https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usAugust 8 Disability has been widely misunderstood by Indian society due to constant social marginalization and a lack of sensitization and awareness. People often view disability with disgust, suspicion or sympathy. Disability has historically been conceptualized in terms of biological abnormality or dysfunction necessitating medical intervention and rehabilitation. Till recent years, there has been no cognizance of disability as a social construct. A major part of the work on disability in India has been at the level of practice, governmental and non-governmental agencies working for the rehabilitation of the disabled people, there haven’t been many efforts to study disabled people within their socio-cultural and economic contexts and to understand the experience of disablement from the perspective of the disabled person. A review of the literature shows that disability and the lived experience of persons of disability as depicted in autobiographies hardly received any attention. In this paper, I propose to examine two autobiographies written by disabled women in India. They are One Little Finger (2011) by Malini Chib and No Looking Back (2014) by Shivani Gupta. An autobiography is an important form of life writing about disability, written from inside the experience in question, it involves self-representation by definition and offers the best-case scenario for revaluation of that condition. My analysis will mainly follow theories that put forward the social model of disability. These approaches view disability as an important dimension of inequality in the social and economic structure and culture of the society in which it is found, rather than in the bodies of individuals with disabilities. I will attempt to situate the politics of disabled women’s autobiographies in the Indian cultural context and the specific challenges posed by our social environment. https://ijels.com/detail/quest-for-accessibility-and-inclusion-in-disabled-women-s-autobiographies-in-india/ Dr. Tejaswini Nandkumar Deo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-106202244-Questfor.pdf The image of fiction over the years has taken human understanding into multiple perspectives though it is not a popular statement. While ‘the fact’ remains the key to understanding any time period,all the other genres of writingthat contribute to the same time period should also be considered relevant. Dystopian fiction revolves around times of great pessimism and struggles but on keen observation, their existence seems to be calling out certain important aspects of the period. The article focuses on the question of the prominence of dystopian fiction within the cultural environment it represents. https://ijels.com/detail/the-image-of-dystopian-fiction-and-the-cultural-dialogues-that-they-represent/ Divya Alex https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-106202229-Theimage.pdf The present research article puts forth the dissimilarities in the pronunciation of same letters/combinations of same letters initiating with alphabet ‘S’ in distinct English words. The same letters/combinations of same letters initiating with alphabet ‘S’ in distinct English words, having dissimilarities in the pronunciation, are seventy-two in total which have been focussed with four hundred and thirty-five samples consisting of words plus phonetic transcriptions which will stimulate the English language learners to become supreme in the chosen fragment of presentation. This article consists of introduction, hypothesis, objectives, methodology, significance, limitations, ‘S’ alphabet and explanations with samples. The conclusion as well as references are the important parts of any research and they have been incorporated in the final part of the article. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-dissimilarities-in-the-pronunciation-of-same-letters-combinations-of-same-letters-initiating-with-alphabet-s-in-distinct-english-words/ Dr. Uttam Balu Koli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-106202243-AStudy.pdf With the advent of the era of globalization and informationization, the opening and sharing of global higher education resources has become the trend of the times. As an emerging form of open education, " Mooc" takes the network as a platform, with college students as the main body, and is open to all members of society for free, and is receiving widespread attention and favor. How to use this effective platform to build English majors in colleges and universities, cultivate compound talents, and improve teachers' teaching level is the central topic of this paper. https://ijels.com/detail/on-the-enlightenment-of-mooc-to-the-cultivation-of-english-majors/ Du Haixia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-10720225-Onthe.pdf The paper focuses on the works written by early Indian writers throwing light on the condition, need and concern for women’s education. Keeping the patriarchy as root, the Indian women novelists made a debut after independence and started producing novels dealing with themes of family, dowry, child marriage, superstitious practices, education, purdah system and widow remarriage. With their personal experiences and suffrage women novelists have paved down the path for modern writers of the time. They represented their vision of a ‘New Women’, a woman who is courageous, educated, independent and liberated. https://ijels.com/detail/focus-on-women-education-in-early-indian-english-novels/ Swati Rai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-106202250-Focuson.pdf The study focuses on assessing the PE 1 instructional material for first-year students of KSU, Bulanao Campus. The study aimed to determine the extent of attainment of the objectives of PE 1 Instructional Material, determine the level of satisfaction on the delivery, content, and quality of the instructional material, and the factors affecting the attainment of the objectives of PE 1 IM. The study was carried out among first-year students of KSU, Bulanao campus who used the PE 1 instructional material. The study used the descriptive method with a structured questionnaire that gathers the needed data. The data was described, analyzed, and interpreted using the Likert 3-point scale. The result of the study showed that 87% of the respondents were on the average age for first-year students, with 67.2% females. The college of Engineering Information Technology has the most program offered has the highest number of respondents with 35.1%. The findings revealed that the objectives of PE 1 IM were perceived as much attained. The delivery, content, and quality were perceived as much satisfactory, with quality as the highest mean followed by content and delivery. The factors affecting the attainment of the objectives of the PE 1 IM was moderately affected. Therefore, based on the findings, it is recommended that instructional materials make learning more authentic and meaningful to the learner, contributing to the learning process. Instructional material to facilitate learning should be commensurate with the class period allowed. It should be usable and not so complex that time is spent just learning to use the IM and using PE IMs to explain one particular concept must also include cognizance of individual differences among the learners. https://ijels.com/detail/assessment-of-the-pe-1-instructional-material-for-freshmen-students-of-ksu-bulanao-campus/ Esmerlyn P. Bayangan, Maybelle C. Aggabao, Elegio Clarin, Roy Cesar Torres https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-10520222-Assessment.pdf Mahi Binebine published his first novel The Slumber of the Slave* in 1992. Unlike his subsequent publications which all received the due critical acclaims, this first book did not seem to draw the expected attention and went almost unnoticed. It was praised by few critics and was considered as a shy debut. Nevertheless, for a first novel, Le Sommeil de l’Esclave, seems – to me – to gather all the elements of an incoming successful career. Let us not forget that we are thirty years back, and that we are before a former mathematics teacher who spent eight years in Paris, and who decided to chose a completely different path, and give free vent to his imagination and creativity**.Accordingly,and for a first novel, one can already track down some traces of genius. Obviously, we can ask ourselves where the man draws his source of inspiration from, and wonder about the «secret of the craft» which the man has shown, and which many other craftsmen, before him, had failed to prove. https://ijels.com/detail/the-slumber-and-wake-of-dada-in-mahi-binebine-s-the-slumber-of-the-slave/ M’hammed Benjelloun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-105202213-TheSlumber.pdf Social media has become a daily habit in most people’s lives. People of all ages participate in social media, and the average Indian devotes nearly 2.4 hours per day to this one activity alone. People are able to voice their concerns and share their perspectives through the medium of social media. When it comes to understanding social media, people must first be comfortable with the notion. Users can communicate with one another and share information, thoughts, opinions, images, and videos via Internet-based programmes known as "social media.. In order to access content, share content with other users of that social media platform, and converse with other users of that social media platform, an individual must first sign up for an account and then sign in to that account. Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Snap Chat, Telegram, and LinkedIn are just a few of the most prominent and frequently used social networking platforms today; others include Snap chat etc. It's noteworthy to observe that most of these social networking sites have a disproportionately high proportion of teen users. In India, adolescents and teenagers between the ages of 13 and 19 make up 31 percent of the overall number of people who use social media (Statista, 2021). Users in India between the ages of 18 and 24 make up the majority of Facebook and Instagram users in the country. We take a descriptive and analytical stance when discussing social media and its effects on young people, both good and bad, in this study. We heavily rely on the thematic analysis tool MAXQDA to draw a conclusion. We discuss all facets of social media, including both positive and bad effects. Specific areas including business, education, society, and young people are highlighted. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-that-social-media-has-had-on-today-s-generation-of-indian-youth-an-analytical-study/ Showkat Ahmad Dar, Dolly Nagrath https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-107202216-TheImpact.pdf In addition to classroom management, school management plays a vital role in the success or failure of schools (as establishments or educational firms) and students’ performance in general. This paper discusses several issues that were put under seven different subtitles starting with “The Transformations of Principals Roles in Iraq” and ending with “Recommendations” for further studies or research in this regard. It (the paper) focusses on the importance of empowering principals and school leaders through providing them with more freedom in decision making. Also, the paper pinpoints how much control we need to have on this freedom. Some of the roles played by principals, in addition to the required qualities, skills and capacities that school principals need to have or acquire if they want to run their buildings (schools) in an effective and an influential way will be tackled in the fourth part (issue) of the paper. These roles, skills and capacities will be highlighted in light of their impact on students’ performance in classrooms and in the results of the end of year exams. The questionnaire part of the paper describes the results of the questionnaire (in which a limited number of school leaders participated) and their analysis. The last two parts of the paper describe the challenges that accompanied writing this paper like: the unavailability of resources as it was a bit hard to find resources tackling the issue of principalship and leadership in schools in our libraries, therefore, most of the paper was written according to the American and Australian literature in this field. Also, not many principals agreed to participate in the questionnaire because they thought that it contains an implicit criticism to the current educational system that’s why I kept the identity of the participants unknown. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-empowering-principals-on-students-performance-in-the-final-exams-an-educational-perspective/ Aqeel Mohsin Abbood Al-Hussein, Aqeel Kadhom Hussein https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-10720227-TheImpact.pdf The paper is an investigation into the approach to translating the Quran adopted by the English orientalist A.J. Arberry. This study aims to follow his soul which is felt to be squeezed into this work while living hard personal experience he referred to in the closing paragraph of his preface to the 1964 edition of the 'Koran Interpreted'.The study hypothesizes that Arberry’s approach is appropriate to a large extent since he believes that to understand the Quran, appreciate it, one has to take it as a whole, and that for its translation to be successful depends on the translator because the reader's role in comprehending the Quran is fundamental. The study has come up with the conclusion that Arberry's rendering of the glorious Quran differs from others in the spirit and motive, and demonstrates a serious attempt at reflecting a glimpse of the captivating beauty found in it. https://ijels.com/detail/translating-the-glorious-quran-arberry-s-approach-as-a-case-in-point/ May Mokarram Abdul Aziz https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-106202214-Translating.pdf Ernest Benn, said that, “Politics is the art of looking for trouble, finding it everywhere, diagnosing it incorrectly and applying the wrong remedies.” As the lines suggested, Tamas, elucidates the tragic politics behind communal riots by generating a false violation. The notable themes of Tamas include institutional violence, religious identity, communal politics and female centric assaults. This novel addresses the outcome of institutionalised violence and imposed ethnic conflict. The objective of the paper is to analyse socio-political manipulation and communal clashes in Tamas. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-socio-political-manipulation-in-bhisham-sahni-s-tamas/ S. Revathy, Dr. T. Senthamarai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-106202219-AStudy.pdf The paper describes how the sufferance of partition has stripped the attackers and the victims equally of their emotional stability. The "Khol Do" short story particularly focuses on the gendered aspect of partition violence. The story moves forward to unfold the slow detriment of human sentiments in both the perpetrator’s mind and the survivor’s too. The paper explores how the apathetic behaviour stemmed from the mad violence that traumatised or ravaged the sensibilities of the common folks. It goes on to investigate how nation-building resulted in human massacre and disrupted the emotional equilibrium of the common people of India.Ref https://ijels.com/detail/human-apathy-portrayed-in-manto-s-short-story-khol-do/ Debapriya Sarkar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-10720228-Human.pdf This study attempts to explore the various elements of mysticism. It is important to note that Mysticism can be defined as a belief in which union with the Absolute can be achieved through contemplation or self-surrender. It has also been associated with super natural and occult practices. For this study, the writings of Namita Gokhale has been undertaken. Her writings deal withvaried aspects of mysticism. When she writes about the myths associated with trees and mountains, she is trying to attain that union and is in the pursuit to justify the different sets of practices, especially in the Indian context.She has experienced it all while growing up in the vicinity of mighty Himalayas.Her writings occasionally take a peep into the spiritual and mystical aspect of our day to day life for the holistic development of ourselves, including our emotional and spiritual development. Namita’s writings reveal her abiding love for the mighty Himalayas. Her stories are replete with the myths associated with mountain peaks, rivers, rocks, temples and trees. https://ijels.com/detail/representing-mysticism-select-writings-of-namita-gokhale/ Dr. Shalini Vohra, Dr. Sunita Bhola https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-107202219-Representing.pdf In this paper, we analyze Judith Wright’s poem, “Bora Ring”, and Shanmugam Chettiar’s poem, “We are the Adivasis”, under the light of postcolonial theory. By using Homi K. Bhabha’s concept of “mimicry,” we showcase the plight of indigenous communities like the Aborigines of Australia and the Adivasis of India, communities that fail to identify with the neo-colonial ‘mimic-identity’ and culture have been thereby relegated as the ‘other’. The plight of both communities shows stark similarities, as is evident in the analysis of the poems. https://ijels.com/detail/the-aborigines-and-the-adivasis-sharing-a-common-voice-analyzing-judith-wright-s-bora-ring-and-shanmugam-chettiar-s-we-are-the-adivasis/ S Anas Ahmad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-107202213-TheAborigines.pdf Here Goes Nothing is a combination of love, fear, and after-life. In this story, the author has tried to combine fiction and humour elements. The entire story has been told by a dead man called Angus Mooney. The book is the continuation of parts of his other two books, A Fraction of the Whole (2008) and Quicksand (2015). All of his books are written with a purpose, such as the fear of death and the fear of life in his previous books, and the fear of criticism from others in Here Goes Nothing. Thus, this is also known to be a dark comedy that represents the scenario of the afterlife. The book has been criticized by a good number of people, and as the book has shown the elements of the afterlife, it has also established a fictional aspect. Henceforth, the book has been presented with different outlooks, and as the story has been narrated by an angry, aesthetic murdered man, it has been criticized by a lot of people. https://ijels.com/detail/liquidation-malady-post-existence-in-steve-toltz-s-here-goes-nothing/ Parthiva Sinha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-107202222-Liquidation.pdf The main objective of the study was to determine the factors affecting reading comprehension in Cebuano and English language texts of Grade Six pupils in School X, School Year 2019 – 2020 with the end view of proposing an action plan to improve students’ reading comprehension in English language. The researcher utilized descriptive – survey research design. There were two sets of instruments, one was a reading comprehension test and the other was a survey questionnaire. As used in the study, intrinsic factors include motivation, reading style, attitude, and physical condition. In addition, extrinsic factors include teachers, family members, peers/classmates, and environmental condition. Based on the result, the respondents fall in the inferential level of reading comprehension in both languages. Among the intrinsic and extrinsic factors, motivation has greatly influenced respondents’ reading comprehension in both languages. Moreover, there was no significant difference between respondents’ reading comprehension in both languages. In Cebuano and English texts, there was no significant difference between factors affecting their reading comprehension. Moreover, results showed that respondents’ level of reading comprehension in Cebuano was higher than their reading comprehension in English texts. Hence, an action program was proposed to improve respondents’ reading comprehension in English language. https://ijels.com/detail/factors-affecting-reading-comprehension-in-cebuano-and-english-language-texts/ Menchie Alo Labrigas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-107202210-Factors.pdf English teachers are in demand today either in the field of education or other specializations. Literary competence gives paramount impact to be adept in English literature. The main purpose of this study was to determine the literary competence of Pre-Service English Teachers. Specifically, it sought to answer the respondents’ level of literary competence and the respondents’ literary competence in elements of poetry. Cross-sectional descriptive design was used with a 30-item literary competence test composing point of view, literary device, sound values, and structure. A researcher made questionnaire was administered to fifty respondents. The questionnaire underwent validation through pilot-testing. The results implied that most of the respondents were still in the developing level. It also revealed that they were least competent in structure as part of the elements of poetry. Therefore, the respondents lacked literary competence expected of a Pre-Service English teacher. It was recommended that an intervention scheme must be crafted and utilized to achieve literary competence. https://ijels.com/detail/literary-competence-of-pre-service-english-teachers/ Melissa Lacaba-Loquere https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-107202211-Literary.pdf This study is an attempt to examine Jonathan Foer's Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2005) that is supposed to represent contemporary moments of Jewish identity in the American context. Scrutinizing identity features of the young generations of Anglophone Jewish fiction from a social and psychological perspectives is a recommended trend This social psychological scrutiny, conducted throughout Breakwell's Identity Process Theory (IPT) (1986), of eliciting contemporary Jewish identity attributes is to be realized through the application of a deconstructive theoretical framework based on a neoreading of Derrida's master conception: différance. It is noticeable that the novel reflects a tendency towards overcoming traumatic moments that hinder communication among the American Jews and between them and other nations. https://ijels.com/detail/deconstructing-the-tropes-of-communication-in-jonathan-foer-s-extremely-loud-and-incredibly-close/ Rasha Saeed Abdullah Badurais https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-107202230-Deconstructing.pdf As Holism has evolved as a new area of perception, analysis and approach different sets of disciplines become involved in it to come up with new visions and thoughts. In this realm, feminist studies with their various tendencies and concerns share certain principles, yet they differ in others. Chicana feminism, as the construction of feminist aims of the Mexican American women, embraces new concepts and views towards the assertion of the colored woman identity who is different from the white/Anglo American woman. The call for the building up of such a consciousness carries within much cultural heritage. Within this spectrum lies our interest in Chicana consciousness that connects folklore, myth, spiritualism and folk belief. The underlying of such a thought embraces a holistic consciousness that lies within Chicana thought and writings. Along this paper, I am going to unfold the aspects of this holistic phenomenon in Chicana feminism through some examples of Chicana writings. Through the analysis of some examples of Gloria Anzaldua’s Borderlands/La Frontera as well as other Chicana feminist writers and thinkers I will use a feminist perspective that will reveal this holistic feminist consciousness more clearly. My aims, by the end of this scrutiny, are to come up to the conclusion that the holistic consciousness inherent in the Chicana writings and thought has to address the white Anglo American society and to deconstruct it from within. Chicana feminism is in itself a resistance tool against the mainstream culture and the Western ideals. https://ijels.com/detail/holistic-consciousness-in-chicana-feminist-thought/ Nadia Chtioui https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-107202221-Holistic.pdf The essay proposes to study Amish Tripathi’s Sita: Warrior of Mithila (2017) as a representative voice of Indian Feminism. More specifically, it will dwell on the author’s holistic and non-dualistic approach to feminism. My contention is that the concept of purush-prakriti harmony rooted in ancient Indian philosophy is one of the key concepts/ theories that distinguishes Indian feminism from Western theories of feminism. https://ijels.com/detail/indian-feminism-an-analysis-of-amish-tripathi-s-sita-warrior-of-mithila/ Anjali Tripathy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-107202226-Indian.pdf TikTok is very popular among the young and has become for many a mode of free and creative self-expression. Many people use Tiktok, but most users are teens, and it has become a celebrity start-off. If Tiktok uploads creative content and its viewers are entertained and earned many comments and reactions, this study aimed to determine the level of influence and engagement of Tiktok on the students of Surigao del Norte State University (formerly Surigao State College of Technology). Specifically, it looked into the frequency of the students viewing Tiktok. It deals also with the level of influence as to the content, quality, and music. And the level of engagement as to entertainment factor, viewer’s comment factor, and viewer’s reaction factor. This study used a descriptive research design. The 4th-year Bachelor of Arts in English Language students were the participants of the study. The data gathered was analyzed using the following statistical tools: frequency count and percentage distribution, mean and standard deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Based on the results of the study, Tiktok was very influential to the SNSU students. It also revealed that Tiktok had a significant relationship with the students which means Tiktok was influential and engaging. It is recommended that guidelines on using social media, particularly the use of Tiktok should be crafted and implemented through a school campaign spearheaded by the Student Government Council. https://ijels.com/detail/tiktok-on-snsu-students-engagement-and-influence/ Kristopher M. Ngilangil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-107202228-Tiktok.pdf The present paper is an attempt to discuss the postcolonial women writers of India like Shashi Deshpande and Kamala Markandaya belonging to two different decades and significantly projecting the quest of ‘self’ by their women characters in terms of pre-set social institution. This perennial expedition of women for their identity in the male-chauvinistic society is not restrained to India, but traverses across the world. The unending struggle of women to opt between the idealised womanhood by the society and the ‘self’ has been astoundingly dealt by Despande in Roots and Shadows and Markandaya in Nectar in A Sieve. The discussion is majorly concentrated on the role of the idealised womanhood as a barrier in the quest of identity and surpassing the hurdle to achieve one. https://ijels.com/detail/persistent-pursuit-for-self-a-study-of-shashi-deshpande-s-in-roots-and-shadows-and-kamala-markandaya-nectar-in-a-sieve/ Shivani Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-10820225-Persistent.pdf Cat’s Eye by Margaret Atwood is a story about female friendships, childhood bullying, and the way our past almost always follows us into our present. The paper aimed to explore protagonist Elaine Risley’s unresolved childhood trauma and abuse, and whether certain counselling techniques could have helped, with a focus on inner child work. The paper thus attempted to draw parallels between Elaine’s life and the possibility of inner child work in therapy. It also tried to address the problems that might arise during the process, the foremost of it being lack of initiative. The paper serves as a possibility of understanding real world individuals and their early childhood trauma through the hypothetical presence of a fictional character, Elaine Risley, in the therapy room. https://ijels.com/detail/tracing-childhood-trauma-bullying-and-abuse-in-margaret-atwood-s-cat-s-eye-could-elaine-risley-be-helped-by-inner-child-work/ Priyambada Kashyap https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-107202224-Tracing.pdf The cultural market is a market for specific goods in the field of ideological culture. The birth and development of the cultural market in Vietnam are also later than that of other countries in the world. Cultural products and services are special goods that meet the cultural and spiritual needs of people. In addition to the market role in the socio-economic development of the country, the cultural market also plays an important role in comprehensive human development in the context of Vietnam's current international integration. Therefore, the content of cultural market management needs to be properly identified, enough to enhance the effectiveness of state management and promote the cultural market to develop in the right direction to meet the cultural and spiritual needs of the whole world society. https://ijels.com/detail/solutions-to-develop-the-cultural-market-in-the-context-of-integration/ Phung Thi Thuy Phuong https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25Phung Thi Thuy Phuong (IJELS)-Solutions.pdf The remains of stone material in religious architectures in Thanh Hoa are relatively significant today, scattered in temples, mausoleums, and ancient citadels. However, stone worshiping objects account for a small number compared to relics such as horse statues, elephant statues, tiger statues, animal spirits, and human statues and are in danger of being lost or destroyed. Researching stone worshiping objects in religious relics to get an overview of one of the special types of relics as well as propose some necessary measures to preserve and promote their values properly. cultural property left by our forefathers. https://ijels.com/detail/stone-material-is-always-in-thanh-hoa/ Pham Van Thang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26Pham Van Thang (IJELS)-Stone.pdf Considering the school administrators’ styles of communicating, teachers are influenced on how to react and act when it comes to the accomplishment of school tasks that reflect the administrators’ leadership. This study aims to determine the impacts of school administrators’ communication styles on their leadership effectiveness. The data were obtained from a total of 233 qualified teachers and school administrators in the chosen public Junior High Schools in Congressional District IV of Nueva Ecija. With the use of descriptive-correlational method, it was found out that most of the school administrators in the chosen schools are Personal Communicators and Functional communicators. The higher level of personal communication and functional communication of the school administrators, the better the leadership effectiveness as to individual consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation and task completion among their subordinates. They tend to actualize transformational leadership in the workplace and to be more effective when it comes to their leadership. They should recognize the importance of how the teachers perceived their communication styles and leadership effectiveness so that they can be able to establish good relation and rapport with their teachers to ensure the accomplishment of the schools’ goals. https://ijels.com/detail/administrators-communication-styles-and-their-leadership-effectiveness-basis-for-a-proposed-enhancement-plan/ Divina V. Quiroz, Dr. Fhrizz S. De Jesus https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-107202234-Administrators.pdf Man as a generic being has always believed that there was to more to the physical world in which he exists. One of the phenomenon that has concretized this belief, is the ability of certain people, regardless of sex or age to manifest powers beyond the ability of the five senses. In most primitive societies, these people have always been regarded as special. They are readily used in their communities as mediums between this physical world and the spirit world. However, not all of such power holders were considered beneficial as a result of carrying out unwholesome activities that were considered evil for example, witches. These, were many times, feared and ostracised. In modern times, these power holders have lost the glitz and attention they enjoyed in the African traditional religion. They have practically gone under. Without the direct scrutiny of the society which would include the Government, religious bodies, or the police, they are now left to themselves to choose whatever they wanted to do with their powers. In this work, we are able to follow the activities of these power holders as they decide whether to use these powers, to benefit their world, or cause more chaos. We then come to the startling conclusion that it is not the supernatural power or any other kind of power itself that has potential evil but the power holders themselves who driven by power, survival, fear or love can use such uncanny powers for good or evil. https://ijels.com/detail/extrasensory-perception-as-an-instrument-for-good-or-evil-a-study-of-royver-s-i-see-things-others-do-not-see-and-the-claw-the-tail-and-the-cross/ Isaac- Agbontai Etunim Catherine https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-107202227-Extrasensory.pdf About 1.7 billion children suffer from diarrhea and diarrhea causes 525,000 toddlers died each year. In 2021 diarrhea in toddlers as much as 34.2% of 357 cases of diarrhea, and in the work area of Ambal 1health center for the last 3 years cases of diarrhea in toddlers have not shown a decrease The purpose of this study was to determine the association between environmental factors and the incidence of diarrhea in toddler in the working area of Ambal I Health Center in 2022. This type of research was analytic observational with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were toddlers aged 12-59 months who lived in the working area of Ambal I Health Center, Ambal District, Kebumen Regency in 2022. The number of samples taken was 67 samples using the proportional random sampling method. The association test was carried out using the Chi-Square test. The results of this study indicate that there were no significant association between clean water sources (p=0.220), faecal disposal facilities (p=0.717), waste water disposal facilities (p=0.103), waste disposal facilities (p=0.683) and the type of floor of the house (p=0.610) with the incidence of diarrhea in toddler. Environmental factors are not related to the incidence of toddler diarrhea in the working area of Ambal I Health Center, Kebumen ,Center of Java, Indonesia in 2022. https://ijels.com/detail/association-between-environmental-factors-and-incidence-of-diarrhea-among-toddlers-in-the-working-area-of-ambal-i-health-center-kebumen-center-of-java-indonesia/ Nadhirotun Hasanah, Onny Setiani, Sulistiyani Sulistiyani* https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-107202229-Association.pdf The main goal of the research encompasses learner autonomy or learner-centered learning. The majority of teachers employ traditional teaching methods and teacher-centered classroom practices. The shift of conventional methods of instruction into self-directed learning or interactional techniques, Therefore, first and foremost, teachers' roles need to be changed as managers, supervisors, resource persons, and counsellors. This will enhance independent learning among students by encouraging collaboration, coordination, and a strong bond between learners and teachers. There are several affective factors to consider, such as family, institutional expectations, a lack of background circumstance, a lack of strategic involvement, logistical limitations, assessment pressure, and so forth. Data gathered from fifty teachers for the study was analysed in order to find teachers' perspectives on how to support and promote autonomous learning in their classrooms. Moreover, the findings showed that institutional norms and a lack of teaching strategies hindered learner autonomy. In addition, the teachers suggested approaches to improve their professional development programmes to conduct, which can improve their own qualities as teachers and also help to develop the learner's autonomy. Evidently, it supports teachers and students to promote an independent learning process. https://ijels.com/detail/teachers-multiple-role-promoting-learners-autonomy-in-communication-skills/ D. S. Meenambal, Dr. S. Meenakshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-10820227-Teachers.pdf Social Impact Analysis is one of the most essential parts of project implementation. Disagreements and change in time, design, and budget of project implementation at the time of construction in Papua New Guinea were mostly occur due to the influence from the past and delay of compensations in the project. This research was carried out in the Highlands Highway of Papua New Guinea to classify and to assess the impact of social and cultural factors on the implementation of road project. In this study local people were participated through in-depth interview. In addition, archival review from the road authority documentation was carried out to support the findings. The analysis result show that history of land acquisition, historical claim for un-purchased land, natural disasters, maintenances, road diversions, encroachment on the road corridor, and land disputes are the main factors influence to the project implementation. To mitigate the delay of project implementation, the sponsors should assist center Government as well as local Government to develop an action plan for dealing with the problems existed at sites. https://ijels.com/detail/social-impact-analysis-on-road-construction-project-in-papua-new-guinea-a-case-of-highlands-highway/ Nguyen Thu Ha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-107202236-SocialImpact.pdf The present study is an attempt to look for the problems of utilizing the same words with different meanings in various situations to express different attitudes by non-native leaners of English language. The researcher has provided some examples about the everyday life throughout this article by referring to their different positive and negative and even neutral meanings. In addition, the researcher tries to explain some reasons which affect the difference between the surface and the intended meanings of words according to their usages in different situations. https://ijels.com/detail/the-hurdles-of-denotation-and-connotation-to-non-native-english-learners/ Dina Mohammed Salman https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-108202221-TheHurdles.pdf Modern theatre in India comprises mainly of English, Hindi, Marathi and Hinglish (comprising of a mix of Hindi and English dialogues) plays. English theatre was brought to India during the British rule and was watched mostly by art connoisseurs of the rich, upper class. This, however, changed after independence, as, many Indians entered the fray and theatre slowly became open for common people too. The post-independence Indian English drama is notable for a wide range of subjects treated, issues presented and also it takes into its compass some globally appealing issues. It displays a remarkable growth and maturity. Mahesh Dattani is a dynamic dramatist, a professional Baratnatyam dancer, a drama teacher, a stage director, and an actor. A person, who has touched almost every aspect of the theatre and has received the first ‘SahityaAkadami Award’ (1998) for writing in English, he is rightly called the successor of Girish Karnad for his innovations in dialogue writing, pragmatic stage decorations, light arrangements, etc. One of his major contributions is that he has infused actability into Indian drama in English. It seems that, all the limitations, which in a way marred the beauty of Indian English theatre down the decades, are finally overcome. As Reena Mitra observes, ‘Dattani confidently challenges the traditional denotations and connotations of the words’ India’ and ‘Indians’.1 What makes his plays ‘performance oriented’ are his dramatic techniques. The paper intends to focus upon the aspects which make his drama stand out. https://ijels.com/detail/performative-aspects-of-mahesh-dattani-s-plays/ Ms. Dimple D. Mapari, Shankarlal Khandelwal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-107202217-Performative.pdf Eco-feminists believe strongly that nature and women have a bond as they share patriarchal oppression. Social-feminists differ from Eco-feminists in that Eco-feminism focuses on the role of gender in political economy. Eco-feminism emerged during the second wave of feminism in the United States between the 1970s and 1980s. Women perceive an interrelationship between classism, sexism, racism and environmental damage. Just as feminists struggled to eradicate gender discrimination, there is a need to overcome the challenges that climatic change has on humanity. Human oppression is linked with the exploitation of nature, hence it is considered a feminist issue. Eco-feminism uses the basic tenets of feminism to achieve equality between genders. Eco-feminists are of the idea that nature has to be maintained with mutual care and co-operation. Eco-feminism is an academic and activist movement which tries to eliminate exploitation of nature by human beings and any kind of exploitation of any kind. Some contemporary Indian novelists not only investigate female oppression, but also the biological, psychological, and social environment. Arundathi Roy is a contemporary Indian English writer who is acclaimed as a political activist and eco-feminist writer. In this paper, an attempt is made to unravel the demise of some birds and animals due to unethical modernization through scientific technology and also through re-habitation in Roy’s second novel, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. This paper also traces how embracing nature can change the issues of gender as well. https://ijels.com/detail/eco-feminism-in-arundathi-roy-s-the-ministry-of-utmost-happiness-a-critique/ Bandisula Dasthagiri, Dr. Ankanna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-10820226-Eco-Feminism.pdf Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) by Tennessee Williams is a play about the Pollitt family of the Mississippi Delta and the lies and uncertainty in the family relationships surfacing due to the fight for the land which leads all the characters trapped in human extremities of emotions and isolation. This research paper explores the important themes of Homophobia and Sexual Repression along with the messed-up family relationships leading to human isolation and psychological implications for each member of the family. https://ijels.com/detail/homophobia-and-family-leading-to-isolation-in-tennessee-williams-cat-on-a-hot-tin-roof/ Poorva Karamchandani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-10820224-Homophobia.pdf Indian Poetry in English by women writers has been giving birth to several issues related to feminism. These poets are trying to express their long-suppressed voice through these issues. However, in most cases they are posting their fight against patriarchy. Patriarchy, as a male dominated social system, always seems hostile to the liberation of women by suppressing their identity. Modern women poets are successful in disturbing this traditional mindset. My paper will try to focus on another perspective of this issue where ‘father’ is supposed to be the agent of patriarchal domination. I’ve tried to analyze some poems by Indian women poets in English who have incorporated ‘father’ as a character in their poems in order to expose male domination. And it is not surprising to notice that several women poets are linked by the same issue as they are a part of same social system. https://ijels.com/detail/the-rule-of-father-a-study-of-father-daughter-relationship-in-select-poems-of-indian-poetry-in-english/ Dr. Santanu Saha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-108202210-TheRule.pdf When Disability theory was formulated, the thinkers hadn’t imagined that their idea would intersect with multiple other concepts and themes; for example, Racial theory, then Feminism, Queer and LGTB. The disability theory originated on the western frontier, but its application requires contextualization and localization. This is the reason why, in the case of India, as a third-world country, needs multiple focus lenses for the applicability of disabled discourse; Dalit discourse is one such lens on which disability discourse can be tested, extended, and improvised. We here try to link "Dalit" as an identity with a disability, to understand its cumulative effect on the Dalit person with a disability. We believe that by taking this approach, we can raise the missing questions and assist the disability discourse in addressing the marginalised and neglected issues. In our analysis, we would first define the Disability and Dalit as distinct entities, and highlight the ordeal and discrimination they face. Then, we would take a look at the life of a Dalit person in India living with a disability, as we have described their situation as doubly disadvantageous and miserable, with particular mention of women with disabilities. We examined Indian laws related to, and addressed the problems of, both identities, and the intersection they forget. In conclusion, we would try to justify the need to look into the intersection of the Dalit identity with a disability, to address the raised concern regarding policy formulation and awareness in civil society and academia. https://ijels.com/detail/interactive-effect-of-caste-and-disability-an-analysis/ Neelaksh Pithauria, Dr Susmita Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-108202226-Interactive.pdf The inherent nature of the graphic novel to engage with a wide range and number of recipients makes the Tintin Comics an immensely popular work of literature, being a popular example of European comics. A combination of Hergé’s personal political views, strict ideological instructions from initial publishers Le Petit Vingtième and the political landscape of Europe during the time the comics was written, paved the way for the political narrative of the series. A closer inspection of the diverse narratives of the series exposes a world-view of the creator and politically influenced character arcs of all the major members of the storyline. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the major aspects that governed European politics during the 20th Century and the effect the conflicts that several of these opposing ideologies had on the continent and the world. This paper also discusses the way the Tintin comics, in concern with the themes of imperialism and colonialism, communism, totalitarianism (fascism and dictatorships) and anti-Americanism through relatable characterisation of worldly issues that struck a chord with the readers, regardless of age and generation. https://ijels.com/detail/political-discourse-and-ideological-polarisation-in-the-narrative-of-the-tintin-comics/ Abhay Shetty https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-10820221-Political.pdf As a part of China's international discourse system, the international discourse system of Chinese literature is of great significance to eliminate cultural misreading, reduce cultural misappropriation, deepen cultural cognition and reshape China's image. To construct the international discourse system of Chinese literature, we must translate and introduce Chinese literary classics properly at first. Song Ci is a literary classic with Chinese characteristics; thus, many experts and scholars devote themselves to discussing the translation methods of Song Ci from the aspects of form and sense. However, they, to a certain extent, ignore the national cultural spirit embodied in Song Ci. This paper discusses the translation methods of Song Ci from the perspective of constructing the international discourse system of Chinese literature. It aims at spreading the real value and cultural significance of Song Ci and looking for the translation methods of Song Ci that are more suitable for the international community and more beneficial to the dissemination of Chinese culture. https://ijels.com/detail/english-translation-of-song-ci-and-the-construction-of-the-international-discourse-system-for-chinese-literature/ Zhou Mingjing, Wang Feng https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-108202220-English.pdf The translation is essential to communicate the meaning of one language into another without disturbing the originally felt emotions. It has been noticed that translation has always been primary to Indian literature, and especially Indian English literature. Encouraging translation talent in India is also a relatively new and interesting space. Since the vernacular writings have been translated into English, it’s getting easier for the audiences to understand the point of view of the writers. It is the strength of this vernacular pen that makes writings so dynamic in Indian languages. In the Indian context translation to English is also an act of harmony as it brings voices of protest and those of the subaltern as well, to the advantaged and the powerful challenging them in their space. This research will focus on Marathi subaltern writings translated into English and their impact on the readers, especially the literature created by Dalits (formerly referred to as Untouchables), one of the most exploited and silenced communities in India. https://ijels.com/detail/modern-indian-literature-in-translation/ Sonika Khokhar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-108202254-Modern.pdf The study aims to place in critical perspective Dickinson’s non-heteronormative stance, adopted in selected love-poems – To Own a Susan, Title Divine is Mine, Her Breast is fit for Pearls, among others. Her cloistered life dictated by 19th century New England’s restrictive culture, together with self-imposed isolation from contemporary society, segregated her considerably. Denying the institution of marriage and consummation, she defies domination by custodians of hegemonic masculinity: such is her unambiguous proclamation of resisting docile divinity, that reduces women to positions of choiceless-ness, material and emotional subjugation. Dickinson’s letters reveal an ‘otherness,’ antithetical to age-old conceptions of Victorian Femininity. She refused to be contained by phallocentric norms, countering the ‘Angel in the Hearth’ stereotype and surpassing compulsory heterosexuality. These possibly never appealed to her psyche, sometimes revealing an extraordinary love for death – ushering in her existentialist crisis. Dickinson’s homoeroticism, being a crucial route to navigate a personality as multidimensional, anticipates 20th century Lesbian Existence. While critics examine her feminism, her erotic voice isn’t ignorable. Her impassioned, often controversial, partnership with Sue proves a direct subversion of archetypal choices invariably expected of women. The study shall probe into Dickinson’s experience and portrayal of lesbian identity within the politics of heterosexual culture. Dickinson’s “God” bears close proximity to a patriarch, who may not be violently dominant, but may reckon and revive narratives with the male-female binary unperturbed. The paper explores her treatment of ‘human body’ as a metaphor of transcendence from essentialist notions of heterosexual relations, while enquiring into circumstances behind the emergence of alternative gender ideologies and evolving survival strategies in staunchly patriarchal societies. https://ijels.com/detail/contextualising-dickinson-s-non-heteronormativity-in-verse-a-portrayal-of-otherness/ Atrija Ghosh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-108202223-Contextualising.pdf Communicatively, it is unexpected that an utterance has only an explicit meaning that the speaker intends to convey. Actually, each utterance in addition to explicit meaning conveys a meaning that the speaker intends to mean implicitly. This paper aims to limit the scope of implicitness shedding the light on its types and the reasons that lead the speaker to hide part of his/her meaning. Veurchueren’s model of types of implicit meaning (1999) is adopted to account for the analysis of the data which involve ten extracts taken from Surat (Al-Fajr) سورة الفجر, to be interpreted in terms of implicitness types and reasons. The data analysis is carried out qualitatively through satisfactory explanation and directed to quantitatively decipher them through percentages explicated by the table. This paper concludes that politeness and humor are the social aspects that are utilized to express implicitness and presupposition is the main tool to indicate implicitness. https://ijels.com/detail/pragmatic-analysis-of-implicitness-in-surat-al-fajr-in-the-glorious-quran/ Zainab Jalel Ibrahim Ali-Khan, Abbas Lutfi Hussien https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-108202235-Pragmatic.pdf There is quite a significant discourse on patriarchy and women identity in neo-colonial states. These studies border on dehumanization, victimization, and discrimination against women. Gender activists and women right advocates have been in the forefront of calls for recognition and protection of the rights of women in the African patriarchal society. The interventions recognize the African patriarchal structure, but the advocacy emphasizes the need to accord the female gender a pride of place in the sociocultural milieu. This study identified and analyzed lopsided societal treatment of the female gender in literary works of two African writers of different sociocultural backgrounds using Poststructuralist feminist theory. The study identified the societies reflected in the literary writings as representations of patriarchal societies that place the female gender in less favorable conditions; thus, making it subservient to the male gender. The study concluded that the female gender is disadvantaged in some African societies. The study recommends that all patriarchal societies need to accord the female gender respect and recognition in order to enhance their contribution to social and economic development of the society. https://ijels.com/detail/matrices-of-violence-a-post-structural-feminist-rendering-of-nawal-el-saadawi-s-woman-at-point-zero-and-lola-soneyin-s-the-secrets-of-baba-segi-s-wives/ Uzma Shafi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-108202256-Matrices.pdf The tourism sector is an opportunity for the community to create innovations to increase the economic capacity of the family. The uniqueness of an area if managed properly can become a new tourist destination for tourists. Such is the case with Jati Bali Village in West Ranomeeto District, South Konawe Regency. A village with unique potential with Balinese cultural characteristics, but located in the Southeast Sulawesi Region of Indonesia. In addition to its unique culture, in Jati Bali Village there is also a historical site in the form of a Dutch colonial heritage bunker. By Halu Oleo University, this area is used as a forum to devote knowledge to the community in the form of the KKN Tematik (Thematic Community Service Program). This program is held as an effort to foster collective awareness and community innovation power in the development of historical and cultural tourism to improve the economy. It was identified that the potential for historical and cultural tourism in Jati Bali Village apart from bunkers, there are also temples for worshiping Balinese Hindus, performing arts accompanied by gamelan music, as well as traditional Ngaben ceremonies which are still being maintained. Meanwhile, in terms of natural management, this village has agro-tourism potential with modern agriculture, because basically agriculture is the main source of income for the Jati Bali’s community, who originated to be transmigrants from Bali. The participatory approach is used as a method of assisting the community to prepare for the development of tourism objects in the village. Thus, the Thematic Community Service Program in the form of counseling, training, and empowerment based on historical and cultural tourism has become a strategy and effort for academics from Halu Oleo University to increase people's sources of income, especially the people of Jati Bali Village. https://ijels.com/detail/historical-and-cultural-tourism-development-model-in-improving-the-community-s-economy-in-the-jati-bali-village-west-ranomeeto-district-of-south-konawe-regency/ Syahrun, Lilik Rita Lindayani, Rahmat Sewa Suraya,, Abdul Alim, La Janu, Aswati, Alias, Arman https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-108202255-Historical.pdf Working women is not a recent phenomenon but in India they still face a bias and prejudice against them. This prejudice and stereotyping can also be traced into the works of literature. This paper aims to analyze the depiction of some of the working women’s characters in the early Indian English novels by R.K Narayan. It will try to throw light on the patriarchal ideology in the narration and projection of working women’s characters in the select novels. How women are often put under certain labels which work for patriarchy and specifically working women who do not conform to this ideology, have to face more social prejudices. This paper will examine these biased patterns which are prevalent in RK Narayan’s select novels. It will showcase how a working woman is perceived by the society and also how the writer deals with these patriarchal ideologies. https://ijels.com/detail/the-pattern-in-the-projection-of-working-women-in-r-k-narayan-s-the-dark-room-and-mr-sampath/ Jyoti Kumari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-108202237-ThePattern.pdf In the literary translation, translation of dialect becomes a topic that deserves a lot of attention, because dialect is endowed with distinctive national and regional cultural characteristics and frequently cause many difficulties in the translation process. Exploring dialect translation is of great significance for the translation of literature. This paper aims to make a comparative study of dialect translation in two English versions of The Divorce, a short novel written by Lu Xun, a prominent figure in the history of Chinese literature, so as to analyze translators’ translation styles and strategies, reveal the loss and gain of different translation methods and thus trigger more researches on the translation of non-standard literature dialect in novel translation. https://ijels.com/detail/a-comparative-study-of-dialect-translation-in-two-english-versions-of-the-divorce/ Liao Binyan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-108202215-AComparative.pdf The American author Dennis Lehane, published his masterpiece Shutter Island in 2003. In his psychological novel, alongside the thrilling themes of crime and crisis, a heavy undercurrent of power and punishment grabs reader's attention. From a literary philosophical side, Foucauldian notions of madness, “the composition of forces” upon the mentally disturbed patients, could captivate a critic’s attention. It is therefore, beneficial to analyze the Dissociative Personality Disorder of the protagonist of the novel. The present study aims to investigate “the composition of forces” in Shutter Island (2003) based on Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish (1975). Foucault in his book scrutinizes “the composition of forces,” how individuals and bodies are placed, and redirected in larger machines, like choosing good soldiers and training them for army. Among Foucault’s ideas, “the composition of forces” has been considered as one of the primary and essential tools of maintaining the disciplinary power. The study concludes that the main character of the novel shows resistance and denial through his process of treatment. In fact, his Dissociative Identity Disorder is a manifestation of the way he wants to escape from the superintending forces of the disciplinary power. https://ijels.com/detail/the-study-of-foucault-s-the-composition-of-forces-in-shutter-island-2003/ Shadi Jahandide, Zohre Taebi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-108202239-TheStudy.pdf Dattani’s plays deal with gender identity and gender discrimination. Society has imposed gender stereotypes on both men and women and when one does not accept or follow the roles decided for them there are ‘outcasts’ in the patriarchal world. In the play ‘Dance like a Man’, Jairaj and Ratna both with a common passion for dance are victims of Amritlal the patriarch of the family. Even after Amritlal’s demise Jairaj, his son cannot get rid of the expectations of his father which eventually leads him into depression and alcoholism. In contrast, Ratna at every stage cooperates with Amritlal for her benefit and pursues her passions till the end. Hegemonic masculinity norms can be traced to society’s pressure on women to be groomed and look desirable. This is the opposite of what’s seen in most animals where male species work on their looks to attract females. Ideas of hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity have directly resulted in the oppression of every gender for several centuries. Dattani’s Jairaj and Ratna have both suffered from patriarchy, subjugation, the quest for identity and the male gaze. The journey of both characters through all this has one the winner and the other the loser. One character fulfils its desires and wishes while the other merely participates under societal norms. This research paper attempts to analyze Mahesh Dattani’s ‘Dance like a Man ‘ from Judith Butler’s perspective of identity politics and gender performity. https://ijels.com/detail/scrutiny-of-mahesh-dattani-s-dance-in-dance-like-a-man-from-judith-butler-s-perspective/ Borkar S.A. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-108202252-Scrutiny.pdf Korean-American writer, filmmaker, and performance artist Theresa Hak Kyung Cha’s DICTEE, first published in 1982, is an avant-garde, multimedia work. Its key themes are exile and dislocation, primarily that of the Korean diaspora as its members navigate (post)colonial violence and trauma. This paper explores Cha’s usage of diverse and unconventional mediums — namely, uncaptioned images, fragmented prose, and letters, and how they contribute to the work’s exile effect. DICTEE, through its intentional lack of context, simulates an exile from familiarity. The symbolic erasure forces the reader to experience and understand the discomfort of those who are exiled from their homeland. The reader is faced with a choice: one can give up on trying to understand the text due to their discomfort with foreign language and references, or one can grapple with the exile effect and emerge from DICTEE having a greater understanding of the painful feeling of exile and capacity to empathize with those who experience it physically in their lives. Though Cha’s approach may perhaps be viewed as counterintuitive to the purpose of writing as dissemination of ideas to the mainstream, she is more interested in the maximum potential of a textual work to impact the reader. Readers who explore their discomfort rather than turn from it embrace the position of the exiled and shed light on what Cha obscures and evokes. https://ijels.com/detail/recreating-exile-multimedia-as-effecting-reader-destabilization-in-theresa-hak-kyung-cha-s-dictee/ Louise Suyeon Kim https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-108202238-Recreating.pdf Among the diasporic novelists of India, Kamala Markandaya (1924-2004) occupies a prominent place as being one of the founding figures of the tradition. When she started writing novels in the 1950s, the theme of hunger and degradation, East- West encounter, colonial politics and its effects on human relationships, rootlessness and alienation had already been dealt with by some Indian English Novelists, but her uniqueness lies in the fact that she provides an original approach, intimacy and poignancy to these issues. In all her novels, spanning three decades, the readers are impressed by her realistic presentation of life. It would not be wrong to say that as a sensitive person and an astute artist she was ahead of her times and wrote about issues, which the next generation of novelists took up later. https://ijels.com/detail/existential-despair-in-kamala-markandaya-s-nectar-in-a-sieve-a-study/ Dr Deeba Sarmad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-10820223-Existential.pdf Home and belonging have mostly been slippery in urban spaces especially for the poor. This is because it is difficult for the urban poor who due to unemployment and dwarfed wages fail to afford a habitable home. This issue has escalated in many African cities due to the rural-urban migrations in search for a better life. This essay explores these thematic issues of home and belonging in Chibundu Onuzo’s Welcome to Lagos. The essay argues that that urban life and experience renders home-making slippery and problematic in some of its inhabitants, especially the urban poor, hence instilling a feeling of alienation in them. https://ijels.com/detail/home-and-belonging-in-chibundu-onuzo-s-welcome-to-lagos/ Glory E. Nyasulu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-108202245-Home.pdf The notion of man is at the center of all human problems. Obviously, every philosophy, every religion, every culture, has to take up some position here because, all has a notion particular to them with regards to the notion of man. Thus, we shall in this work, bring out the Igbo notion of the human person—the most paradoxical of all realties. The foremost significance of this work is to respond to the need of a more documented idea on the concept of man as the centre of Igbo Ontological order through the philosophical analysis of the past and present experiences of the Igbo man in his universe; and by all means contribute to knowledge and scholarship by provoking more serious thought on this subject and serving as a meaningful point of reference for anyone who wishes to carry out further researches on the subject. Using the evaluative, analytic, historical and critical research methods, this research work advances the thesis that in Igbo world-view man is conceived as the centre of Igbo Ontological order. https://ijels.com/detail/the-centre-of-igbo-ontological-order-through-the-philosophical-analysis-of-the-past-and-present-experiences-of-the-igbo-man-in-his-universe/ Ignatius Nnaemeka Onwuatuegwu, Peter Chukwuebuka Obianika https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-108202251-TheCentre.pdf The major societal interests among the urban community at the moment represent a wide array of sustainable energy, climatic regulation, proper water use and sustainable production and consumption of renewable resources. As people migrate to urban areas, and more than half of the world population now live in cities, more pressure is put on the Water-Energy-Food-Waste (WEFW) systems. Devoid of plans for sustainable provision of WEFW services, cities may suffer water stress, starvation, load shedding and choked with waste. In this regard, among the dilemmas faced by urban managers is which methodologies would appropriately fix these problems and why. They can either (i) treat each of these problems individually or (ii) address them as one complex problem. This paper adopts the Automata Theory (AT) to explain how these options are affected by the nature of WEFW nexus, in what way the effects are transferred in the states and the opportunities and cautions from this nexus that affect the management of urban dynamics. A total of 16 articles analysing WEFW nexus and 20 articles covering interactions between WEFW elements were reviewed. Results show that the management of the interconnections between the WEFW elements contributes to either the realization or the breakdown of the urban systems. Empirical studies to establish resultant interactions between nexus sub-systems and developing integrated planning tools for inclusive policy processes that consider the vast array of this nexus in the current complex systems is fundamental. https://ijels.com/detail/automata-theory-in-the-wefw-nexus-experience-from-the-cities-in-the-global-south/ Kibet Tonui https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-108202249-Automata.pdf Arundhati Roy is one of the most noted Indian novelist, essayist and activist who mainly stresses on issues related to social justice and economic inequalities. She is the writer who has created ripples round the globe by her gripping write-ups. She has been rightly awarded and bestowed with honour for her daring effort. She stands as the most controversial author amongst the clutch of contemporary Indo-Anglian writers. My simple reason for choosing her work is that I vehemently feel the contemporary critics have failed in bringing forth her true identity as a sensitive writer. She is not a traitor but a ‘world denizen with humane concern’. Her novel ‘The God of Small Things’ has harboured huge worldwide literary attention for its unique writing style and sensational story line. It is acknowledged as a complex and diverse piece of writing that incorporates varied themes such as marriage, divorce, abuse, death, alienation, gender issue, class division and political and religious conflict. The present paper deals with the kaleidoscopic inter play of relationships in the male chauvinistic society, highlighting the dominant role of elderly women whose guidance and stringent norms ruin the life of the younger female generation. The story takes the readers in its stride and enwraps them in its roller coaster ride until breathless. https://ijels.com/detail/the-god-of-small-things-a-narrative-of-catastrophic-misogynistic-approach/ Dr. Darkhasha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-108202225-TheGod.pdf "One of the most naturally gifted dramatists to have come out of England since the war,”1 Harold Pinter has emerged as the most original theatre talent who gave fresh life to the British theatre in the second half of the twentieth century. He has achieved international recognition and has been hailed as “Britain’s best living playwright”2 of post-World War II period. In 2005, the Nobel Prize was conferred upon him for his contribution to drama. That he occupies the position of a modern classic is illustrated by his name entering the language as an adjective used to describe a particular atmosphere and environment in drama: ‘Pinteresque’. Pinter has been known for his experimentation and innovation in dramatic action and language. The Birthday Party (1957), The Caretaker (1960), The Homecoming (1965), No Man's Land (1975), and Betrayal (1978) are some of his best-known plays. The present paper undertakes to explore the language of only one of his plays – The Birthday Party. https://ijels.com/detail/language-as-an-arrow-and-a-shield-in-the-hands-of-harold-pinter-s-characters-a-study-of-the-play-the-birthday-party/ Dr. Meena Kumari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-108202219-Language.pdf Vijay Tendulkar, the frontline of Indian theatre, is well known for sensitising his audience and readers of the dogmas of this cultural society. The social order , once framed are discerning the women as the weaker sex and eventually trapping the rights levered in the name of social structure weaved by the myth. Though engrossed with a pack of Indian nobility , femininity portrayed in the myths like the Ramayana often show the fragility loaded in abundance in the female protagonist- Sita. Thus while portraying the character of Sarita, Tendulkar intentionally or naively has brought out the character of Sita to the view of his audience. This research article is an attempt to bring out the magnetized but feebly tabulated character of Sarita by Vijay Tendulkar in his play Kamala. https://ijels.com/detail/revisiting-sarita-as-sita-a-comparative-study-of-vijay-tendulkar-s-kamala/ Dr. M. Gayatri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-108202224-Revisiting.pdf Today situation in colleges, students from rural areas suffered a lot for learning English as second Language Since most of the students are first generation learners, English language seems to be an alien to them. Our examination system is such that it makes students rote memorization rather than testing their analytical and creative skills. Acquisition of mother tongue is natural phenomenon but learning of secondary language can be hampered by social, cultural background and level of awareness of students. Task Based activities are set up with social situations so that students can have meaningful discussions with one another. Group work is the indispensable Task-Based Learning, this type of classroom arrangement creates a completely different atmosphere from that of a traditional teacher centered class, Task-Based Language Teaching is successful in developing the speaking skills of learners. It has been accepted as an effective Language Teaching Methodology for developing the purpose driven communicative language which is built around the use of real-world tasks. Present paper focuses on the problem of rural student by analyzing critical factors and the methodology to follow for the rural students. https://ijels.com/detail/strategies-for-english-as-the-second-language-for-rural-students-a-task-based-approach/ Dr. R. Annam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-108202229-Strategies.pdf This paper offers a detailed and interpretative reading of “The Pagan School,” the first chapter of Roberto Calasso’s Literature and the Gods (2001), a book that originated as a series of lectures at Oxford University and was later transcribed into prose. The chapter begins with Calasso’s striking assertion that “The gods are the fugitive guests of literature” (3), a statement that encapsulates his lifelong meditation on myth, ritual, and their transformations in modernity. This paper analyses how Calasso’s argument reframes literature as a site of displaced ritual, where the divine persists not as a stable theological presence but as an intermittent visitation. By focusing exclusively on this chapter, the paper traces Calasso’s exploration of the sacrificial origins of literature, the ancient Greek understanding of theos, the nineteenth-century Oriental revival, Baudelaire’s École païenne, and the shift from cultic ritual to the solitary act of reading as the last vestige of divine communion. Drawing upon additional scholarship from Catherine Bell, Walter Benjamin, Jonathan Z. Smith, and David Jasper, the paper situate Calasso’s reflections within a broader discourse that links mythopoetic imagination, ritual theory, and literary modernism. This reading suggests that the first chapter is not merely introductory but programmatic, laying out Calasso’s argument that literature has become the final sanctuary of gods—now fragmented, ironic, and “fugitive,” yet still irreducibly present in texts. https://ijels.com/detail/fugitive-guests-of-literature-re-reading-the-first-chapter-of-calasso-s-literature-and-the-gods/ Dr. Saurav Bhattacharyya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-105202226-Fugitive.pdf The study explores how different aspects of a student's environment shape their ability to learn English language in Higher Education Institutions (HEls) in Haryana. A survey of 445 undergraduates provided insights into four key areas: physical environment, socio-cultural attitudes, family influence, and teacher support. The results exhibit that well ventilated and lit classrooms and libraries stocked with relevant books encourage learning, while language labs and peer conversations in English remain a matter of concern. Social acceptance of English and family encouragement, such as sending children to English-medium schools, play a strong role in motivating learners. Teachers too make a noteworthy difference by creating supportive and engaging classrooms. Interestingly, female students reported greater family and cultural support than their male counterparts. Overall, the study highlights that language learning thrives when all these elements work together to create a positive ecosystem for English education. https://ijels.com/detail/influence-of-environment-on-learning-english-language-in-heis-in-india/ Dr. Geeta Gupta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-105202299-Influence.pdf The rapid advancement of information and communication technologies has significantly transformed the nature and scope of criminal activities in India, leading to the emergence of cybercrime as a major challenge to the criminal justice system. Unlike traditional offences, cybercrimes are often committed across virtual platforms without a physical presence, thereby complicating issues of jurisdiction, liability, and evidence. The increasing use of digital communication and online transactions has increased individuals' and organisations' vulnerability to cyber threats such as identity theft, online fraud, and data breaches. This study examines the changing dimensions of criminal jurisprudence in response to cybercrime and evaluates the adequacy of existing legal frameworks in addressing technologically driven offences. It further highlights the need for legal reforms, digital forensic mechanisms, and effective policy interventions to ensure accountability and safeguard individual rights in the evolving digital environment. https://ijels.com/detail/cybercrime-and-the-changing-scope-of-criminal-jurisprudence-in-india/ Meenakshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-105202291-Cybercrime.pdf