https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usApril 8 The study has dealt with the concept of social responsibility and public relations with workers in industrial enterprises and its role in the direction of the consumer and society (employees, consumers, environment, society). Also, identifying the ordered sequence of the study elements. The researcher used individual interviews and the descriptive analytical method in his study in order to reach the most accurate results for the elements of the study, which is that the reality of social responsibility for public relations, the trend of factory workers, happened On the average arithmetic weight (60.1%), and the reality of social responsibility for relationships. The general consumer trend (66.5%), as for the social responsibility of public relations towards the community environment, it got an arithmetic average weight (37%), and finally the social responsibility component of public relations got the community orientation, an arithmetic percentage weight (21.75%). By looking at the final result of all the weights of the paragraphs, it was found that the factory (Abu Ghraib) exercises the tasks of social responsibility towards (workers, consumers, environment, society) with a percentage weight of (46.33). The researcher came up with a number of recommendations and suggestions for the study. https://ijels.com/detail/social-responsibility-for-public-relations-in-industrial-institutions-case-study/ Hani Ahmed Yonis https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-10920229-SocialResponsibility.pdf This paper studied tone on Kinguu infinitive verbs; the study was guided by three objectives which were to describe tone in simple infinitive verbs, to describe tone in complex infinitive verbs and to establish tonological rules which govern tone assignment in Kinguu infinitives. The infinitives were studied in isolation and the study used the Autosegmental theory which was introduced by GoldSmith 1976. The method used in data collection was person interview of which the researcher guided the informants on the prepared corpus of Kiswahili infinitives to be pronounced in Kinguu by the Kinguu speakers,and then the pronunciations were recorded for marking tone. The main behavior observed in Kinguuinfinitive tones is that there is High tone spread, shifting and penultimate back hopping. https://ijels.com/detail/the-study-of-tone-in-kinguu-infinitive-verbs/ Bakari Chongowe, Dr. Joseph Hokororo Ismail https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-103202210-TheStudy.pdf Theories of Second Language Acquisition view learning differently and see errors from different perspectives. Based on these views, different implications and recommendations have been made for practitioners (students, teachers, textbook writers and syllabus designers) and researchers. This paper aims to highlight the theoretical debate about error and written corrective feedback basically in Second Language Acquisition and composition studies. This analytical review shows that there are different perspectives of error and written feedback. Such a review can serve as solid background for practitioners and researchers willing to embark on empirical studies on issues related to feedback and errors in particular and language learning in general. https://ijels.com/detail/perspectives-on-error-and-written-corrective-feedback-in-second-language-acquisition-and-composition-studies/ Belmekki Lahcen, Belmekki Mahmoud https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-102202214-Perspectives.pdf In the present-day context of political instability and growing fear of terrorism, renewed scholarly interest in aspects like nationalism, ethnic assertion, religious fundamentalism is clearly discernible. The rising xenophobia of West, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, is not restricted to the white culture now, but has enormously inspired the jingoistic tendencies across the world. The belligerent nationalism that follows has seized the popular mind finding manifold expressions in forms of popular culture. Movies, music, television series, web series catering to the chauvinist taste of the audience not only has greater prospect of commercial success, but their role in the formation of the ‘imagined communities’ render them much more socially and politically influential than their counterparts. So far as India is concerned, the perpetual hostility between India and its neighbouring country Pakistan has provided thematic content for many genres of popular culture, particularly Bollywood movies, since Partition. Aditya Dhar’s Uri: the Surgical Strike (2019) is such a movie, appealing to the nationalist sentiments of Indian audience of India and overseas, that has ranked fifth among the highest grossing Bollywood films of 2019 with its box office collection of over 49 million USD within seven weeks of its release. The fact that it is the dramatised version of a supposedly true event has evidently contributed to its immense popularity. This paper aims to critically analyze the movie as a cultural artefact and explore how contemporary Bollywood movies play a significant part in inculcating ‘nationalism’ in Indian audience by naturalizing the imagined commonalities among heterogeneous subjects through the projection of a common identifiable enemy. Reading the cinematic text as a cultural ISA, as Althusser has termed it, this paper is an attempt to decode this politics of nationalism in terms of contemporary Bollywood cinema. https://ijels.com/detail/contemporary-bollywood-cinema-and-politics-of-nationalism-a-critical-analysis-of-aditya-dhar-s-uri-the-surgical-strike/ Suswagata Chowdhury https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-102202245-Contemporary.pdf Thirty years have already passed ever since the Kashmir Pandits were driven out of the valley. The high tide of militancy in the valley in 1989-90 made life difficult for the Pandits to migrate to Jammu. To escape the militancy-related aggression, they found their destiny cramped in makeshift tents in different refugee camps and later in the govt-given one room tenements (ORTs) at the outskirts of Jammu. Being an enterprising community many Pandits gradually reorganized themselves exercising their unique existential grit the 'courage to be'. The abrogation of Article 370 in 2019 by the current ruling dispensation at the centreseems to have engendered some hope of possible return for the Pandits to rebuild their deserted houses in the valley. But the growing resentment in the valley over the removal of Article 370, curfews, seizure of communication, prolonged lockdown for covid pandemic and poor economy and its angry political leadership and their Gupkar confederacy and the bouts of militancy complicate the environment appearing antithetical to possible resettlement of the Pandits in the valley. Therefore, this article examines the causality and the consequences of the event of mass migration of the Kashmir Pandits from the valley in 1989-90, and the Pandit destiny being refugees locked in the camps and later ORTs at the outskirts of Jammu, and the Pandit aspiration of return as they hold the right to return and exercise their autochthonous claim, and the need for an inter-community dialogue for peaceful coexistence. https://ijels.com/detail/kashmir-pandits-militancy-migration-and-the-question-of-resettlement/ Chandan Kumar Panda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-10320224-Kashmir.pdf This paper will run the eye over racism and the way in which it revolves round in Lessing’s narratives. It will also share the movements of racial war, which begin from Africa and then spread all over Europe. However, white government in which they prohibited from participating ruled the Africans. It was only the whites that were allowed voting and electing the leaders for Rhodesia. Evidently, racism in Southern Rhodesia had more of a systematic cause as its roots lay in powerful combination of ideology. Doris Lessing had to escape the society based on unequal opportunities thus, in 1949; she left Rhodesia and moved to England. It is important to note that; Although Doris Lessing has lived in England since 1949, she is considered an African author because the twenty-five years she spent growing up on a small farm in what was then Southern Rhodesia had such an impact on her writing. (Sizemore 282) Doris May Lessing, the victim of post-war racial exploitation, has have her individual opinion about the particular movement of racism in the post-war era. She performed her duty less as a writer and more as an architect. In fact, Lessing offers a harsh comment of the prejudicial attitudes, which maintain inequalities of the racist-oriented society. As a woman writer, she writes about her diverse culture which encourages her to create the literary work for diverse purpose thus she achieve liberating goals. It is evident how racism in Southern Rhodesia has more of a systematic cause as its roots lay in a powerful combination of ideology. Therefore, that it is necessary to define the word ‘Racism’ literally. Racism is a word that touches human basic sense of right and wrong and arouses strong emotions in them. It is a word, which is applied is only to action by people who hold and use economic and political power to control or oppress another racial group. Different people have the different opinion about racism. This concept includes so many other thoughts along with its main doctrine. Conceptually, Racism is an ideology; a doctrine that calls for supports for the domination or oppression of one race by another. https://ijels.com/detail/racial-explosion-in-post-war-era-in-aspect-of-doris-lessing-s-narratives/ Dr. Priyanka Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-102202226-Racial.pdf Based on the theory of translator behavior criticism, this paper takes the English translation of Su Shi's Song ci poetry as the object of study and compares Xu Yuanchong's translation with that of Burton Watson. With the help of seven poetry translation strategies (phonemic translation, literal translation, metrical translation, poetry into prose, rhymed translation, blank verse translation and interpretation) as summarized by André Lefevere, a "truth-seeking-beauty-attaining" continuum evaluation model is established to compare and analyze the translators' tendency to choose translation strategies in order to reproduce the scenes and emotions in Song ci poetry. By applying the theory of translator behavior criticism to the choice of translator, we point out that the translation of Song ci poetry should not only express the meaning of the original text but, more importantly, reflect the cultural meaning and beauty of the poems. https://ijels.com/detail/a-comparison-of-english-translations-of-su-shi-s-song-ci-poetry-under-the-truth-seeking-beauty-attaining-translator-behavior-continuum-xu-s-and-watson-s-translations-as-examples/ Deng Shuang, Wang Feng https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-10320222-AComparison.pdf A killer is someone who murders at least two people in separate events that occur at different times. Pointing the killers in any gruesome killing may take a long time especially if the investigators conducting the investigation are not doing well. Even up to this time there are unsolved killings in the country and justice is elusive to serve or yet too long to achieve. This study analyzes the search for justice on the serial killing of the “novel, Smaller and Smaller Circles by F.H Batacan.” Specifically, it investigates the elements of characters, symbols, and conflict. It uses Qualitative Method. The findings revealed that the attitude of the national investigators is thwarted with rivalry; identified symbols are manifestations of how the gruesome killing happened: heart, face, genitals, and knife. The conflict is man vs man in which rivalry to get career advancement is also revealed. It is concluded that national government investigators are inept to solve murder cases where the search for justice is too slow and elusive. A phenomenology study on lived experiences of the victim’s family shall further be ascertained in order to know their predicaments. https://ijels.com/detail/cold-case-on-serial-killings-in-f-h-batacan-s-smaller-and-smaller-circles/ Kristopher M. Ngilangil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-102202243-Cold-Case.pdf This research paper entitled Genocide Women Survivors Empowerment in the Rwanda Post 1994 Genocide Against Tutsi: Case study of AVEGA-AGAHOZO Women Survivors of Nyange Sector, Ngororero District (2015-2019)was aiming at answering the question such as: Did women empowerment contribute to the improvement of life conditions of women survivors of the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi living in Nyange Sector of Ngororero District during the period of 2015-2019? In fact, AVEGA–AGAHOZO is a French acronym name (Association des Veuves du Genocide/Genocide Widows Association) established in 1995 to rehabilitate and to support widows, in the aftermath of the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda. The study has used both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data have been collected from a sample of 61 respondents by using questionnaire, interview, observation as well as the desk review to track information from existing relevant researches on the topic under study. The results from the field have shown that almost 80% of the 1994 Genocide widows of AVEGA-AGAHOZO have improved their self-empowerment such as increasing household management skills and media access, health cares, capability of choice in managing life, income generating activities, self-help initiatives, existence of friendly social networks, and active participation in local community life, to name a few. As the findings have shown above, despite their pain and struggles,AVEGA members succeed well to work tirelessly, to support each other, urging themselves to consolidate and increase their gains in the matter of self-empowerment. However, one of the major challenges AVEGA widows faced was the persistent genocidal ideology within some few Rwandans. This study recommends further researches such as: to assess the impact of genocidal ideology on the women survivors of the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda; and to evaluate the impact of strengthened social networks on the women survivors of the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda. https://ijels.com/detail/genocide-women-survivors-empowerment-in-the-rwanda-post-1994-genocide-against-tutsi-case-study-of-avega-agahozo-women-survivors-of-nyange-sector-ngororero-district-2015-2019/ Innocent Rutsibuka https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-103202219-Genocide.pdf The research was dealing with the topic entitled Contribution of “Umugoroba w’Ababyeyi” Programme (UAP) or Parents’ Sunset Meeting to the Reduction of Family Conflicts in Rwanda: Case Study of Cyanika Sector in Nyamagabe District (2016-2019). This period of time has been chosen following two major reasons. Firstly, a 4-year implementation of “Umugoroba w’Ababyeyi” Programme was long enough to record meaningful results within this local community. Secondly, to investigate into the recent results of UAP in the field under study. The study has intended to answer the research question like: Did “Umugoroba w’Ababyeyi” Programme (UAP) or Parents’ Sunset Meeting contribute to the reduction of family conflicts in Cyanika Sector of Nyamagabe District during the period of 2016-2019. This study is both quantitative and qualitative approaches and data from the sample of 99 respondents have been collected by using questionnaire, interview as well as the literature review to track information from existing relevant researches related to the topic under study. According to 73% up to 91% respondents the major causes of family conflicts in the study area were, among others: lack of frank and regular face-to-face communication between the couples, financial issues, conjugal infidelity, mismanagement of family material property, and parental roles-related issues. In addition, a vast range of 36% up to 92% respondents have pointed out some major consequences of family conflicts like: wasting family resources, conjugal infidelity, lack of trustfulness and confidentiality , teenage pregnancies and delinquency in children, sexual transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS contamination, imprisonment, low school performance, school dropout, and increased absenteeism in children. Furthermore, a high range of 81% to 99% respondents have recognized some major outcomes of “Umugoroba w’ Ababyeyi” Programme (UAP) such as: Creation of favorable conditions for sharing family experiences, achieving reconciliation and unity in many conflicting families, organizing a regular follow-up to support the families recently reconciled, visiting and advising in confidentiality families still in conflict, and discussing different topics related to the socio-economic development in their local community such as: domestic violence, teenage pregnancies, children abuse, school dropout, creation of cooperatives or self-help groups. However, a very significant range of 78% up to 97% respondents have indicated some important challenges impeding UAP like moderate participation of the Village members in the meeting, repeated individual absences due to job constraints, lack of financial means and logistic challenges and resistance to change in many parents still supporting traditional patriarchal attitudes. And the study recommends further researches like: Contribution of increased participation of local community members in enhancing improved outcomes of UAP; and impact of well-designed sensitization approaches on reducing the resistance to social change within the rural local community. https://ijels.com/detail/contribution-of-umugoroba-w-ababyeyi-programme-uap-or-parents-sunset-meeting-to-the-reduction-of-family-conflicts-in-rwanda-case-study-of-cyanika-sector-nyamagabe-district-2016-2019/ Théoneste Nsabimana, Innocent Rutsibuka https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-103202218-Contribution.pdf Displacement is a part of human experience. The displaced communities often live on the margins and preoccupied with the elements of nostalgia. The concept of alienation is inevitable in immigrants life because his journey is from rootlessness to selfhood and to self -realization. The voice of the immigrants writers express the human emotions awakened by the human sensibility. https://ijels.com/detail/voice-of-the-voiceless-in-select-works-of-uma-parameswaran/ Dr. J. Abiraami https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-103202214-Voiceof.pdf The purpose of this research paper is to focus and analyse on the conflict while choosing between beauties of nature and duties of an individual, of which should be given more importance and prominence. This paper is mainly intended to bring out the similarities and differences of opinion and views of both Robert Lee Frost and William Henry Davies towards beauties and duties, in their respective poems Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and Leisure. The reason for comparing the two poems of these poets is due to their outlook not only towards nature and beauties around but also the mundane and routine chores of man. Most of the themes in their poetry dealt with realistic life and situations familiar to the common man. Both the poets are eminent, well-reputed and widely accepted by the common readers of English poetry. https://ijels.com/detail/beauty-vs-duty-a-comparative-study-of-robert-frost-and-w-h-davies/ K. Sudha Rani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-103202216-Beauty.pdf This research is an analytical study discussing the issue of doubt as it contradicts the belief in God to Alfred Lord Tennyson in his great elegy, “In Memoriam.” The Islamic religion calls for the return to God and it emphasizes that God would rejoice in the believer’s return to Him and repentance of sins and disobedience. The mercy of God is available for those who would like to be repented at any time in their lifetime. God has no deadline for repentance and return. This research is a comparative study that deals with the issue of return to God after disobedience and doubt between what was mentioned in the poem In Memoriam and the Islamic perspective in this regard. This study revolves around the question of whether there is any correspondence in the concept of return to God between what is mentioned by Tennyson in In Memoriam and what is given in the Holy Quran. Through the evidence that is presented in the body of the paper, harmonization between what Tennyson mentioned in In Memoriam and what is written in Quran and the prophetic Hadiths (The Prophet Muhammad's sayings) would be proved. https://ijels.com/detail/return-to-god-in-tennyson-s-in-memoriam-an-islamic-perspective/ Fadhil Madlool Alkaabi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-103202234-Return.pdf Criticism on Iqbal is as vast as ocean. A huge corpse of material has been published both in the East and West. Yet, no critic has passed a final verdict on him to cover all dimensions of his poetic thought and philosophy. Therefore, his works still need further interpretations in order to do justice with him. There is a need to take nothing on trust and a critic should break the fanciful myth that has been allowed to grow round Iqbal over the decades, and to expose the bogus and misleading premises that support a calculated misrepresentation of him. His critical canvas is so broad that it is not easy to write on him without knowing his indepth poetic thought, philosophy and sources of knowledge. The present paper tries to analyse the arguments and criticism, thesis and antithesis of both advocates and detractors of Iqbal. The emphasis is put on to project the real literary personality of Allama Iqbal on solid grounds. The findings of this paper are that Iqbal has been misrepresented by the detractors in the wide literary circles of the World due to misunderstandings of his poetic basis and philosophical thought. The crux of the Iqbalian philosophy is unbiased to any religious faith and sentiments whatever he has said and written in his prose and poetry have a solid background like theological, scientific, historical and logical evidences. The reason of their misunderstandings is their partial knowledge about the multidimensional personality of Iqbal. In contrary to that the advocates have analysed the whole personality of the poet and have minutely studied the basic sources of his knowledge. Therefore, the present paper is projecting Iqbal as the flawless revolutionary reformer and rational philosopher. https://ijels.com/detail/advocates-and-detractors-of-iqbal-a-study-across-cultures/ Arshid Hamid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-10320228-Advocates.pdf The newspaper is a discursive practice that aims to impart information to individuals, with a heavy burden of responsibility. Its pages contain news and reports about the different subjects of everyday social life, but there is a certain predisposition in news about violent incidents. Nonetheless, across all forms of media, it is possible to encounter a transgression of the genre’s characteristics. Given that problem, we seek to understand how journalistic discourse is presented as a scenography of the discourse of entertainment, pervaded by the discourse of violence. Moreover, we attempt to analyze how the strategies of journalistic discourse enable the construction of that scenography. To this end, we draw on the theoretical assumptions of Dominique Maingueneau (2008), Muchembled (2012), Michaud (1989) and Cano (2012) to achieve our objectives. We thus hope to contribute to discussions in the area of discourse analysis, particularly those on journalistic discourse. We understand that the strategies used by the newspaper enable an interaction with entertainment and that a subtle violence pervades this relationship. As a result, the reading public is not only informed about world affairs but also consumes violence and entertainment, through the scenography that is constructed. https://ijels.com/detail/the-scenography-of-entertainment-in-journalistic-discourse/ Márcio Rogério de Oliveira Cano, Luiz Guilherme Esteves da Silva https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-10320227-Thescenography.pdf English speaking competence is considered to be one of the most important aims of teaching and learning English. How to speak English naturally and fluently inside and outside the classroom is all that the learners need. This study, therefore, aimed to explore students’ perception of task-based speaking activities (TBSAs) at a secondary school in Bien Hoa City, Vietnam. 134 students from 7th grade participated in the study. A mixed method research design was employed for the study with the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data to ensure the validity as well as the reliability of the study. For analyzing the data collected, descriptive statistics were employed for the questionnaire and content analysis for the interview respectively. The results of the study revealed that TBSAs were implemented frequently in EFL classes, confirming that all of the teachers have applied TBLT in their instruction. The findings also revealed that students not only found TBSAs useful for their improvement of language proficiency, skills of team work, and communicative competence, but they also discovered that they encountered such problems as classroom setting, mixed ability and some challenging tasks in the textbook when they join TBSAs. The study made some recommendations for both teachers and students to improve the quality of teaching and learning speaking skills at the school. This study is expected to shed light on the implementation of teaching speaking skills in the Vietnamese secondary school context and in other similar contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/secondary-school-students-perceptions-of-the-use-of-task-based-speaking-activities-in-efl-classes/ Le Van Tuyen, Nguyen Thi Phuong https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-103202222-Secondary.pdf This study aims to determine the teachers’ gender sensitive attitudes towards parameters of gender sensitivity in school. This will specifically look into the teachers’ gender sensitivity attitudes towards their students, the parameters of gender sensitivity, and the relationship of these variables. This study is quantitative utilizing standardized questionnaires. The respondents are the 36 faculty members of Bohol Island State University Clarin Campus. Data are gathered, analyzed, and treated. Weighted mean and Chi-square Test of Contingency are used as statistical tools in the study to aid in the analysis and interpretation. Teachers’ gender sensitivity attitudes towards their students provide different exposure to gender sensitivity in school. Parameters in school should be gender sensitive to address the gender equality through education. Results show that there is no significant relationship between teachers’ gender sensitivity attitudes towards their students to the parameters of gender sensitivity. It is highly recommended that teachers will enhance their gender sensitivity training to address gender sensitivity issues in schools. https://ijels.com/detail/teachers-gender-sensitive-attitudes-towards-their-students-in-relation-to-the-parameters-of-gender-sensitivity/ Sheila Mae M. Niones - Bojos https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-112202111-Teachers.pdf Maxim Gorky’s ‘Mother’ has been hailed as a timely intervention by a writer in exile that succeeded in rallying the flagging hopes of a citizenry that was reeling under the failure of the first Russian Revolution. The novel offers a different perspective on the ways in which women resisted attempts at repressing revolutionary voices across classes. This paper attempts to look at the differences in the depictions of the Russian and French Revolutions in Gorky’s Mother and Dickens’ ‘A Tale of Two Cities’ respectively. Comparisons will also be drawn between the two novels as ones that vary in their representation of women as participants in a revolution. The paper also proposes to scrutinize the strikingly unusual manner in which the French Revolution itself has been presented by Dickens with a very deep-rooted patriarchal agenda that aims at disempowering women’s agency through characters such as Madame Defarge, La Vengeance, Miss Pross and Lucie Manette. The paper will seek to validate the position that Dickens’ representation of the French Revolution unlike Gorky’s depiction of the Russian Revolution is guilty of a stark gender bias that is evidenced in his “extreme portrayal and rejection of Madame Defarge and his exaggerated depiction of Lucie as a desired feminine form” that also demonstrates patriarchal anxiety about powerful women and a fear of revolution itself (Robson: 329). https://ijels.com/detail/staging-an-encounter-citizenship-and-resistance/ Lakshmi Muthukumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-103202224-Staging.pdf Language choice on signage is a vital role in the display of language on signage in hospital compounds. This study aimed at assessing the reasons for language choice on signage that constitute the popular notion known as linguistic landscape at Bukoba and Sekou Toure referral hospitals. The study employed Language choice theory on signage which was developed by Spolsky and Cooper (1991). A total of 36 respondents were involved. They include hospital management teams, medical care providers, patients, and their aides. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to get the sample while data were collected through observations and interviews. The findings show that there are different reasons for language choice on signage which are categorised into three, namely monolingual in Kiswahili, English, and bilingual language on signage. These reasons include the use of monolinguals as the national language, foreign language, official language whereas bilingual is used to complement monolingual language on signage. Despite the use of bilingual language on signage, monolingual language on signage was predominant where some targeted people were excluded from the message displayed on signage. The study recommends increasing the number of bilingual languages on signage for smooth communication, especially in hospital surroundings, including adapting bilingual policy on signage. https://ijels.com/detail/linguistic-landscape-of-referral-hospitals-in-tanzania-reasons-for-language-choice-on-signage/ Generatha Benedicto https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-103202243-Linguistic.pdf Caste carries a sort of symbolic value. For those who are at the top in the hierarchical Indian caste system have positive symbolic value of caste and those who remain in the bottom have negative value of it. It is so infectious that everyone in this system wants to assert his supremacy over the next one and this hierarchy goes on till the lowest of the low. Dalits are no exception to this rule. Dalits as a community has been victims of caste-based atrocities since the inception of caste-system but they do not hesitate to apply the same sort of caste rules among themselves. Having been beguiled by the Brahmanical ideologies, Dalits have divided themselves into many castes on the basis of high and low. By doing so, they have unknowingly reinforced their own torture in the hands of their oppressors. Bama is a prolific Dalit writer who has touched upon this very sensitive issue of inter-caste violence among Dalits in her third novel, Vanmam: Vendetta. In the novel, she has underscored how Dalits fight among themselves in the name of high and low caste falling prey to the ideologies of their oppressors. In this researcher paper, a genuine effort has been made to highlight how caste becomes functional in promoting inter-caste violence among people of two Dalit castes in a village of Tamil Nadu. https://ijels.com/detail/doings-of-caste-an-analysis-of-inter-caste-violence-among-dalits-in-bama-s-novel-vanmam-vendetta/ Dr. Brijesh Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-103202235-Doings.pdf There is an apparent paucity of literary works written by women in English from the northern vis-à-vis southern part of Nigeria in the corpus of the country’s literature. Adopting a mixed-method approach, this paper surveys availability or dearth of female writers in the northern region by focusing on the three north-eastern states of Borno, Yobe, and Gombe states. Quantitative and qualitative approaches, through questionnaires and interviews, and Consensus Workshop, through Focus Group Discussions (FGD), are administered to gather the data for the discussion. The paper found a dearth of women writers in the northeast region and concludes that readership, publication opportunities, level of education, and social choices of the medium of expression are among the factors responsible for the dearth. The paper also found a recurrent motif of love, family, and marriage as the thematic and stylistic complexities of the available female work of fiction that follow theSoyayya trend. Possible amenable measures, which include organizing competitions and book projects, are proffered as recommendations. https://ijels.com/detail/a-survey-of-dearth-and-trend-of-female-literary-writing-in-english-from-the-northeast-nigeria/ Muhammad Dahiru https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-103202232-ASurvey.pdf English speaking competence is one of the most important targets of English language learning，and to which great importance has been attached in teaching and learning. However, many Chinese students, even English majors of local universities have difficulties in speaking English fluently and appropriately. Classroom is a major setting for Chinese students to practice and improve their oral English so participation in class activities plays an important role in their competence and progress in oral English. This study aims to explore major problems that affect Chinese students’ participation in oral English class. Based on an adopted and revised questionnaire and interview from previous researches, the study finds that anxiety, self-esteem and lack of courage are the major internal factors. Meanwhile, dull teaching materials and activities, as well as teachers’ role are external factors that affect participation in oral English class. This article provides some empirical evidence for exploration into factors that hinder students’ participation in an Chinese context. https://ijels.com/detail/a-case-study-of-english-majors-participation-in-oral-english-class-in-china/ Peng Ding https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-103202233-ACase.pdf To explore environmental literature from a feminist perspective, a large diversity of feminist eco-critical approaches to affirm the continuing contribution, it is necessary and relevant to present a feminist perspective in environmental literature, culture, and science. Feminist ecocriticism is considered as a substantial history that defines women's environmental writing and social change activism with the eco-cultural critic. This research mainly defines the connection of the feminist vision of eco-criticism by taking the international and national perception against gender biases and women critics. The main purpose of the study is the elaboration of ecocriticism for environmental justice against gender biases and women’s critics. https://ijels.com/detail/pertaining-the-feminist-vision-of-ecocriticism-for-environmental-justice-against-gender-biases-and-women-critics-a-literature-on-the-international-and-national-perception/ Md Shahazadi Begum https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-103202239-Pertaining.pdf “Art is not a mirror held up to reality, but a hammer with which to shape it.” this dictum attributed to famous playwright Bertolt Brecht as quoted by Bleeker et al., (2019) sums up the interdependence and correlation between art and literature and society. The world has never been a singular entity. There have always been groups that lived a powerful, privileged existence and it is their experience that has passed down the generations as literature, as the core narrative of human existence at a given time. For long ‘Literature’ did not include ‘Folk’ or their culture as was relegated to the peripheries of academic discourse as belonging to the savage, subaltern people. However, it is now increasingly being recognised as an archive of vernacular knowledge systems and a great contributor to the social and cultural development of the people. Both social space and folk literature affect and mould each other. What happens in social space gets reflected in folk literature and what folk literature depicts becomes part of social space. Saang as a form of folk performance tradition has been the source of or a defining influence on the various forms of Folk performance traditions of North India. It has been called “a north Indian Folk Opera” by Vatuk, V. P., & Vatuk, S. (1967) because the dialogues between characters are sung. Taking it as a representative form of North Indian folk performative tradition, my paper attempts to analyse issues of representation of culture, society and morality on the Saang stage. The paper, would focus on some selected Saangs of Lakhmi Chand (1905-1945), as compiled by Sharma, P. Chand. (2006) in Lakhmi Chand Granthavali. He is known as the greatest exponent of the Saang form and often referred to as the Shakespeare of North India. His Saangs invariably represent the values and experiences that formed the core of the society of his times. He has taken tales from history, myth and local legends as the basis for his performances. The present paper analyses the content of some Saangs composed and performed by Lakhmi Chand to analyse the knotty question of representation of culture and morality and how one can see reflected in the tales performed by the Saangi, the major social concerns of the times. https://ijels.com/detail/folk-literature-and-social-space-interdependences-and-correlations/ Ms. Rajni Jaimini, Dr. Priya Raghav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-103202245-FolkLiterature.pdf Words tell stories that are readable. When a book is written in words it is available only to those who can read. Caste problem in India has earlier been dealt in verbal mode which appeals only to those who have verbal literacy. Bhimayana is an attempt to deal the caste problem in visual medium which approaches even to those who lack verbal literacy. This article argues how with the use of colours, metaphors and subversive pattern, Bhimayana has successfully depicted the caste problem in a unique way which has added a greater number of readers. It appeals to the visual literacy to which more people have access. Bhimayana’s innovative use of gond painting and its wide range of colours with their extensive metaphorization serve to tell the story from the ground level, from the perspective of the oppressed class. In this paper I have tried to show how the political connotation of the colours help in visual representation of caste and how it demanded for a critical visual literacy in the readers of the novel. https://ijels.com/detail/towards-a-visual-literacy-bhimayana-and-the-caste-problem-of-india/ Priyanka Pal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-103202228-Towards.pdf Early in the twentieth century the state of women in the society or in their household was very much peripheral. Choice of living was a myth that the so called modern society waking up from the Victorian norms was conferring to the women’s. Women were the weighing tool for the males to measure up their social standard by subjugating, abusing women physically or psychologically. For the sake of getting voyeuristic pleasure the males used to play with the females from their homes as a puppet without identity and any choice to escape patriarchal abuse. The present paper focuses how the female characters of A Streetcar Named Desire at the hands of the subjugating males suffered to the core, silence being their key fault. The contrasting form of dealing with male abuse by the two female characters Blanche and Stella are the main focus of the paper. ‘Silence’ that was considered to be ornament of women’s existence was also responsible for violence plotted against women. Blanche’s in the drama portrays how women who dared to speak up also gets knock down by the literal streetcar named desire of men. https://ijels.com/detail/domestic-violence-and-silence-of-women-with-reference-to-the-broadway-drama-by-tennessee-williams-a-streetcar-named-desire-1947/ Ananya Boruah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-103202225-Domestic.pdf Alcohol consumption can be a volatile pastime amongst people, especially among adolescents. The behavior is debilitating and affects the overall well-being of students across varying instances of their daily lives, including their academics and interpersonal relationships. Adolescent alcohol consumption is influenced by internal and external factors, of which the current study focuses on socio-demographic, family, and peer factors. The sample consists of 751 high school students from Istanbul, Turkey. The data on their drinking behaviors were collected by implementing a survey questionnaire. A chi-square test of independence and Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted.The results revealed that variables like household income, parental marital status, mother's level of education and work status, family's alcohol use (mother, father, siblings), and peer alcohol usewere significantly associated with adolescent alcohol consumption. Furthermore, it was revealed that in the current sample being male, 18 years of age, and having educated mothers, mothers working as laborers, working or retired fathers, and alcohol using family members (father and siblings) predicted alcohol use. These findings indicate the importance of external and environmental factors in influencing adolescent consumption of alcohol. https://ijels.com/detail/the-role-of-socio-demographics-family-and-peer-factors-in-adolescent-alcohol-behaviors/ Thseen Nazir, Liyana Thabassum https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-103202238-TheRole.pdf The library is an essential facility of an educational institution that helps students' academic learning and enables them to empower their knowledge. This study assessed the Educational Resource Center library services as evaluated by 144 Criminology students for SY 2019-2020. It used a descriptive method and a document review. Frequency, ranks, percentage and weighted mean were utilized in the treatment of data. Findings revealed that respondents go to the library to work on their assignments, group study and borrow books. They spent two times a week and once a week in the library and often stayed at the reading area. Very few used the serial and audiovisual room. The students mostly asked for assistance on the basic library information to students. The observance of silence is a priority in choosing a library space. The students are satisfied with the services of the educational resource center. The results of this study imply the continual improvement of library services. https://ijels.com/detail/perception-of-the-criminology-students-on-the-library-services-of-northwestern-university-educational-resource-center/ Jonah B. Badua, Nora V. Clemente, Elvie Santiago, Junalyn Pagdawan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-103202244-Perception.pdf Drawing on Baker’s narrative theory, this paper explores how the application of framing strategies in the English translation of Chinese political news contributes to the communicative effectiveness and stance mediation to the target readers. After a brief literature review, the theoretical apparatus of this study is presented. Source text has been retrieved from news published by Chinese news agencies including Xinhua, China News Service, People and Chinadaily, while samples of their translations are also presented, with results manifesting effective use of framing strategies to mediate stances and enhance communication effectiveness. The paper concludes with a discussion on the constraints of reframing in the C-E translation of political news. https://ijels.com/detail/reframing-translated-chinese-political-news-for-target-readers-a-study-on-english-translations-of-chinese-political-news/ Qingyu Zhang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-103202229-Reframing.pdf This study endeavored to unpack indexical attributes commonly associated to English as well as language ideologies reflected through language shaming practices online. Speakers of non-standard varieties often encounter this linguistic attack, as their ways of using the language that deviates from the norm are seen as indices of laziness, stupidity, and backwardness (Piller, 2017). It is also noteworthy to mention that the trigger of this widespread phenomenon is attributed to the continuing rise of new modes of communication in the digital space. Language shaming is not an unfamiliar phenomenon; this highlights the fact that this phenomenon of discrimination and shaming users of non-standard English does not only transpire in professional and educational domains, but also inhabits and thrives in the digital space (Nguyen, 2019). However, scant attention has been given to language shaming practices emerging in social media. By analyzing the language shaming practices of Filipino Facebook users through their comments in response to non-standard use of English, common indexical values attributed to English were identified. The identified indexicalities are also entwined with the emerging themes of language ideology that Filipinos manifest towards English. The language ideologies identified are as follows: 1.) English as a requisite for upward mobility 2.) English as an instrument of elitism 3.) Standard American English as the ideal model in the domains of education and workplace. https://ijels.com/detail/a-reflection-of-linguistic-ideologies-inequality-and-class-language-shaming-practices-on-facebook/ Kyrah Irish M. Porras https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-103202241-AReflection.pdf Materialism is a means by virtue of which people belonging to the consumer culture get satisfied with their present life ad lifestyle. However, there is a parallel notion that the happiness gained through materialism is short lived. The existing literature that reflects on cultural materialism mainly intends to analyse the historical context of certain socio-political and cultural phenomena from a radical and rebellious point of view. Samuel Taylor Coleridge is among some of the noteworthy litterateurs whose works are rich in philosophical undertones. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore how Coleridge criticized materialism through the use of these philosophical undertones. After conducting the study, it was found out that Coleridge’s works can be considered as tools for expressing the perils of materialism. https://ijels.com/detail/reflection-of-the-notion-of-materialism-in-the-selected-works-of-samuel-taylor-coleridge-the-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner-and-kubla-khan/ Syed Irtiza Bukhari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-103202223-Reflection.pdf Much of the research in the field of English language teaching indicates that not all Strategy-Based Instruction (SBI) studies have achieved successful results. Some SBI programmes have proved their efficiency in some skill areas but not in others, even within the same study (Oxford, 1989). This study explores the effect of vocabulary strategy instruction application with a sample of 40 EFL learners attending a common core class in a Moroccan high school. The student participants were divided into an experimental group, which received vocabulary strategy training, and a control group, which followed the regular English language course. Vocabulary strategy use in both groups was evaluated with the use of the adapted Vocabulary Learning Questionnaire of Gu and Johnson’s (1996, pp. 673-679) (VLQ Version 3), which was distributed before and immediately after the intervention. The results indicated that after the completion of the intervention programme, the experimental group showed significant improvement in self-reported vocabulary strategy use as a whole as well as in all strategy groups. The findings of the current study prove the "teachability" of learning strategies and insist that explicit and integrated strategy training should be implemented in the EFL classroom. From a theoretical point of view, the results of the study may lead to a good understanding of the nature of language acquisition in general, particularly in foreign language learning contexts. Furthermore, the results may be very useful for practitioners who are involved in the areas of syllabus design, curriculum planning, and material development. https://ijels.com/detail/the-effects-of-the-cognitive-academic-language-learning-approach-calla-on-vocabulary-strategy-use-by-moroccan-common-core-graders/ Ikram AMINE https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-103202215-TheEffects.pdf There has been a shift in the methodology of teaching from teacher- centric approach to learner-centric approach in all levels of education; however, the curriculum and syllabus designed as well as method of evaluation force the teachers and students to follow the teacher-centric approach in English language classrooms.This article discusses the reforms to be made in the curriculum, syllabus and evaluation methodology in English language teaching and learning in outcome-based education . https://ijels.com/detail/utopian-learner-centric-english-classroom-in-outcome-based-education/ Soya Francis Puvathingal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-10420222-Utopian.pdf Language is a part of culture and it is also the carrier of culture. With the development of the globalization of world economy, more and more people are aware of the important role of cultural awareness in language learning. English Curriculum Standards of Ordinary Junior Middle Schools (2017) has stressed the importance of the cultivation of students’ cultural awareness, which includes cultural knowledge, cultural understanding, cross-cultural awareness and cross-cultural communication. The cultivation of cultural awareness helps students enhance their national identity, strengthen cultural self-confidence, and become civilized and socially responsible people. English reading plays an important role in English teaching and the cultural instruction should be closely connected with reading teaching, which can help students improve their cultural awareness and communicative competence. This paper firstly makes an introduction of cultural awareness in English reading teaching in senior high school, elaborates some relative concepts and then advocates some strategies on the cultivation of cultural awareness in junior middle school. https://ijels.com/detail/the-research-of-strategies-on-the-cultivation-of-thinking-quality-in-english-reading-teaching-in-junior-middle-school/ Hou Huihui, Wang Xuefeng https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-10420221-TheResearch.pdf “The highest priest of nature”, William Wordsworth, who helped in forging a new poetic sensibility in English literature, is more or less synonymous with the Romantic Movement he belongs to. The beauty of his lines and his radical departure from the earlier sensibilities, giving primacy to the rustic over the classic, the nature over culture, and the ordinary over elite leave space for further analysis of the multiplicitous binaries that the poet tries to address and resolve. Tintern Abbey, which is located on a rustic landscape overlooking the Wye river is spatially antithetical to the Westminster Bridge that overlooks the Thames river in bustling London. Unlike the general notion that romantic poetry invariably captures the rustic landscape, a close reading of Wordsworth’s poems would reveal a more slippery spatial reality that transcends the boundaries of the countryside. Oftentimes, the poet is trapped between fantasy and reality or in an imaginary liminal space from where there is no escape. Navigating between the past and the present, the poet is equally trapped in the temporal liminality of birth and prenatal existence. The landscapes of liminality in Wordsworth’s poems can be better understood through the various dualisms it tries to resolve. There is a genuine attempt to resolve the binaries of modernity and antiquity, happiness and grief, life and death, youth and old age as well as Christianity and Paganism. This paper attempts to locate (or rather understand) the boundaries of space, time, and emotions in the poetry of Wordsworth. The poems selected for analysis include: “Tintern Abbey”, “Resolution and Independence”, “Upon Westminster Bridge”, the Lucy poems (“Three years she grew”, “She dwelt among untrodden ways”) and “London, 1802”. https://ijels.com/detail/tintern-abbey-to-westminster-bridge-exploring-spatiality-temporality-and-liminality-in-select-poems-of-william-wordsworth/ Bibin John Babujee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-10420229-Tintern.pdf Nowadays, more and more brands are eager to open overseas markets with the development of economic globalization and the increase of international trade. As the important marketing means and cultural carrier, an appropriate translation of brand name plays an important role in the transmission of brand concept and the expansion of sales. Brand name translation should not only try to convey the accurate information and cultural connotation of the brand itself but also fully consider the cultural context and consumer psychology of the target country, to achieve the effect of unity of form and spirit. From the perspective of “linguistic relativity” by Benjamin Lee Whorf, this paper selects several famous brand names as examples and analyzes the factors of information, language, aesthetics and cultural taboos that influence brand name translation. Some translation methods for brand name are also provided, including transliteration, literal translation, free translation, the combination of sound and meaning, creative translation, and zero translation. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-e-c-translation-of-international-brand-names-from-the-perspective-of-linguistic-relativity/ Liangqiu Lyu, Yuwei Song https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-104202214-AStudy.pdf This study aimed to identify the problems and issues met by the students in the online learning platform during COVID 19 Pandemic. Specifically, it sought to describe the learners’ profile in terms of gadgets used in the online class, location of the house, and type of internet connection used. Finally, based on the results of the study, online interventions were proposed to develop learners’ motivation and enthusiasm for learning. https://ijels.com/detail/challenges-encountered-by-the-students-in-online-learning-platforms-amidst-pandemic/ Higino Dalma Chavez https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-10420225-Challenges.pdf The image that every individual holds for his body is a retrospective socially constructed reality. In fiction, however, the body image is to reflect the body shape ideals of society for the consolidation of its perpetual mores in a fictional manner. This fictional image, moreover, is to have an accentuated antinomic representation if blended with elements of magic. The female versions of magical realism, in this sense, try to take advantage of the hyperbole and uncanny in order to transcend their feminine and feminist readings of their reality. This endeavor that is essentially femino-centric, seeks a portrayal of a socially constructed body image and a re-creation of female magic that suggests an alternative feminine corporeality. The present paper aims to deepen a discussion about the magical corporeality of the Cuban women in the work of Cristina García, The Agüero Sisters (1997). Through feminist and socio-psychological readings, this article concludes that García makes best use of the magical elements in the portrayal of the Cuban female corporeal ideals that are essentially unrealistic and earthy. The author, in this sense, tries to take advantage of an original and natural magic for pronouncing a social reality, a racial verity, and a cultural veracity. https://ijels.com/detail/the-corporeality-and-magical-reality-of-cuban-women-in-cristina-garc-a-s-the-ag-ero-sisters-1997/ Guellil Assia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-104202210-TheCorporeality.pdf This article presents the subtle coalescence of Occidental text with Oriental vision, our conception of Shakespeare’s ‘modernity’, which is ever-changing, ever- progressing and being further enriched with cross-cultural revisions of form, content and character. It aims to assess Asian (Chinese, Indian, and Japanese) film adaptations of Shakespearean plays, of how perpetually universal themes have sustained the interest for re-creating these works. In other words, it investigates how narratives have evolved across different spatial and temporal dimensions, offering new perspectives, introducing different ‘voices’ and echoing certain sentiments characteristic of that sphere. https://ijels.com/detail/shakespeare-in-the-orient-screen-cinematic-adaptations-in-china-india-and-japan/ Srimayee Gangopadhyay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-107202161-Shakespeare.pdf Language lab is essential according to the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) for technical institutions. Language lab provides the scope to the students to improve their communication skills with the help of the technology. The present study aims at finding out whether language lab activities help the budding engineering students of Bihar to improve the communication skills along with the confidence in expressing the ideas or thoughts at any platform. Results show that the use of language lab helps the engineering students in language skills enhancement, if students do the regular practice. https://ijels.com/detail/language-laboratory-communication-skills/ Dr. Amol Bute https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-104202212-Language-paper.pdf The branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being, a complete supernaturalfield of Philosophy is Ontology. I shall be lawful during the presentation of my arguments which I do believe. I believe present world needs to apply its thought in a positive way and that will give birth to ‘being’. This will accelerate our well-being to achieve our aims, aims for the better world – a new oxy-world. Romance and love may merge inside the soul to touch the first morning Sun for a new tomorrow. https://ijels.com/detail/a-cognitive-approach-to-review-ontological-phenomenon-and-its-existence-in-the-domain-of-romance/ Dr. Sahadev Bandyopadhyay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-104202217-Acognitive.pdf Subalterns, the palpable fuel of society’s power structure, are always marginalized by the tormentors from the corridors of power. The oppressors use their life force to make them oppressed. One of the main tasks of literature is to reveal the truth of society. Kazi Nazrul Islam and Faiz Ahmed Faiz, two prominent revolutionary poets in the Indian subcontinent, spoke on behalf of the masses but in two different languages (Bengali and Urdu). Their poems still carry considerable importance in the context of contemporaneity. The exploitation of the power-centric society and resistance of the subaltern have come alive through their poetry. The poets undertaken for the present research consistently speak out against ethnic violence and political exploitation in their verses. The words for the wretched are always uttered in their voice. They have portrayed the misery of the marginalized people and suggested the way of achieving true freedom. Their poems transcend their time because of the universality of their contents and themes. Their poems intrinsically support subaltern studies worldwide. This study aims to compare Kazi Nazrul Islam and Faiz Ahmed Faiz on the grounds of their concerns for the subaltern and their resistance infusing with three theoretical concepts, subaltern, power, theory of resistance. The study will further focus on how the two poets with their similarities have depicted the marginalized voice of the subalterns. https://ijels.com/detail/voice-for-the-oppressed-a-comparative-study-of-the-poetry-of-kazi-nazrul-islam-and-faiz-ahmed-faiz/ Mohammad Rahmatullah, Dr. Tanu Gupta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-104202218-Voicefor.pdf There has been a whole range of both male and female writers who have advocated the cause of women and portrayed the diverse shades of their personality in inventive works. Rabindranath Tagore has been the most countless-minded personality of modern India.He was the first writer to give equal or perhaps more place to women in his writings. The wave of new woman ideology was not only limited to the Western world.It affected women around the world and even men who were sensitive to women's issues. Rabindranath Tagore was a personality who clearly dealt with issues like women's will, their rights and freedoms in his novels. The approach adopted in the present study is not a follow-up to Western feminist ideas, but a synthesis of the concepts available within the Indian sociological system. In India, feminism is a debatable concept. Indian feminist researchers or women studies researchers have not been able to define what Indian feminism exactly is? Indian feminists are not very comfortable in creating a strict definition of theories such as writing and Western feminism. He was a personality who dealt with issues such as women's will, their rights and freedoms clearly in his novels. In Tagore's narrative, there is a reflection of courageous women in women. One can call them the ‘New Women’. https://ijels.com/detail/new-woman-ideology-in-tagore-s-fiction/ Priya Rathore, Dr. Manisha Shekhawat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-104202213-NewWoman.pdf A Padma Shri awardee, chairperson of Infosys Foundation, and an active member of public health care initiatives of the Gates Foundation, Sudha Murti, is a multidimensional character. Her journey of coming from a small town in Karnataka to becoming the first female engineer hired at TELCO, itself is a story of breaking stereotypes and fighting gender inequality. Three Thousand Stitches (Ordinary People, Extraordinary Lives), an autobiographical writing, was published in 2017. The book has eleven chapters, among them "Three Thousand Stitches", "How to Beat the Boys", "Cattle Class", "No Place Like Home", "A Powerful Ambassador" and "I Can't, We Can" deal with basic human rights violations, devadasi culture, female health, communal animus, social judgement. The article looks into the social animus and social judgement along with human rights issues in the text. Sudha Murty recorded the real-life incidents from her own experiences in these chapters which are studied to understand the social beliefs of the time and to identify the instances of basic human rights violations. https://ijels.com/detail/basic-human-rights-violations-in-sudha-murty-s-three-thousand-stitches/ Abirlal Mukherjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-104202226-BasicHuman.pdf "Comparison of JK Rowling's Harry Potter and Stephenie Meyer's Twilight: The Multiculturalism and The Werewolf Tradition", This essay will think about and investigate the social values in JK Rowling's Harry Potter and Stephenie Meyer's Twilight. There are two social aspects that will be discussed in this essay which is about Multiculturalism: Race Relation and the werewolf custom. It will look at the multiculturalism: race connection and the werewolf custom in USA and UK through examining JK Rowling's Harry Potter and Stephenie Meyer's Twilight. Two aspects that will be discussed from novels are The Blood Status and Werewolf custom and two aspects which will be discussed from Twilight novels are the race connection among werewolf and vampire and Werewolf custom. https://ijels.com/detail/comparative-study-of-jk-rowling-and-stephenie-meyer/ Ranjana, Dr. Reena Mittal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-104202221-Comparative.pdf Twenty-first century Australia is a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic democracy, a developed and prosperous nation. However, it’s history of ‘settler colonialism’ has its own shades of grey. The original inhabitants of Australia were the Aboriginals who resided in the island territory for about more than 40,000 years till 1788, that is, about 234 years from now. However, their share in the total population of Australia has dwindled to about 2.5%. Even today, they are at the fringes of society, both economically and politically. The mainstream discourse, which is white, male and written from a Euro-centric perspective, brushes under the carpet such inconvenient facts. The dominant narrative presents a much distorted picture of Australian history and culture, eulogizing the colonizers and demonizing the Aboriginals as barbarous heathens who were in dire need of being reformed, civilized, cultured and Christianized. Few Aboriginals, who have managed to ascend the economic ladder take this responsibility of speaking up and revealing their community’s story, history, culture and what was and is being done to them. The present paper is a reading of one such memoir by an Aboriginal woman, Am I Black Enough for You? (2012) by Anita Heiss. What is unique about Heiss is that unlike majority of her people, she is educated, urban, economically independent, an academic and an established author. Her predicament is also unique, which is, the accusation from her white peers of false claims to Aboriginal heritage for upward mobility by grabbing government doles for the minorities. The paper is a humble attempt to contest the pervasive cultural stereotype which portrays the Aboriginal race as primitive, backward, illiterate, unhygienic, savage and doomed to extinction. The paper attempts to analyze the historical, social and economic reasons for their post-1788 disadvantageous position. The paper also strives to emphasize that with support from the government and the people, the same Aboriginal race could once again be an engine for nation-building. Moreover, besides demolishing the lies propagated by the colonizers and presenting their own truth, authors like Heiss reach out to the larger community beyond the individual self. https://ijels.com/detail/breaking-the-fetters-and-taking-charge-a-reading-of-an-aboriginal-woman-s-memoir/ Aditya Singh Dulta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-104202233-Breakingthe.pdf Kate Chopin’s The Awakening deals with the conflicting discourse on gender and sexuality proliferating in Nineteenth-Century American society. Published in 1899, the novel deals with the story of Edna Pontellier who is caught between the prevailing ideals of femininity closely associated with domesticity, filial duties and motherhood, as opposed to the more radical ideas of individualism, sexual emancipation and transgressive femininity emerging in the age. The Awakening radically questions and unsettles the patriarchal configuration of a woman’s life who is caught between two hostile voices, the oppressive societal voice and her own radical transgressive voice. These two contradictory ideals of femininity in Postbellum American South, is primarily manifested in the figures of Adele Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz. This paper explores the conflict between individual autonomy and social conformity as represented in these two characters and how they influence the trajectory of Edna Pontellier’s life. Unable to negotiate between the two, Edna Pontellier is driven to the precipice and forced to annihilate her own self. This paper will try to locate Kate Chopin amongst the different ideological positions propagated by the antebellum novelists and discuss the politics of gender and identity in postbellum American South. https://ijels.com/detail/the-dual-consciousness-of-edna-pontellier-in-kate-chopin-s-the-awakening/ Deepanwita Dey https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-104202234-TheDual.pdf This study aims to analyze and describe the entrepreneurial competence of principals in building a competitive advantage at SMKM 7 Gondanglegi, Malang Regency. This research approach uses a qualitative approach with the type of research being a multi-site study. Data collection techniques using in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The steps of data analysis consist of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The technique of checking the validity of the data is done through credibility, dependability, confirmability, and data transferability. The results of this study found the following new findings: the entrepreneurial competence of school principals in building competitive advantage in schools requires optimizing internal production loving and sustainable innovation, this can be done with the following notes: 1) Principals must be able to work hard in an effort to achieve school success as effective learning organization. 2) The principal must have a strong motivation to achieve success in carrying out his main duties and functions. 3) The principal never gives up and always looks for solutions in dealing with obstacles at school. 4) The principal must have an entrepreneurial instinct in managing school production/service activities as a source of student learning. https://ijels.com/detail/implementation-of-principal-s-entrepreneurship-competency-in-building-competitive-advantage-case-study-at-smkm-7-malang-east-java-indonesia/ Nur Halima, Sri Suprapti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-104202230-Implementation.pdf In this paper, the researcher show how Laila Halabypresents informative perception into the conflicts confrontation Arab Americans in post 9/11 America. Halaby turns the Western look upon the Arab societies. Laila Halaby symbolizes an America which is conspiratorial and submerged with religious enthusiasms. After 9/11, Halaby’s American characters become increasingly fanaticism and mistrustful of Arabs and Islamic cultures. Halaby, then, portrays intolerant and xenophobic American characters overwrought with doubts and discloses a post 9/11 America that is widespread with anti-Arab racism. Halaby also propounds that the widespread American perception of a world patently divided between East and West only arouses global crises such as drought, poverty and war. She also declares that the juveniles that occurred on September 11, 2001, were a direct result of these epidemics. Moreover, Halaby offers a perspective of Americans as ignorantly perceiving the United States as alienated from crises impending all nations. For this reason, Halaby's novel functions as a cautionary story decreeing Americans to transcend a binary frame of reference for avoiding further crises from escalating within or beyond American borders. https://ijels.com/detail/orientalism-in-laila-halaby-s-once-in-a-promised-land/ Ali Dakhil Naem, Alaa Abbas Ghadban https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-104202244-Orientalism.pdf It is true that dictionaries have played an indispensable role in the process of language acquisition, and in the case of EFL learning, this is not an exception. However, in Vietnam, there have not been many studies, research, and materials exploring the use of electronic dictionaries (EDs) as well as instructing EFL learners to employ them effectively. Hence, the aim of this paper is to investigate EFL learners’ use of electronic dictionary (ED) strategies at an English center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study involved 98 EFL learners who were asked to complete the given questionnaire. The quantitative data were analyzed by SPSS to extract their mean, standard deviation, and frequency. The results indicated that the EFL participants only made use of an average number of ED strategies. It is hoped that these introductory findings can be beneficial for other researchers in their studies related to dictionary use as well as providing potential ideas for EFL teachers who want to implement dictionary training into their lessons. https://ijels.com/detail/the-use-of-electronic-dictionary-strategies-among-english-as-a-foreign-language-efl-learners/ Phi The Tran, Viet Hoang Mai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-104202225-Theuseof.pdf The paper argues that the theoretical ‘definitions’ of marginality assume a fixed essence to the experience of marginality. And such definitions necessarily contradict the experience of marginality: the social experience as well as the experience performed in literature. The paper traces the evolution of different theories of marginality to locate the inherent contradictions caused by the mismatch between theory and experience. Following that, the paper explores the representations of marginality in S Hareesh’s novel Meesha (Moustache (2018)) in the Malayalam language. The protagonist Vavachan belongs to a lower caste community and he often violates the caste equations and terrorises the social order with his uncanny appearance. This reading consequently shows that the literary experience of marginality does not ‘fit’ to a framework that theorises the ‘marginal’ as a finite category, and it necessitates a new framework to understand the 'marginal’ as well as the dynamic relation between the margin and the centre. To accommodate the dynamic nature of the centre-margin relations, we need a formative critical framework that changes itself when it encounters a new possibility of centre-margin relations. The critical framework is perpetually formative in relation to new readings and experiences; such a framework transcends all predetermined models of centre-margin relations in a community. Jean-Luc Nancy adopts a similar approach in his work The Inoperative Community (1986). According to him, the predetermined conception of society as an ‘essence’ or constituted in an essence leads to the ‘closure of the political’. Admitting the lack of an ‘essence’, the framework becomes open to differences and nuances of the experiences. The departure from ‘essence’ is also the departure from the theoretical fixities. In contextualising this idea in literary criticism, the primary inspiration of my paper is Stathis Gourgouris’ conceptualisation that critical frameworks are in ‘poiein’ state. The framework is always in a perpetual reworking or ‘in the making’ state and never finite. By incorporating the ‘infinite identity’ of the community within a ‘poiein’ mode of criticism, my paper attempts to forge a new critical framework that understands the dynamic nature of the centre-margin relations. https://ijels.com/detail/poiein-and-infinite-identity-a-meta-critical-inquiry-into-marginality/ Rafid C https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-104202232-Poiein.pdf India has a large history with many shades of it. The colonizers and the colonized both have a special place in its history that can’t be erased . One such colonizers were the Mughals. The era of Mughal India started in 1526 and ended in 1707 with Aurangzeb’s death (the last Mughal ruler). This paper traces down one such period of Mughal India but it doesn’t focus on the politics of the time but focuses on of the characters of Mughal India and that too a female character. It studies the feminine approach of the novel with critical evaluation of various women characters and their journey. https://ijels.com/detail/feminist-study-of-indu-sundaresan-s-the-twentieth-wife/ Dr. Anuradha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-10120222-Feminist.pdf