https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usDecember 7 Reading Toni Morrison’s selected novels from a postcolonial perspective and within the context of the Black Lives Matter protests (BLM), this paper examines the quest for freedom that is still a dream for the African Americans in the purportedly “post-racial” America. The idea of freedom, which is central in Morrison’s novels as well as in the BLM’s narrative, has been powerfully affected by slavery, racism, sexism, and classism in the American society. Morrison’s narratives and the BLM movement have been remarkable for their divergent routes of the quest for freedom. Like Morrison, who condemned all racially motivated violence against black people and who has attempted, through her novels, to shake white people’s collective memories out of dis-remembrance of coloured lives, the Black Lives Matter movement has denounced violence and racism and has demanded accountability from abusers. With reference to Morrison’s selected novels, this paper examines how her female protagonists’ quest for freedom and for a sense of self emerges from agonising experiences of marginalisation. It investigates how her novels offer a timely exploration of the traumatised Black female body that interrogates, whether Americans have entered a post-racial era. The paper argues that Morrison’s novels and the Black Lives Matter protests confirm that the legacy of slavery still dictates the way Black people are seen and treated in twenty-first-century America. Ultimately, what this paper intends is to speak the unspeakable: freedom is still a dream for African American, race still matters despite the silencing effects of “post-racial” discourse. https://ijels.com/detail/the-problematics-of-race-and-the-eternal-quest-for-freedom-a-postcolonial-reading-of-toni-morrison-s-novels-within-the-context-of-the-black-lives-matter-protests/ Abdelkader Ben Rhit https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-110202131-TheProblematics.pdf This article highlights and underpins the diametrical relationship between humour and culture. It illustrates how inseparable and closely intertwined they are. Culture is always incorporated in humour, and the latter is constantly influenced by the former. Humour may not be appreciated without understanding its surrounding culture, and we cannot grasp all the existing elements of culture without being aware of its humorous side. And since humour is cultural, foreign language students need to know their own culture and its values in order to avoid projecting it on other ones, and so that they have the ability to identify and spot the differences between their culture and foreign ones, such as that of English. In this context, the article lays out details of various old and modern aspects of humour that are characteristic of English and Moroccan cultures. It is not about a comparison between or an examination of any of the two cultures. It is an illustration and a call to understand the traits and attributes of Moroccan and English cultures in terms of their contact with and handling of humour in the past and in modern times. https://ijels.com/detail/the-humour-culture-interconnection-exploring-humour-attributes-in-morocco-and-britain/ Dr. Rachid Elkhayma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-111202114-TheHumour.pdf The entire landmass is endowed with surplus flora, fauna, and other natural resources. But now we live in a world where technology has superimposed on nature causing exploitation of resources because of human greed. Wall-Eby Andrew Staton is one such movie that depicts the situation of earth and the consequence faced by human beings. It encompasses several warnings and dreads for the environment. The paper aims to look at the film as a reflection of the present scenario where overuse technology has made human beings lazy and has lost compassionate feelings for one another. https://ijels.com/detail/andrew-s-wall-e-reflection-technology-a-threat-to-humanity/ Ms. Vasudha L. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-110202151-Andrew.pdf This paper discusses some selected short stories of Nadine Gordimer in the light of the Postcolonial theory of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Gordimer was one of the leading figures in world literature against apartheid, and most of the events in her stories, take place in the context of the black community. As the most critical aspect of her short stories is the description of the lower classes of society in African communities, the postcolonial approach has been chosen to study her works. Spivak describes colonized people as others or inferiors who usually are known as subalterns. Women have a significant role in her theory, and she believes that women in colonial discourse are double subalterns. According to what is expected, it would be seen that in Gordimer’s short stories, the subalterns have no voice, and their identity is affected by the colonizer’s culture, language, and behavior. https://ijels.com/detail/living-in-subalterinity-the-voiceless-others-in-nadine-gordimer-s-selected-short-stories/ Morteza Babaei, Fatemeh Pourjafari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-110202153-Living.pdf Nissim Ezekiel is known for irony in his writings. His poems are filled with verbal irony, irony of characters, irony of situations, irony of life and subtle irony. His technique in writing is unique and attracts a large number of readers. This article studies few of Ezekiel’s poems which uses irony as an important element in writing. It attempts to study irony as an agent of precision in his poems. The use of sarcasm and subtle humour are brought forward in his writings which is illustrated in this article. Experiences, situations, human values and happiness are few of such factors are studied through his poems where irony and satire act as strong agents. The harmony of emotional effects and Ezekiel’s sensibility are also studied and documented in the article. The article explores the creative use of irony through Ezekiel’s poems. https://ijels.com/detail/irony-as-an-agent-of-precision-in-the-poems-of-nissim-ezekiel/ Dr. Sumanjari.S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-11120214-Irony.pdf The present paper has been designed to study themes and technique in the selected play of Mahesh Dattani. The paper primarily focuses to examine the thematic aspects and the narrative technique called ‘play within a pay’ successfully employed by Dattani in Brief Candle. Indian English Literature is an independent academic body of writing enriched by Indian writers. Its early literary graph goes back to the works of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio and Michael Madhusudan Dutta which was subsequently followed by Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo. Indian drama has acquired a profound consideration since older time. Contemporary Indian drama is vigorous, innovative and experimentative. Girish Karnard in Kannada, Vijay Tendulkar in Marathi, Mohan Rakesh in Hindi, Badal Sircar in Bengali and Mahesh Dattani in English have made notable contribution to the Indian literary canon. Mahesh Dattani is an iconic literary figure in modern Indian theatre. He has employed ‘Theatre’ as a tool to bring forth some hidden burning issues of modern Indian society. Dattani’s plays are chiefly concern with the sensitive issues of middle class society. Dataani’s play Brief Candle: A Dance between Love and Death is a saga of various cancer patients. The plot unfold characters inner frustration and physical suffering. Love and death are dominant themes of the play. Through the narrative technique ‘play within a play’ Dattani has presented one minor play to generate twin aspects of life. https://ijels.com/detail/themes-and-technique-in-mahesh-dattani-s-brief-candle/ Makwana Ajay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-11120216-Themes.pdf This article attempts to examine the melancholy and sadness of nostalgic feelings and alienated sufferings of divisional and cross of the nation. The novel deals with the partition of India, is the subject of many Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi writers. Some of them were the direct victims of the event while others have the inherited the legacy of Partition from different members of their family, friends and community. In fact, the people of South Asia are still occupied with the partition and the attitude of many generations to history suggests something never to be forgotten. The writers of the Partition have focused on various issues like violence, migration, alienation, nostalgia, rape, abduction etc. The attempt in this paper is to read out displacement, nostalgia, and alienated sufferings in context of Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines. The Partition and the creation of the border have formed the politics of the continent as well as the thinking of its people. Amitav Ghosh deals the subject of border as futile and false lines. The study focuses on how the protagonist of the novel deals with these lines showing their sufferings through alienation and nostalgic emotions to what extent they shape the psyche of different characters. Since Amitav Ghosh speaks up from West Bengal, and is the second generation to experience partition through stories, beautifully describes the context of Bengal and the meaning of the Partition to different generations. The paper also focuses on the theme of exile or sense of belongingness, the partition of India, and consequent of trauma of the East Bengal’s psyche. https://ijels.com/detail/alienated-suffering-of-divide-and-cross-a-study-of-amitav-ghosh-s-the-shadow-lines/ Dr. Mohd Farhan Saiel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-110202147-Alienated.pdf Melus tribe is believed to be one of the first tribes to inhabit Belu area of East Nusa Tenggara. Melus tribe never wanted to accept renewal like what is happening today, so the customs that are in it are still supported. In this regard, this study aims to describe (1) ecological wisdom in the values of Melus tribe described in the novel, (2) the role of the environment in Melus tribe such as the physical back-ground. This research is descriptive qualitative research, using content analysis method. The data in this study were sourced from literature studies. Therefore, it can be concluded that the novel Mata di Tanah Melus has a story about the components of a power and environment that can be reintroduced. This ecological wisdom can offer a new relation between literature and nature, which is then used as a creative process or material in the creation of a literary work with the theme of saving the environ-ment or nature. https://ijels.com/detail/the-ecological-wisdom-of-melus-tribe-in-the-novel-mata-di-tanah-melus-by-okky-madasari/ Lina Dwi Yulianti, Herman J Waluyo, Nugraheni EkoWardhani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-111202110-TheEcological.pdf This study analyses Humbert Humbert’s character in the light of Karen Horney’s psychoanalytical theory. For this analysis, the study focuses on the main characteristics of Horneyan psychoanalysis and traces them back in the context of Lolita. The results reveal that Humbert’s family environment and cultural forces played an important role in shaping his identity. Even though he showed the characteristics of a detached and aggressive personality, he never stopped in his search for glory. Horneyan psychoanalysis of this character not only demonstrated Humbert tendency to move against people but also showed that Nabokov was quite successful in portraying the role of family environment and cultural forces in shaping the structure of neuroticism. Furthermore, Horneyan psychoanalysis helps us recognise the existing conflicts at the heart of this fictional character, allowing us to experience this novel more intensively, intellectually, and emotionally. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-nabokov-s-humbert-in-the-light-of-karen-horney-s-psychoanalytical-theory/ Hossein Sharifi, Shamsoddin Royanian, Omid Ghahreman https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-11120218-AStudy.pdf The School Literacy Movement (GLS) is an Indonesian government program that has been implemented since the implementation of the Revised 2013 Curriculum. The purpose of the GLS program is to shape students' character. This research aims to describe and explain1) the School Literacy Movement (GLS) program at SMA Negeri 1 Yogyakarta during the Covid-19 pandemic, 2) implementation of the School Literacy Movement (GLS) through learning Indonesian during the Covid-19 pandemic, and 3) obstacles faced when implementing the School Literacy Movement (GLS) ) in learning Indonesian during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques by means of observation, interviews, and documentation. Data processing is carried out in several stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that 1) the School Literacy Movement (GLS) program at SMA Negeri 1 Yogyakarta in general was religious literacy activities and literacy activities in learning that were still being implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic, 2) implementation of GLS through Indonesian language learning begins with assigning students to read from home, the existence of a bill for literacy activity reports (writing resumes, book reviews), and presentation of the results of literacy activities, 3) Obstacles encountered when implementing literacy activities through Indonesian language learning, namely facilities such as conditions unstable internet network, and also limited reading materials owned by students. https://ijels.com/detail/implementation-of-the-school-literacy-movement-through-indonesian-language-learning-in-high-schools-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ Riznawati Imma Aryanti, Sarwiji Suwandi, Sumarwati https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-11120219-Implementation.pdf Rabindranath Tagore in his novel Gora, incorporated post-modernist features. He asserts the indivuality of women through the characters of Sucharita&Lolitha . He satirizes the religious conventional beliefs of idolatry. he humorously deals with the situation in which the followers of any political/ religious leaders make pomp & show whenever their leader is giving political speech / performs spiritual rituals, through the character of abhinash. He deftly portrays the physco analysis of the modern individual in words. brings out the ennui boredom and existential dilemma/& religious skepticism faced by the modern individuals through the character of Binoy. Tagore makes Gora to fight for the cause untouchables & downtrodden. He upholds the religion humanism obliterating all caste creed & class distinctions & advocated the worship of universal spirit through the characters of Porish Babu and Anandamoyi. Tagore employed lengthy speeches a post-modernist feature there are analytical arguments logical reasonings for the protection of unity in diversity, all these features make Gora a postmodern novel. https://ijels.com/detail/gora-a-postmodernist-study/ R Keerthi, Dr. M. Naredra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-110202130-GORA.pdf First World War creates a kind of global impact all over the world. Almost all major countries joined in the battlefield and they shared their own experiences that were recorded as a saga of war history. India was no less an exception. During the First World War, the inhuman torture of the ‘master’ class and the war experiences of the British-Indian army have been shared either by their own voices or by the verse of many poets of undivided India through their own sense perceptions and “continuous overflow of powerful feelings”. It was a major turn of global historiography in the world literature. The oral narratives of the soldiers may not be always the ‘high literature’ but they are highly literary in the sense of their shared memories of war and trauma. The semi-literate people from the villages of Asia, Africa or the South Pacific came voluntarily or involuntarily to save their mother India and what they left is oral saga rich in their own culture and language that is often fused to a variety of forms, from everyday prayers, chants and folk songs through verse recitations and storytelling. India as a multi-lingual, multi-ethnic and multi-religious country offers many prose and verse in vernacular languages that unveil the subaltern response to the Eurocentric attitude to war. In my article I have tried to investigate and unfurl the voices of the subaltern Indian soldiers and their families as well as the poems written by the multilingual poets from undivided India that reestablish an Indian war experience and the complex ‘structures of feelings’. https://ijels.com/detail/indian-poetry-and-oral-narratives-during-the-first-world-war-a-subaltern-response/ Shuvabrata Basu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-111202115-Indian.pdf We are facing a global crisis unlike any in the world since last century. The outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic has affected the entire human social-economic life and all segments of the population. Evidences shows that besides impact on health and economy, it has adversely affected the social infrastructure, values and practices within the society. A huge social crisis of unemployment and migration of poor and middle-class workers has emerged both from Pandemic and its aftermath. The common man, including people living in poverty situations, older persons, persons with disabilities, youth, and indigenous peoples has been affected badly. In this challenging situation, Gandhi’s social thoughts and his philosophy have become very useful today. Gandhi believed in the unity of human life, which is a synthetic whole. There can be no problems that are purely moral, economic, political, social, individual or collective. They are inextricably intertwined. Gandhi always dreamed and made efforts for economic transformation through social change. Thus, what is needed today is commitment to action on a massive scale, to make opportunities equally good for all. And whatever action is proposed it must be in the Gandhian way, an exercise of moral force. Implementation of the concept of ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat' is the real Gandhian way of moving forward in this direction. It’s an attempt to increase self-reliance in social life by promoting ‘Vocal for Local’ and ‘Local for Global’. In fact, Gandhi has advocated for a system, in which despite of social diversity, the society should act and grow together. He introduced The Constructive Programme as blueprint for the social regeneration of India, Gandhi felt that real progress of India lies in its villages. He wanted the youth to make village life their goal, which has its roots in the ancient civilization of India. Gandhi especially called upon the youth to undertake the task for they are the real torchbearers of the future, in whose hands India had great future and this is actually need of the hour today. This paper is an attempt to examine the social thoughts and ideas of Mahatma Gandhi and discuss their relevance in situation apparent during and after covid-19. https://ijels.com/detail/impact-of-covid-19-and-relevance-of-social-thoughts-of-mahatma-gandhi/ Anil Prakash Shrivastava, Dr. Jyotsna Agarwal, Dr. Ajay Kumar Ghosh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-111202116-Impactof.pdf The paper entitled “Re-imagining Holocaust: A Reading of John Boyne’s The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas” deals with the various dimensions of Holocaust literature. The article begins with a chapter that explores the various features of Holocaust literature and even traces the history of holocaust in general. The final chapter illustrates the various instances of violence and dehumanization in the novel which makes it a typical work on holocaust. https://ijels.com/detail/re-imagining-holocaust-a-reading-of-john-boyne-s-the-boy-in-the-striped-pyjamas/ Sharon Soby Varghese, Bibin John Babujee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-111202113-Re-imagining.pdf This study aims to explain and describe the form of teacher’s persuasive speech acts in learning Indonesian class VIII during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research uses descriptive qualitative research.The research design used in this research is content analysis. Based on the research method and design, the data generated in this study are the teacher’s persuasive speeches orally and in writing in Indonesian language learning at SMPN 2 Puger during the Covid-19 pandemic.Data collection techniques in this study used direct and indirect techniques. The findings of the form of persuasive speech acts in this study there are 5 types of speech acts, namely assertive speech acts, directive speech acts, expressive speech acts, commissive speech acts, and declarative speech acts. https://ijels.com/detail/teacher-s-persuasive-speech-in-indonesian-language-learning-at-smpn-2-puger-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ Reyza Amalia, Andayani, Muhammad Rohmadi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-111202125-Teacher.pdf Analysis of delinquency in Brazil and the characteristics of its evolution, bringing as focus its legal system. It aims to analyze crime in Brazil from the legal psychology perspective; study the origins of the practice of crimes in the country; analyze impunity and its relationship with the criminal practice; investigate the effectiveness of contemporaneous crime containment policies in Brazil. The research type is bibliographical, and the source of the data and statements used are found in articles found at the internet, concerning Legal Psychology, criminal statistics, criminology and contemporary crime containment policies. It found the existence of a gradual complexity of approaches to delinquency and the relationship that the penal and judicial system has in the perpetuation of disorders, due to an unevenness between the Brazilian reality and legal practice. It concludes that the criminal practice in Brazil is composed of several aspects, as long as social factors connected to the individual formation to deficient characteristics that the justice system presents and that contribute to the abidance of the crimes. https://ijels.com/detail/the-delinquency-evolution-in-brazil-and-the-legal-system-actions/ Francisca Morais da Silveira, Francisco de Jesus Silva de Sousa, Daniel Aguiar Pereira Filho, Elias Miguel Fernandes Nunes, Vinícius Barros Costa Macedo, Gustavo Adolfo Siqueira Rocha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-11120213-TheDelinquency.pdf Effi Briest is a celebrated work of realism and is considered the best novel of Theodor Fontane. Published back in 1894 the work still enjoys an important role in today’s world. Effi Briest has joined the canon literature due to its highly controversial themes that are still relevant in today’s world. This paper attempts to explore Fontane's masterpiece Effi Briest providing a thematic analysis of the novel and highlighting elements that led to the canonization of the novel. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-canon-fontane-s-effi-briest/ Sahib Kapoor https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-111202127-Exploring.pdf The study aims at identifying the needs and concerns of Orihinal na Magbabasket ng Nueva Ecija (OMNE) located in the municipality of Bongabon, province of Nueva Ecija. OMNE happens to be one of the beneficiaries of the Graduate School – Business Administration Program of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Extension Program. This has also the support of the Department of Trade and Industry and the Local Government Unit of Bongabon. OMNE’s concentration is basket production made of rattan. Other by-products include home decors and handicrafts and other made-to-order items such as plant and wine receptacles. Rattan products are desired for its many uses, aesthetic appeal, and for its being environment friendly. It has also a demand in the international market. This has provided jobs and income for the Bongabon residents. Although this has been operating for decades now, its market potential has not been harnessed. The situation should be addressed as opportunities abound for this industry to involve a wider participation of the community in realizing a sustainable economic development for the betterment of the people’s lives. Findings further revealed that OMNE faces issues such as weak workplace culture and lack of clear organizational structure; lack of product promotions and marketing, and seldom uses social media; limited market outlets; too small a space for production; outdated tools; difficulty sourcing raw materials; few skilled manpower; restricted knowledge on bookkeeping, product design included; inadequate capital and high cost of production. https://ijels.com/detail/a-research-study-on-the-needs-and-concerns-of-the-orihinal-na-magbabasket-ng-nueva-ecija-omne/ Jennifer G. Fronda, Mark Alvin H. Abad, Leyan P. Arimbuyutan, Edelyn T. Mercado, Michael Angelo M. Mobo, Maricel F. Villanueva https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-111202126-AResearch.pdf Passing the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) is the barometer of quality education offered by Teacher Education Institutions (TEI’s) in the country. In response to the call for academic excellence, this study analyzed the results of the 2018 performance in the Board Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers (BLEPT) of Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSEd) both in Mathematics and Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) and Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) graduates of Bohol Island State University Clarin Campus. With this, the study determines the difference among the three courses in the BLEPT examination that could serve as basis for enhancing program strategies for better BLEPT results. Descriptive statistics and correlational tests were employed in the study. Results showed that BSED Math performed better among the other two curricular programs, followed by BSED TLE while BEED lagged behind. However, findings showed that the secondary level found the general education easy than the professional education but BSED TLE has to improve their performance in their field of specialization. Furthermore, BEED found general education and professional education difficult since none of these components got the passing rating. Hence, to increase LET or BLEPT performance, there’s a need to consider curriculum review and reform of the program for the development of intervention programs most especially focusing in the Elementary level. https://ijels.com/detail/bisu-clarin-2018-blept-passers-rating/ Dobielyn T. Ombajin, Margie V. Avenido, Sheila Mae N. Bojos, Rosalinda E. Bautista https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-111202123-BISU-Clarin.pdf The present research focus on producing a model of basic technique skills training for passing and shooting futsal based on biomechanics studies for high school/vocational high school students. The research method used is research and development (R&D). The types of data in this research are qualitative and quantitative data. While the data collection techniques using interview instruments and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used in developing the futsal passing and shooting training media model based on biomechanical studies is a percentage descriptive analysis technique. The results showed a significant improvement. The results of the biomechanics-based passing and shooting technique were as follows: the experimental group increased by 33% to 48% and the control group 16% to 43%. Based on the results of calculating the difference in the increase in scores after the final test was carried out, it showed that the difference in scores was greater for the group that was given the treatment of the training model developed by the researcher.From these results, it can be concluded that the use of a passing and shooting technique training model based on biomechanics studies in futsal for high school-vocational high school students is declared effective and feasible to be used as a futsal training medium. https://ijels.com/detail/a-model-of-technique-training-for-passing-and-shooting-based-on-biomechanics-studies-in-futsal-for-high-school-vocational-high-school-students/ Novaria Fajar Prasetya, Sugiyanto, Sapta Kunta Purnama https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-111202124-AModelof.pdf Forest cover in sub-Saharan Africa declined by nearly 10 per cent between 2000 and 2010. Of this loss, 75 per cent was caused by the conversion of forest to human settlement and agriculture largely for food production to serve rapidly growing domestic food demand. Focusing on Kenya, this study examines the political leaders’ utterances during the Mau Forest restoration debate in Kenya. Language and environment are closely connected with one another as the existence of a language is influenced by the surrounding natural environment where the language is exploited. Using Critical Discourse Analysis, the study explores the lexical choices of these leaders with a view to establish to what extent their linguistic choices have influenced Mau Forest conservation in Kenya and how local communities have reacted to these dynamics. The findings have indicated a controversial debate for and against forest conservation in Kenya. Some leaders have urged the Kenyan Government to raise public awareness on the dangers of environmental degradation besides taking action against those responsible for environmental degradation whereas others have advocated for human settlement in the forest tower arguing from a humanistic point of view. The findings also indicated that the political leaders’ choice of words, lexical items and utterances may not necessarily indicate their political beliefs and attitudes towards environmental Conservation. But because they want to consolidate their political power base and increase political control and support, they use double standard language, and say what people want to hear and in the end the environment continues to be endangered. Therefore, a conclusion is drawn that deforestation is a complex issue whose solutions lie primarily outside the forest itself and that it should be tackled with suitable policies on crucial issues such as land, agriculture, infrastructure and indigenous peoples. https://ijels.com/detail/language-choice-and-the-construction-of-forest-ecology-lessons-from-the-mau-forest-restoration-debate-in-kenya/ Albert Mogambi Moinani, Margaret Nasambu Barasa https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-111202118-Language.pdf The main objective of this research is to critique over religious heresies in Raj Kumar Harsni’s PK.AS an alien character PK, who questions over religious discourse. pk is a covered of ideas about a stranger in the city who ask question that no one has asked before. They are innocent questions, but they bring about catastrophic answers. As a main character pk become ideological gaze of Tapasvi Ji (Shukla). So called great religious man like Tapasvicreates the religious assumption as a discourse and through this discourse he imposes his self-interest upon these common people. In long run these practices hegemonies the common people and these people practice artificial ideologies as if these are natural. But PK’s question over these artificial ideologies.Pk’s childlike innocence, his Bhojpuri accent to the character of pk but it is works here as a technology of self which he success to defy the religious heresies. https://ijels.com/detail/critique-of-religious-heresies-in-pk/ Satya Raj Joshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-111202122-Critique.pdf Technology needs assessment is essential part in providing quality education. It aims to identify the existing problems and provides appropriate intervention through giving information. This study aims to assess the technology needs of the public elementary school of Clarin, Bohol for the new normal teaching and learning. The researchers used adopted questionnaires as a tool in assessing the technology needs assessment. The questionnaire was divided into three parts: part 1 deals with assessing their skills level in using technologies and integration of new tools for new normal in teaching; part 2 for the perception towards the challenges in using the technologies; and part 3 deals with assessing the professional development of the teachers. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, mean, and standard deviation. The interpretation was also used in the content analysis. It was found out that the level of skills assessment in using technology by the teachers was average level and beginner level for the overall competency in integrating computer technologies. Moreover, slow internet connection, lack of computers, inadequate software to use, and limited time to practice were also identified as the major obstacle. Lastly, adapting the use of technologies for instructional purposes for the new normal education slightly influences the teacher's professional development. Thus, an appropriate action plan must be undertaken to enhance the teaching and address these needs. https://ijels.com/detail/technology-needs-assessment-for-new-normal-education-in-public-elementary-school-in-clarin-bohol/ Alme B. Maravillas, Romar B. Dinoy, Ariel Christian C. Viodor, Margie V. Avenido, Ramil S. Bulilan, Flora Mae A. Bantilan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-111202119-Technology.pdf Teaching materials are prepared as a reference and guideline by the teacher, as well as a reflection of the teacher's evaluation which is highly effective in observing the quality of learning in the classroom. This study aims to describe how the strategy of preparing Indonesian language teaching materials in distance learning at SMK Negeri 1 Salatiga. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The research design used is a case study. The data and sources of this research are data on strategies for preparing Indonesian language teaching materials in distance learning.The data source comes from the Indonesian language teacher at SMK Negeri 1 Salatiga. Data collection techniques in this study include observation, interviews, and documentation. The data validity technique uses source triangulation. The data analysis technique uses the Milles and Huberman interactive model. The results obtained in this study are strategies in compiling teaching materials in distance learning, including:(1) identifying learning problems, (2) analyzing student character, (3) analyzing assignments (4) formulating indicators, (5) compiling learning materials, (6) formulating learning strategies, (7) choosing appropriate learning resources, ( 8) compiling assessment instruments, (9) compiling formative and summative evaluations, (10) conducting supporting services, (11) revising learning tools https://ijels.com/detail/strategy-for-preparation-of-indonesian-language-teaching-materials-for-distance-learning-at-smk-negeri-1-salatiga/ Yusuf Candra, Sarwiji Suwandi, Budhi Setiawan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-111202129-Strategy.pdf The scientific approach is a learning approach with the scientific method. This study aims to describe the application of a scientific approach in learning review texts at SMAN 1 Mirit during the Covid-19 pandemic. The learning process is carried out online using Google Classroom media. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with a case study research strategy. Data collection techniques are carried out by documentation studies, observations, and interviews. The data analysis technique used interactive techniques consisting of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results of this study are (1) the Indonesian language teacher in class XI has carried out learning planning with a scientific approach, (2) the Indonesian teacher in class XI has carried out the steps of a scientific approach including observing, asking questions, gathering information, reasoning, and communicating but in the implementation not running optimally, (3) Indonesian language teachers in class XI use authentic assessment in assessing the competence of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, during the assessment process the teacher has used scoring guidelines that are adjusted to the competencies to be assessed. https://ijels.com/detail/application-of-the-scientific-approach-in-studying-review-texts-at-sman-1-mirit-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ Diah Rahma Cahya Agustyowati, Andayani, Raheni Suhita https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-111202128-Application.pdf The main concern of this scientific paper isto make a thorough studyof unavoidablejuggernauts that torment English people, but balance the worldin the autobiographical and contemporary novel of Blake Morrison’s And When did you last See Your Father?. In the course of the implementation, I, through a rigorous demonstration, indicate the trial that human beings must face through some conversions and current endeavous.Moreover, I display the impacts of technologies on human beings’ state of mind in the twentieth century.To acquire those outcomes, I have applied to ourinvestigation Narrative Fiction, New Historicism and Critical Discourse Studies theories. https://ijels.com/detail/millennium-challenges-and-transformation-of-natural-principles-in-blake-morrison-s-and-when-did-you-last-see-your-father-a-critical-approach/ Alidou Razakou Ibourahima Boro https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-111202131-Millennium.pdf Most of the students from the state of Maharashtra, India, completed their school education through regional language, particularly in Marathi. But the further higher education in faculties of Science etc. is entirely in English. The researcher is a lecturer in English who noticed that students from the Marathi medium find it a little difficult to cope up with these studies in English. They commit certain mistakes while writing in English. The researcher, a lecturer in English, noticed that the students of the First-year Computer Technology branch in the S.H.H.J.B. Polytechnic College commit much less or more errors in different types of assigned written work. So, the researcher decided to study this to find out in what type of written work they commit less or more errors and why and to suggest remedies to overcome this. This study is unique because the researcher did not find such a three-sided study anywhere. So, the researcher selected a sample population of forty-five students from the branch and gave them three tasks of different types of writing works i.e. 1) free writing, 2) guided writing and 3) dictation. The number of types of mistakes committed by them in these writings is classified, analysed , and studied in this work. The findings of this research can be helpful to the teachers as well as to the students to decide the direction of their efforts to minimize the writing errors. https://ijels.com/detail/a-unique-three-sided-linguistic-study-to-identify-writing-errors-in-english-a-case-study-from-s-h-h-j-b-polytechnic-college-chandwad-nashik-maharashtra-india/ Mali Archana Arjun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-111202134-AUnique.pdf Seven Steps Around the Fire is one of the most widely read of Mahesh Dattani 's dramas which depicts the miserable plight of neglected and marginalized eunuchs through the research work and enquiry of Uma Rao who is the daughter of the Vice Chancellor and wife of Chief Superintendent of police, Suresh Rao when she happens to meet other eunuchs Anarkali and Champa. Except the two occasions of child birth and wedding, the eunuchs are looked down upon due to their inferior gender.They are not welcome.The drama is about the murder mystery of Kamala, a eunuch, who is mercilessly burnt to death by the powerful minister Mr Sharma just because she dared to love and marry his son Subbu.Through this drama, Dattani has tried to break the stereotypes regarding the hijaras in our society.Hijaras are human beings like us; they have equal rights to be respected like us and they have also equal right to get married and to be parents. https://ijels.com/detail/mahesh-dattani-s-seven-steps-around-the-fire-breaking-the-stereotypes/ Purnima Gupta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-11220211-Mahesh.pdf Colonialism has become a matter of past but its dominance is starkly evident in the lives of once colonized. The region and the people who were colonized; still carries the submissive notion like ‘west better than east’, ‘high and low’, ‘superior and inferior’. On surface it seems that the phase of ‘decolonization’ has brought an end to colonialism. Indeed, it has provided a physical liberation but the psyche of the once colonized and their coming generations are still colonized. https://ijels.com/detail/colonial-consciousness-in-jhumpa-lahiri-s-the-third-and-final-continent/ Vijaylaxmi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-112202114-Colonial.pdf Socializing factors like, schools, parents, peer groups, and legal forces etc. all of them combine together to alienate women from fulfilling their own sexual desires and transform their sexual appetites into a subdued residue. The double standard of sexual morality forbade certain sexual activities for women while permitting the same actions for men. Women themselves know very well that they are not permitted by society to express their sexual feelings or even to enjoy sex in many contexts. Amitav Ghosh explores this double standard of sexual morality in his novels.He stresses on the need to deconstruct the cultural construct of sexual morality, which prohibited certain sexual behaviours for women while approving the same behaviours for men. Through an exploration of mainly Ghosh’s The River of Smoke, Sea of Poppies and Flood of Fire I have shown that the political purposes of men have often been rested on restraining women from enjoying satisfying sexual pleasure. Sexuality is not at all as restricted or as palpable as most of us believe. I have also argued in this paper that the restriction on human sexual activity to the lone task of producing babies is not at all a natural requirement, but it is the outcome of a very precise cultural construction. https://ijels.com/detail/suppressed-sexuality-in-gendered-institutions-a-re-examination-of-amitav-ghosh-s-ibis-trilogy/ Ranita Bain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-112202113-Suppressed.pdf Political participation is characterized by ethnic-discrimination in Nigeria. Electoral processes and nomination of candidates at election often laced with ethnicity and discrimination. Selection of candidates for political offices usually follows politics of ethnicity. The constitutional provision which ensures equity often suspended whenever candidates were presented for electoral offices. This study examines causes of ethnic consideration as the basis for political participation. This study argues that recognition of every community member would enhance qualitative political participation in Nigeria. Recognition Theory, a social justice theoretical framework, was used in this study to explain concepts such as discrimination, ethnicity and participatory politics, and their centrality to democratic values in Nigeria. The theory provides explanation for the inequalities in political participation such as inaccessibility, disassociation, discrimination, prejudice and non-participation. Qualitative method of data collection was adopted in this study. Unstructured interview guide was designed to collect data from one hundred and twenty-five participants. The participants were selected from the capital of States selected for this study such as Benin, Suleja, Ilorin, Owerri, Ikeja and Osogbo. This paper found that voting patterns were influenced by factors such as ethnicity, favoritism, godfather, bribery and others. It was also found that candidates’ choice for elections is determined by godfather, ethnicity, age, religion rather that a ten-year residency dictated by the constitution. It was concluded that inclusiveness without discrimination such as ethnicity, region, godfather, state of origin and gender could galvanize equal political participation. This paper finally concluded that political participation though inclusiveness can reduce politics of ethnic-discrimination in Nigeria. https://ijels.com/detail/political-participation-through-inclusiveness-an-exploration-of-politics-of-ethnic-discrimination-in-nigeria/ Dr. Olakunle Michael Folami, Dr. Fasuwon, Adebayo, Olugbenga Olaseinde https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-111202135-Political.pdf This study is a qualitative analysis of the problems of Kenyans after independence. The researcher highlighted all kinds of evils faced by the mass population such as political betrayal and revenge, social injustice, corruption, nepotism, privilege and dictatorship to name a few. The researcher critically analyses the play “Betrayal in the City”, and came up with possible solutions to overcome the ills listed above like unity, forgiveness and reconciliation in order to build a peaceful nation. The researcher had not only suggested truth, forgiveness and reconciliation as a key towards unity and sustainable peace building among people but also the relevance of the study to the society has been put in the readers’ hands. https://ijels.com/detail/the-ills-of-colonial-and-post-independent-kenya-as-reflected-in-imbuga-s-betrayal-in-the-city/ Théoneste Nsabimana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-112202112-TheIlls.pdf The empty materialism of the post-War period brought the people into a particular area of possessing their own grandeur. It gave them the right to wander anywhere they sought after. But it was just like a cage where they were put aside and separated by bars from each other. In the guise of unity it played the role to scatter one from another. They intentionally injected the idea of being superior which consequently mugged the emotions of people and alienated them from each other. The ruling party who became benefitted by the War also became tycoon paying no heed to others. At the same time a sect of young generation lost their faith in the new trends. It made a trouble keeping both the aforesaid sects apart from each other. These two types of people of the post-War society are represented by Peter and Jerry respectively in The Zoo Story. All the necessary sectors i.e. political, social got a crazy look and influenced the contemporary trends in literature. Major collapse in morality increased alarmingly among people. All these matters happened to drive them towards a puzzle. Failing to solve the problems they became frustrated and this shook their mind desperately. The very modern men made them lunatic and thus insanity got its nest in their mind and in their actions. It seems that they are running around the cycle of alienation, insanity and despair keeping the ultimate ruin in its centre. It is not just a story but an up-to-date projection of modern life. https://ijels.com/detail/the-experiences-of-alienation-insanity-and-despair-the-zoo-story-and-modernity/ Noni Gopal Sutradhar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-112202118-TheExperiences.pdf Mulk Raj Anand is considered one of the finest novelists and one of the members of the amazing trio of Indian English fiction alongwith Raja Rao and R.K. Narayan. Anand's novels are a portryal of Indianness with its true essence. His novels put a direct question on the hypocrisy of the Indian society and its shallow beliefs. He challenges through his writings the narrow-mindedness prevailing in his contemporary society. Anand's first two novels, "Untouchable" and "Coolie" are the perfect examples of this. This paper tries to comparatively analyse these two works of Anand and highlights some relevant issues in both the works. https://ijels.com/detail/comparative-analysis-of-mulk-raj-anand-s-untouchable-and-coolie/ Dr. Anuradha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-107202147-Comparative.pdf In Custody is the story of a married young man, a Hindi college teacher, Deven Sharma, making vain efforts to establish his identity by doing something new and different: to get the interview of a very famous poet Nur Shahjehan badi published in a magazine. But this does not happen to be an easy task; he has to face a number of complexities that stupefy him. He gets trapped in a number of situations where he feels helpless and hopeless. He, unable to reconcile between his dreams and disillusionments, ultimately faces failure. The present paper makes an attempt to trace the journey of this young man trying hard to cope up with the circumstances, unfavourable to him, in order to prove his worth in a narrow minded self-centered society. His journey is full of dreams and disillusionments, hopes and frustrations, communication and lack of communication. However, by the end of the novel he gains some respite to console himself. https://ijels.com/detail/in-custody-quest-for-a-dignified-existence/ B. D. Pandey, Shivani Shailja https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-11220215-InCustody.pdf This research aims to tackle the problems and difficulties that face people after wars and their horrific consequences. As a result, people after the end of any wars or catastrophes are made to suffer the trauma of the hardship of life and the social disintegration of their communities not to mention the loss of their lovers and all forms of destruction. Thus, there will be suggestions of psychological recovery throughout this research which may improve the psyches of those who have traumatic experiences. The research also aims at acquainting the reader with Samuel Beckett's treatment in his masterpiece Waiting for Godot of the devastating World War II (1939-1945) and its negative impacts on people as he exerts much efforts to show the horrific consequences of that recent war as if he addresses all people worldwide and warns them at the same time of the risks of evil, wars in particular, when he gives succinct descriptions of people suffering from the harshness of lifein the fifties of the last century in his drama which may stem from his moral responsibility as a playwright aware of the dangers of wars that usually claim uncountable numbers of death toll and leave the world destructive and most of its survived people traumatized, trying intensely to survive in a world that deprives them of their simplest rights of living. https://ijels.com/detail/samuel-beckett-s-waiting-for-godot-therapeutic-perspective/ Ghassan Awad Ibrahim https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-112202167-Samuel.pdf This paper aims at analyzing the grammatical and linguistic issues of Shakespearean English. The various techniques of this paper are driven from main fields of English language such as linguistics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis. Moreover, this paper sheds light on the self-presentation of Shakespearean English speakers in language and their own ways in communicating with others. Furthermore, the argument in this paper shows that the grammatical rules that control the linguistic usage of the Shakespearean language provide a lot of information about interaction and interpersonal relationships. Therefore, this paper also focuses on the great influence of Shakespearean English on modern English language through many Shakespearean idioms and new words that are used even in the present times as well as the notable influence of Shakespearean English on today's English pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. https://ijels.com/detail/critical-review-of-shakespearean-language-linguistic-perspectives/ Lina Fathi Sidig Sidgi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-112202171-Critical.pdf Willa Cather’s My Mortal Enemy features Myra Henshawe as its central character, whose romantic relationship affects her overarching relationship with material wealth. Critical works focusing on these two concepts – wealth and love – to analyze this novel is not difficult to find but such critical lenses never incorporated Jacques Lacan’s notions regarding the human psyche. This paper intends to provide insight into this opening by analyzing the character Myra Henshawe in light of Lacan’s psychoanalytic theories. The purpose is to find out how different stages of Myra’s life correspond with specific Lacanian orders, i.e. – the Imaginary, the Symbolic and the ‘Real’. Thus, the theoretical framework is provided by Jacques Lacan’s theory of the three orders and some conceptual understandings on the Mirror Stage, the Desire of the Mother, the Name-of-the-Father, the ‘objet petit a’, lack, desire, ‘jouissance’ and the Death Drive aid in this regard as well. The discourse of My Mortal Enemy has been analyzed and the findings have been viewed in light of such theoretical and conceptual understandings to assess the nature of Myra’s dysfunction as an individual within society. This paper’s investigation of My Mortal Enemy’s Myra Henshawe through the Lacanian orders shows that – wealth & romantic love structure her life into different segments, which if situated varyingly into the Imaginary and the Symbolic orders, engenders varying interpretations that serve as explanations for Myra’s gradually decreasing capacity to function in society, and how within these orders, Myra’s encounter(s) with the ‘Real’ can be specified, which sheds light on Myra’s traumas & her tendency to repetitively cycle back to such traumatic experiences and also further accounts for her dysfunction. https://ijels.com/detail/putting-myra-into-orders-locating-the-operations-of-the-lacanian-orders-in-willa-cather-s-my-mortal-enemy/ Nihal Farhan Kabir https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-112202125-Putting.pdf The mRNA 1273 vaccine by Moderna©has recorded to be94.1% effective against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 infection. Health care workers in Indonesia are receiving third-booster vaccine by Moderna after the two doses of virus-inactivated vaccine. Further evaluation of Covid-19 mRNA vaccine post-injection effects on health care workers is necessary. This present study asssessed the post-immunization adverse events tohealth care workersin the Port Health Office of Semarang.This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study aimed to the HCWs, both staff and non-staff, of the Port Health Office of Semarang.We identified and analyzed the adverse effects on 132 workers who had been receiving third-mRNA booster vaccine by Moderna. About 37.8% (50 out of 132)respondents experienced adverse events after receiving third-booster vaccine by Moderna. Among them, female workers (62%) had more incidents compared to males (38%). the most common symptoms were localized painon injected arm (100%), fatigue (44%), fever (42%), myalgia (38%), and chills (30%). Other symptoms like night sleep issue, diarrhea, nausea, an headacheswere also reported.The mRNA 1273 vaccine by Moderna©injection as booster provides several severe but not life-threatening symptoms, most of the emerging cases are fatigue and fever and and possibly correlated with gender. https://ijels.com/detail/adverse-effects-associated-with-third-booster-covid-19-vaccine-heterologous-vaccines-by-sinovac-moderna-among-health-care-workers/ Nur Idayanti, Dwi Sutiningsih, Mochamad Hadi M, Imam Abrori https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-112202154-Adverse.pdf One of the most misunderstood ideas among the socio-literary discourses is, perhaps, Gender Performativity. It is often confused with our physical identities and the whole idea of ‘Performance’ becomes an error. Mahesh Dattani is well known for his dealing with a wide range of themes including unusual love-triangles, same-sex relationships, subversion of patriarchy and child-sex abuse, etc that includes the idea of ‘Performance’ as well. His Dance Like a Man (1989) is one such play where he creates the parallel binary worlds [i.e Patriarchy and Matriarchy] for us. The characters in this play fail to understand their true self and thus, get entangled in the labyrinth of the idea of ‘Performance’. Similarly, Rituparno Ghosh’s Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish (2012) explores the problems in the character in understanding their real identities and getting themselves attached into the war of sexual limitations. This paper explores a comparative study of both texts: how they try to represent the idea of performativity through their understanding of the self and creates a hypothetical gap for our research and understanding. https://ijels.com/detail/performance-and-identity-exploring-the-idea-of-gender-performativity-through-a-comparative-study-of-mahesh-dattani-s-dance-like-a-man-and-rituparno-ghosh-s-chitrangada-the-crowning-wish/ Arup Kumar Bag https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-112202121-Performance.pdf This paper is an intertextual analysis of Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed under the light of Louis Adrian Montrose’s theory of power relation. Montrose asserts on textuality of history and historicity of text. By textuality of history, he refers to the functionality and constructedness of history, while historicity of texts refers to cultural specificity and social embodiments of all modes of writing, the rootedness of a texts in the social, historical, political and cultural ambiance of its production. He believes that there is no such a thing as objective history because history is a narrative, which, like language is produced in a context and governed by social, economic and political groups or institutions. Hence, Montrose in an intertextual analysis of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream applied his theory of power relation to figure out the manipulated and symbolic power of women during Elizabeth in Renaissance period. Therefore, this paper aims to intertextually analyze the situation of female characters in Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed based on power relationin order to discover how Khaled Hosseini represented the social, political, and economic condition of Afghan womenin the 20th century in Afghan society. https://ijels.com/detail/representation-of-women-and-circulation-of-power-in-khaled-hosseini-s-and-the-mountains-echoed-a-montrosean-reading/ Ghulam Yahya Asghari, Rahimullah Ramish, Ali Akbar Zawuli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-112202145-Representation.pdf Reading Mimi Lok’s select short stories through the lens of diaspora and exploring the possibilities of multiculturalism, this paper underscores the ever-transforming transnationalism that reinforces the concept of cultural hybridity of the diaspora. When looked into the two short stories by Mimi Lok, viz. “Last of Her Name”and “The Wrong Dave”, the ideas of home, sojourn, identity of the Chinese diaspora tend to take up new dimensions. ‘Home’ for the diaspora community is no longer just a token of longing but a station that liberates it from the burden of having to choose; that allows the hyphenated space not to be ‘lacking’ butto be all inheriting. Identity today means so much more than the binary us/them or the ‘exile’ and ‘displaced’. Diaspora communities today possess the power to fashion their own cultural identity by blending the disparate elements that the world has to offer. A sojourner in the twenty-first century stands rather as a transnational being with a sense of being an heir to all that he/she comes in contact with.This paper shall explore the journey of diaspora subjectivities from sojourn through settlement to transnationalism to highlight the process of assimilation, adaptation, cultural hybridity and mimicry respectively. It shall also look into the mother-land’s sub-conscious desire of engaging in diaspora in search of empowerment. https://ijels.com/detail/exile-as-empowerment-select-readings-of-the-short-stories-of-mimi-lok/ Barsha Dutta Kalita https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-112202135-Exile.pdf This study sheds the light on the use of chronotopes in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Al-Hakim’s The People of the Cave and demonstrates the differences and similarities between them accordingly. This paper depends on Bakhtin's theory of chronotope in examining the elements of time-space and clarifying its role in enriching the dramatic plot of both plays. The importance of this study is due to its novelty, as there is no previous study that analyzed the use of time-space in both plays exhaustively. The results of this study showed that there are similarities or commonalities between the two plays at the level of the chronotope of adventure, threshold, and parlors and salons, where the role of these chronotopes was equally influential in the construction of the plot and enriching the dramatic actions. Furthermore, there was a perspicuous and prominent difference in terms of presenting idyllic chronotopes, as this chronotope was tremendously violated in Hamlet, while The People of the Cave came in line with what Bakhtin elucidated in his interpretation of the moral role of these chronotopes. In a nutshell, Al-Hakim’s focus on presenting Islamic elements in a tragic theatrical framework is considered one of the most important differences between the two plays. https://ijels.com/detail/a-chronotopic-analysis-of-shakespeare-s-hamlet-and-al-hakim-s-the-people-of-the-cave/ Dulfqar Mhaibes ABDULRAZZAQ https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-112202120-AChronotopic.pdf The New Criticism theory has come as a reaction against traditional ways of approaching literary texts. All the approaches that preceded it like the historical, the biographical, and the psychological approaches, mainly, and which relied heavily on extra-textual elements to unfold or disentangle a piece of art, were judged to be biased and lacking, for the simple reason that they make the critic and the reader, alike, stray from the text on the page, and indulge in fields that are beyond the text. For the New Critics, the text should remain an autonomous, auto-referential, highly autotelic, and a hermetically closed entity that derives its meaning, if there is any meaning at all, from the interactions of its internal parts. It should reflect but itself by its free play of signifiers, relying on devices that create ambiguity and tensions to be resolved within the confines of the text itself. https://ijels.com/detail/new-criticism-novelties-and-limitations/ Mohammed Ritchane https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-110202113-NewCriticism.pdf The essay explores the intricacies of how Virginia Woolf rehabilitated the erstwhile masculine inter-war trauma and memory back to the maternal, the source of civilisational guilt and collective advertent amnesia. It unravels a concomitance and convoluted relation between the Maternal trace and Modernist trauma of anonymity. It elucidates the Modernist existential trauma while resuscitating the silenced voice of the maternal forces, both creative and destructive. https://ijels.com/detail/mothering-the-mother-the-un-being-the-maternal-and-modernist-trauma-in-virginia-woolf/ Anshula Upadhyay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-112202122-Mothering.pdf Modern critics and theorists on urban vision insist that the city is ‘a text’ that can be read in a variety of ways to represent its complexity and ‘unreadability’1. The city in most theoretical frameworks is explored according to approaches that identify it as a text read by many types of readers. Twentieth-century cultural theorist Michel de Certeau, for instance, tries to use the modernist lens through which the city is viewed as a space that can be interpreted according to two urban subjects: the "voyeur" and the "pedestrian". According to him, as many critics assume, the urban space, particularly the city, can be viewed according to two main positions: ‘views from above’ and ‘views from below’. In the novel under study, Bleak House by Charles Dickens, the detective is represented as ‘the reader’ or producer of the city, the reader whose views of the city from ‘above’ and ‘below’ represent the labyrinthine structure of the Victorian city. The first part of this article attempts to represent the views of the city in two opposite directions: the views ‘from above’ and the views ‘from below’. This paper depends on the figure of the detective who can be categorized as the 'voyeur,' the viewer and 'pedestrian' to map the discourse of the labyrinthine and invisible Victorian city. https://ijels.com/detail/urban-perception-and-the-detective-figure-in-bleak-house-by-charles-dickens-the-labyrinth/ Sana Ayed Chebil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-112202166-Urban.pdf Women entrepreneurs all around the world are making a difference by contributing countless ideas as well as a significant amount of energy and resources to their communities.This study focused on the reasons why women entrepreneurs work from home. This research also described the benefits of working from home for female entrepreneurs. Furthermore, this study addressed the challenges that women entrepreneurs face when working from home. The method of research used in this study is descriptive quantitative method. Purposive sampling was used by the researcher, who distributed survey questionnaires to a total of 58 female entrepreneurs, 25 began working from home as entrepreneurs, and 33 began their businesses from home as a result of the pandemic. Work-from-home women entrepreneurs have reasons, benefits, and challenges. Women entrepreneurs in Nueva Ecija found out that their main reasons working from home were the involvement of their family members, assurance of monitoring and controlling their money specifically their income, and assumption of workspace is readily available at home. They know that they have benefitted working from home because they can focus on customer relations and provide convenience of working space for their business since they will not go out to go to the office. However, there were also challenges as entrepreneurs working from home such as lack of formal training in entrepreneurship, competitions in business, and financial stability.Based on these conclusions, researcher recommends that women entrepreneurs working from home should strengthen the involvement of family members in doing their business because this could be a source of motivation to cope with when challenges would come in. An exclusive workspace should be established at home to sustain the business and home area. Business scheduling and family time are also important to maintain work and life balance. Women entrepreneurs are encouraged to communicate with the local government unit, schools, or even online advertised trainings in entrepreneurship to strengthen their skills on costumer relations and enhance their skills in product development, marketing, and as well as, financial management. https://ijels.com/detail/women-entrepreneurs-of-nueva-ecija-a-study-on-reasons-benefits-and-challenges-of-work-from-home/ Rollieza Grace Daus-Taruc https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-10120228-Women.pdf My paper entitled “Does Malala Need Saving? Understanding Western Idea of Rescue and Importance of Islamic Feminism in Malala’s Yousafzai’s Autobiography” endeavours to understand a very specific focus to trace the problematic identity of Muslim women in any South-Asian Muslim society and try to project how an individual Muslim woman locates herself in the male-dominated Muslim society. The purpose of this research is to argue how women are oppressed and humiliated in the name of religion. Here Malala is reacting against the falsity of society by writing their life narratives. The protagonists are believers of Islam and they are not speaking against Islam and the Quran, rather they are raising their voice against how the patriarchal society is misrepresenting the Quranic verses and using them against the women of the society. On the other side, whenever the women of Third World country are divulging their story, the West is immediately taking the responsibility to promote Muslim women’s position in the Muslim world, as a victim. Hence they are suffering from double oppression. On one hand, they are condemned by their society for raising voice against existing norms of the society, and on the other hand, they fall under the tendency of the West to represent the backwardness of the Muslim country. So, in this paper, I have tried to highlight the journey of the writer, how they are fighting against these oppressions and creating their own individual identity. https://ijels.com/detail/does-malala-need-saving-understanding-western-idea-of-rescue-and-importance-of-islamic-feminism-in-malala-yousafzai-s-autobiography/ Shabnur Parveen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-112202149-DoesMalala.pdf This case study sought to discover the collaborative efforts developed/ implemented by the local officials and tribal leaders, of Brgy. Naneng, Tabuk City, Kalinga in their COVID-19 prevention and containment program. In response to COVID-19, Barangay Naneng, Tabuk CIty, sealed off community access to non-residents and require 14-day quarantine for any returning residents who left the community and enacted more severe self-imposed travel restrictions, including the banning of all visitors and denial of return access to residents leaving temporarily. The panglakayans however were not able to contribute very much in the implementation and execution of some programs because they were no longer allowed to go out after the lockdown on March 16, 2020 was implemented except for their strong advise to practice an indigenous tradition called “ Uwoy Gayang”. 6 months after the lockdown on March 16, 2020 Naneng remains to be Covid Free.It is found that the indigenous people of Brgy. Naneng Tabuk City simply followed the prescribed protocols, implemented lockdown and observed the quarantine period for returning resident. They however added an indigenous way of dealing with Covid19 which is the Uwwoy Gayang which is not scientifically proven but is believed to increase their resiliency. https://ijels.com/detail/uwoy-gayang-and-the-indigenous-populations-collaborative-effort-against-covid-19-pandemic-a-case-study-of-the-naneng-heritage-village/ Juan Moshe M. Duyan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-112202162-Uwoy.pdf Even with the presence of barangay and municipal ordinances on the Solid Waste Management and other Information Education Campaign activities in the Municipality of Rizal, Kalinga, there is a need to assess how these programs were implemented. Thus this study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and solid waste management practices of households in terms of 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) and assess the effectiveness of programs on solid waste management. A descriptive research design was used in gathering data and a total of 251 households as respondents. Data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using the frequency and percentage distribution. Findings showed that households are fully aware on the solid waste management, very aware on the waste management practices in terms of 3Rs 9reduce, reuse and recycle), and good in composting and disposal practices. It was found out that IEC and solid waste management programs were implemented well. https://ijels.com/detail/war-on-waste-implementation-of-solid-waste-management-ra-9003-in-the-municipality-of-rizal/ Catherine P. Cubebe – Cawayan, Shinju C. Lingbawan, Reny T. Putic, Marsky A. Ubeňa, Ehrol C. Bayed https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-112202157-Waon.pdf This study entitled “ Tracer Study of BSAF Graduates of the Kalinga State University- Rizal Campus from 2012- 2018” aimed to assess the factors associated with the job placement of the graduates of Bachelor of Science in Agroforestry (BSAF) Program from 2012 to 2018 specifically to, (1) determine the respondent’s profile; (2) determine the nature and current employment status of the BSAF graduates; and,(3) identify the competencies/skills developed by Kalinga State University – Rizal Campus considered by the respondents useful in meeting the demands of their present work. The study was conducted at Rizal, Kalinga from June- December 2019 with the BSAF graduates from 2012-2018 as the respondents of the study.There were a total of 90 graduates and 61 or 67.78% only were traced. Survey questionnaires were floated to the graduates and Frequency, percentage, and ranking were used to treat the data gathered. The results of this study revealed that; out of 61 traced graduates, there were 43 or 70.49% who were employed and 18 or 29.51% were not yet employed; majority were engaged in Professional/Technical/ Supervisory works with 29 or 67.44 % and; majority were contractual employees with 23 or 53.49%. Furthermore, more than ¾ or 75.93% of the respondents regarded Communication Skills as the main competency that helps them a lot in finding a job. The employment status of the BSAF graduates is high. However, enhancing linkage with the different agencies in the immediate vicinity and nearby towns as well is highly recommended. This may improve graduates chances of finding employment and at least maintain the high employability level of the graduates. https://ijels.com/detail/tracer-study-of-bsaf-graduates-of-the-kalinga-state-university-rizal-campus-from-2012-2018/ Ehrol C. Bayed, Reny T. Putic, Charideep. Publico, Clarissa L. Amoga, Rose Ann C. Banguilan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-112202158-Tracer.pdf The present pandemic threatens not only the people’s health but the demand of ABHR (Alcohol Based Hand-rub) which can lead to improved compliance of hand hygiene practices. This study was designed to determine the acceptability and tolerability of ABHR for the hand hygiene of employees and students of Kalinga State University. 40 participants were enumerated according to the WHO protocol which comprised primarily of faculty and staff (60%), the majority were female (58%). Few of the respondents reported asthmatic conditions (10%) and any non-work activity/ies (7.5%) that would damage their skin in the duration of the test period. The majority of the criteria set by the WHO for the acceptability of the product were deemed acceptable except for the two parameters, texture (45%) and drying effect (50%) which is below the recommended percentage of the WHO. The said parameters were suggested to be improved for the next study. The respondents reported their satisfaction with the produced ABHR and added that the test product improved their hand hygiene practices (75%). A separate study should be considered to assess the Product tolerability and skin compatibility with a trained medical staff per WHO Protocol so that objective assessment by an independent observer as well as subjective assessment will be assessed. https://ijels.com/detail/assessment-of-tolerability-and-acceptability-of-alcohol-based-solution-according-to-world-health-organization-who-protocol-among-employees-and-students-of-kalinga-state-university-ksu/ Bernadette C. Aggabao, Melanie Santos-Manuel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-112202160-Assessment.pdf This study analyzed the common communication strategies used by the freshman students in the College of Liberal Arts, Kalinga State University. It drew insight from Tarone’s (1981) five (5) classifications of communication strategies namely paraphrase, borrowing, appeal for assistance, mime, and avoidance encapsulate the analysis of data. Paraphrase was subcategorized into three: approximation, word coinage, and circumlocution. Borrowing, on the other hand, is categorized into two: literal translation and language switch. The same is true with avoidance; it includes the strategies topic avoidance and message abandonment. It was concluded that the freshman students use varied communication strategies but the most used is topic avoidance, followed by language switching. The least communication strategies used, on the other hand, include message abandonment, mime, appeal for assistance, and circumlocution. It was further revealed that there are also varied problems encountered by the respondents when using the English language. The most common is lack of self-confidence while the least one is poor communicative competence. Moreover, there are also varied communication strategies the respondents use when communicating with their seatmates, classmates, friends, and teachers. https://ijels.com/detail/communication-strategy-analysis-of-freshman-students-in-the-college-of-liberal-arts-kalinga-state-university/ Leonora F. Lo-oy, Estherlyn A. Compas, Sheila Fesway-Malao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-112202164-Communication.pdf As a new measurement attribute, fair value has attracted significant attention since its inception and remains a challenging hotspot and difficulty in international accounting. The introduction of fair value into China’s new accounting standards in 2006 marked a major breakthrough. This paper analyzes the impact of fair value on corporate profits under the new accounting standards and explores the relationship between fair value and accounting fraud. https://ijels.com/detail/new-evaluation-approach-of-fair-value-in-financial-industry/ Xu Yaxuan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-111202131-NewEvaluation.pdf