linguicide which stems from language shifts. Accordingly, this study aimed to establish the extent to which a marked change in language ability occurs among Saudi postgraduate learners when they come home. https://ijels.com/detail/linguistic-transformation-and-preservation-of-the-mother-tongue-of-saudi-postgraduate-scholarship-students-and-their-children/ Dr. Nadyh Naser R Alawfi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-110202221-Linguistic.pdf The current research aims to identify the effect of the thinking hand strategy on acquiring historical concepts among fifth grade literary students and developing their social interaction. The researchers adopted an experimental design with two equal groups, to suit the nature of the research, and the research sample consisted of (57) A student has been selected Intentionally from secondary school Righteous Caliphs This sample was randomly divided into two groups, one of which was experimental, which included (29) A student studying material the date With the strategy of the thinking hand, and the other controlling hand, which consisted of (28) student, lesson The same material was prepared in the traditional way. Before starting the experiment, the two researchers were careful to ensure that it was equal students. The two research groups statistically examined a number of variables that are believed to have an impact on the safety of the experiment, and these variables are:(Chronological age For students calculated in months, Social interaction scale). The two researchers defined the concepts Historical number of (12) as a concept, and in light of these concepts, the researchers prepared behavioral objectives that measure the processes of acquiring the concept (definition, distinction, Generalization The researchers also prepared model teaching plans for both groups. The researchers adopted two tests to measure the variables of their research. The first test was the concept acquisition test Historical and it is from (36) a multiple-choice paragraph, and verified its validity, reliability, and discrimination, as well as conducting statistical analyzes of its paragraphs, as the researchers prepared social interaction scale, The final measure may be (30) paragraph and verify its veracity, consistency and distinction, The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the test a Acquiring concepts and a measure of social interaction. https://ijels.com/detail/the-effect-of-the-circular-house-strategy-on-acquiring-geographical-concepts-for-fourth-grade-literary-students-and-developing-their-effective-communication/ Nazim Jawad Ali Firas Al-Fahdawi, Abdul Halim Muhammad Obaid Saeed Al-Fahdawi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-111202229-TheEffect.pdf The paper delves into the ocean of reality and thought as they exist in coordination as well as paradox in Virginia Woolf’s one of its kind novel Mrs. Dalloway. It also aspire to understand the deeper reasons that lead to Virginia writing such characters which seems far apart in their experience but are uniquely similar when seen from the lens of thought. Virginia’s personal life effected the characters consciousness, and their reactions to certain situations also find root in her own life. The concept of stream of consciousness was not new in the twentieth century but its employment was certainly unique in Mrs Dalloway, which made it popular among the public in general. It endeavour to understand the characters of Clarissa and Septimus in relation with Virginia’s interpretation of “stream of consciousness”, and the depiction of reality as driven by Virginia’s life and thought process. https://ijels.com/detail/the-conflict-of-reality-and-thought-in-mrs-dalloway-as-inspired-by-virginia-woolf-s-life/ Vidushi Parmar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-110202219-Theconflict.pdf One of the basic skills of language learning is reading skill. It is integral to develop comprehension, pronunciation and intonation skills. It also helps to improve vocabulary and communication skills, broadens the horizons and enhances the knowledge of the students. Hence, it is very essential to inculcate the habit of reading among the students from a very young age. With the surge of digital tools, several modern methods can be adopted to make reading more interesting and engaging for the students. Availability of online books, graphic literature, use of digital art in literature, interactive novels and write-ups - all of it have indeed made reading easy and enjoyable to the students. However, there are several challenges involved in it as the majority of the students are not very actively involved in any reading process. The present paper aims to discuss the scope of reading, its types, methods and tools that can be used in the classroom to build reading skills, active utilisation of digital tools, and the difficulties involved in it. The paper also attempts to analyse the impact of digital media on the reading habits of the students and how it can be utilised for the benefit of the students. https://ijels.com/detail/reading-in-digital-era-a-study-on-enhancing-reading-skills/ Ms. Sowmya P., Ms. Nischitha S Hoblidar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-110202223-Reading.pdf ‘The Waste Land’, of course by T. S. Eliot has been treated as the magnum opus of T. S. Eliot on account of its big canvas, wide range of themes, saga of suffering, with epic grandeur. It concludes with an optimistic note- “ Shantih, Shantih, Shantih'' as well as “Da, Datta, Dayadhvam'' The mental journey from ‘The Burial of the Dead’ to ‘What the Thunder Said’ via ‘A Game of Chess’, ‘The Fire Sermon’ and Death by Water’ undertaken by Tiresias symbolizes the journey of the Christiana in John Bunyan’s ‘Pilgrim’s Progress. In Spite of this, the complexity of theme prompted a sensitive Hindi poet Nirala to remark- “ Kahan ka ianta kahan ka roda, T. S. Eliot ne kunwa joda'' The elegiac note of the opening part visualizes ‘a ray of hope’ when the poet refers to ‘the Holy river’ Ganga and the Himavant i.e. the snowbound mountains in Himalayan Ranges. Suddenly, the attention is shifted towards the famous fable of the ‘Brihadaranyaka Upanishad’ The three-fold offspring of the Creator, Prajapati, Gods, men and demons; these three approached Prajapati for instruction after completing their formal education. To each group, He uttered the single syllable ‘Da’. The message was sent to all three in the form of encoding but they interpreted or decoded in their own ways. The Gods decode it as ‘Damyata’ (Control Yourselves). The Gods decoded it as ‘Datta’ (give). The demons interpreted it as ‘Dayadhvam’ ( be compassionate). When these three meet Prajapati, aware of their interpretations, He responds with ‘OM’ signifying that they have fully understood. This concludes with the thrice repetition of thunder - Da. Da. Da. viz, control yourselves, give, be compassionate.This episode reminds us of T.S. Eliot’s focus on Charles Lanman, his Sanskrit teacher at Harvard University who gave Eliot a copy of ‘Vasudev Lakshman Shastri Phansikar’s Sanskrit edition of ‘The Twenty Eight Upanishads'. While interpreting ‘Dayadhvam”, Eliot refers to Dante’s Ínferno’Book 33, line 46 - “And below I heard the outlet of / The horrible tower locked up”. These words are uttered by Ugonio della Gherardesca, a 13th century Italian novelist as he recalls his imprisonment in a Tower with his two sons and two grandsons where they starved to death. This allusion communicates a sense of finality and suggests the terrifying consequences of imprisoning oneself within one’s own ego or consciousness. Eliot feels that only by confining to one’s own faith one is ought to transcend the boundaries of tradition. According to the European tradition or Christianity ‘Shantih ‘has been interpreted as ‘Peace Which passeth understanding ' . Indeed, It is a feeble translation of the inherent meaning of the world. Eliot anticipates something absolute and sublime as has been suggested by the Upanishadic Connotation. To conclude it can be said that this poem begins with pessimistic suffering but concludes with robust optimism. https://ijels.com/detail/the-waste-land-by-t-s-eliot-as-a-modern-epic/ Mr. Rabichandan Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-110202227-TheWaste.pdf In Brave New World, eugenics translates into a practice that not only enhances the performance of certain social classes but also encourages sterilization, discrimination, and standardization of citizens on the assumption that anti-social behaviors are genetically inherited. However, a new historicist reading of the novel attempts to show that the eugenic practices of the leaders of the World State are inspired by classical eugenic methods. It argues that the social problems such as delinquency, alcoholism, and poverty that leaders in Brave New World seek to control stem from social injustice. The analysis, therefore, reveals that negative eugenics (eliminating the bad genetic stock responsible for anti-social behaviors) using technoscience cannot be a solution to a problem caused by social injustice. Nevertheless, the paper argues that the survival instinct pushes humans to practice eugenics in order to pass on to their descendants a genetic stock that allows them to adapt and survive in an ever-changing world. https://ijels.com/detail/eugenics-in-brave-new-world-a-new-historicist-reading/ Mabandine Djagri Temoukale https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-110202217-Eugenics.pdf This paper attempts to explore the experiences of black mothers and their relation with their children, who are the victims of slavery and racism. Through the examination of Beloved (1987) and A Mercy (2008), it mirrors the pathetic condition of African slaves. Both the novels are filled with many female characters but here the attention is paid to maternal figures i. e. Sethe, the enslaved mother in Beloved and Minha Mae, the enslaved mother in A Mercy. Reflecting the societal forces used by Southern white men to emasculate Southern black voice, it shows how miserable the lives of black women, especially, the lives of black mothers, who are crippled by the chains of slavery and discrimination in America. Applying narrative inquiry approach, this paper demonstrates mother child bonds in Morrison's narratives. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to make an in-depth analysis of the mother-child relationship depicted in Toni Morrison’s Beloved and A Mercy. By narrating events, experiences, and conditions which make the black women's lives pathetic, this paper argues that whatever these women think, feel, and perform, is an outcome of slavery. The comparative analysis of Beloved and A Mercy challenges distorted views commonly associated with the black mother and extends the notions of mothering which are prescribed and practiced in dominant cultures. https://ijels.com/detail/mother-love-in-morrison-s-beloved-and-a-mercy-a-comparative-analysis/ Dr. Rajendra Prasad Bhatt https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-110202228-Mother.pdf Applying the threshold concept of liminality to the Covid-19 pandemic, the essay explores the connection between the development of creativity and critical, disruptive life moments. It argues that it is during critical moments of social disruption that humans best adapt to the requirement of changing societal norms by transitioning to thinking and actions that transform the way they relate to each other and the world. The takeaway of the essay is that liminal space and the thinking and actions that unfold within it are a necessary part of the human condition because it prepares us for the inevitable changes and challenges that delineate the human condition. https://ijels.com/detail/covid-19-a-liminal-transformative-experience/ John Mastrogianakos https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-110202211-Covid.pdf