https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usApril 7 The attention of researchers has aroused the issue of the influence between Arab Islamic literature and Western literature, and among these works is the work of Dante, the well-known "Divine Comedy", which was translated into many languages due to the impact it left on the hearts of its recipients. In this paper, we shed light on the scene of the companions of elevations (Al Araf), which the Holy Qur’an portrayed well, and this scene came in the same image for Dante, and through this scene we tried to show the extent of the influence of Islamic sciences on Western literature. We started our research with an introduction in which we defined the walls (Al Araf) in language and idiomatically a brief about the book of the Divine Comedy, then we mentioned in the first section about norms in Noble Qur’an and in the Sunnah and among the commentators to conclude this topic with (limbos) of Dante in the Divine Comedy, while the second section came to explain the issue of influence between the sciences, The paper ended with a number of conclusions. https://ijels.com/detail/al-a-r-f-a-wall-with-elevated-places-scene-in-a-new-western-perspective/ Dr. Shamim Radhi Abd https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-102202133-Al.pdf The odes show a journey towards the meaning of existence through actual human experience as well as the intense experience to be found in art. In his letter to Reynolds,Keats clearly stated his purpose by comparing life to “a large Manson of many apartments” in which he describes his journey from the infant or thoughtless chamber to dark passages through the delightful chamber of the maiden thought.In these poems, we find a dialogue between transience and eternity,climaxing not in the beauty- truth equation but the mood of acceptance.From the romantic anguish, he moves on to what Arnold said the ability to see life in its wholeness which is so characteristic of Hellenism. https://ijels.com/detail/john-keats-s-odes-a-balm-to-a-tired-some-soul-with-reference-to-ode-to-psyche-ode-on-a-grecian-urn-ode-on-melancholy-and-ode-to-autumn/ Hari Shankar Mukherjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-10320211-JohnKeatss.pdf Since the 1970s, Philip Kan Gotanda has been at the heart of the Asian American theatre movement and has become the voice of Asian American experience, producing theatrical works that can speak in different voices of Asian Americans and encompass a broad range of dramatic styles. Along with other playwrights such as David Henry Hwang, Momoko Iko, Velina Hasu Houston and Wakako Yamauchi, Gotanda is considered an influential figure in the second wave of dramatists, who follow the footsteps of the pioneer Frank Chin, to develop a viable Asian American theatre. From the beginning of his career, Gotanda's works have been successfully presented and produced at both Asian American theatres and mainstream venues across the United States. https://ijels.com/detail/philip-kan-gotanda-the-chronicler-of-the-asian-american-experience/ Dr. Hisham Muhamad Ismail https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-102202137-Philip.pdf The initial acceptance of Psychoanalysis is the credence that all human posses memories, feelings, unconscious thoughts and desires. Jung felt that “The dream is a little hidden door in the innermost and most secret recesses of the psyche”. Some psychologists think that dreams are nothing more than the result of unplanned brain pursuit that take place when we are sleeping, while others acquire the perspective of human such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung that dreams can release a human's deepest unconscious wishes and desires. https://ijels.com/detail/psychoanalysis-dream-including-freudian-symbolism/ Aradhana Shukla https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-101202153-Psychoanalysis.pdf Wordsworth, preeminently a poet of solitude, has restored our lost capacity for spontaneous and uncomplicated responsiveness. Though most of his poetry is immerged in solitude, yet it is the solitude that radiates a natural and healthy humanity. His solitude is different from that of a pessimist. He is seeking and receiving the lavishing grant of nature and his own salvation. https://ijels.com/detail/on-solitude-in-wordsworth-s-poetry/ Huang Saisai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-102202148-OnSolitude.pdf Aphra Behn is one of many a woman writer who was both overlooked and discredited by history. Her literary works were prominent back in the late 17th century because they were thought of as "scandalous". Although not much information is known about her real birth name, origins or life story, several intellectuals, especially feminist historians and literary critics, have attempted to shed light on Aphra Behn as a remarkable woman writer and literary figure that slowly but surely marked English literary history long before Jane Austen. For instance, Virginia Woolf exalts her in A Room of One's Own (1929) by saying "All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn... for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds". https://ijels.com/detail/aphra-behn-the-scarlet-woman/ Rokaya Chaarani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-10320216-Aphra.pdf This paper begins with the examination of some premises of Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus, and briefly revisits some of the concepts or ideas that she had adapted and that will allow to determine the premises that characterize what we named as Frankenstein Paradigm. Such a paradigm, as we suggested, allows us to perceive, on the one hand, the avant-garde vision of Mary Shelley about human condition (regardless of literary immersion in gothic subjects), and on the other hand, the complexity of themes that would mark what is termed by post-human, that we will give some examples whether in contemporary art or in the framework of figures and representations of daily life (some illustrations on movies will be given). In this regard, we will notice the prosthetic transformations that have already occurred and, therefore, to verify the practical application of the premises contained in the Frankenstein paradigm. Next, it is necessary to carry out a reflection on the ethical and social implications posed by post-humanism as the well-known paradox of the ship of Theseus (which, as we all know, illustrates the problem of identity). https://ijels.com/detail/the-frankenstein-paradigm-more-than-human-less-than-nothing/ Paulo Alexandre e Castro https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-102202153-The.pdf Shashi Deshpande's work depicts women spiraling down in their duties, responsibilities, and career. Without giving due importance to their desires and emotional wellbeing. The protagonist in the story " A Liberated Woman " is a well-settled doctor going through a stark identity crisis due to her troubled marriage which she presumes to be a result of her success. Shashi vividly shows the agony of an educated woman falling in the frustrating dilemma of following the traditions of patriarchy by continuing an abusive marriage or expressing herself as an individual and boldly protecting both her sanity and her self-respect but choses to reproach herself and her circumstances and accept the situations as it is like most of middle-class women. https://ijels.com/detail/the-harsh-blow-of-patriarchy-on-woman-s-psychology-in-shashi-deshpande-s-a-liberated-woman/ Ankita Pandey https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-10320212-TheHarsh.pdf Technology which plays a crucial role on balancing human actors and non-human actors provides a public platform for people to socialize and learn across time and space in the process of information sharing. The purpose of this research is to see the practice of learning on the social media. Besides, through collaboration, relationship building is also crucial in social learning process. In order to facilitate learning, people also tend to use some strategies to establish and maintain the relations. In this case, learning and relationship construction couldn’t be separated in the process of knowledge construction. Thus, this research explores the social learning process on the Social Networking Service (SNS) from the following two perspectives, learning perspective and the social relation perspective. The purpose of this research is to answer the following questions: What and how can people learn through social media? How are social relations constructed on the social media? My research data mainly includes online chatting and qualitative interviews, collected from two SNS applications which are” Sina Weibo” and “Hellotalk”. The data represents communication among people from diverse backgrounds, reflecting interaction particularly between my participants and me, and with others. In this study, I explore the learning process on the social media and the relationship construction at a micro level utilizing qualitative methods. Theoretically, this research adds knowledge to our understanding of social behavior online in general and of the process of learning and social relationship building on the social media in particular. Methodologically, I also provide a qualitative micro level model for the analysis of such social practice. https://ijels.com/detail/investigating-the-process-of-learning-and-relationship-building-on-the-social-media/ Siyu Chen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-103202120-Investigating.pdf In this research, parallels will be drawn between the Sufi poesy of two most prominent Sufi poets, Jalal Ud Din Rumi, and Walt Whitman. While the former was known for his Persian poetry, the latter on the other hand inspired the western poets with his unique use of mystic transcendentalism, with no precedents of such usage amongst the western literature. Consequently, the researcher will make an attempt under this research, conduct comparative analysis between the poesy of Rumi and Walt Whitman, with emphasis upon the key similarities and differences which pertain to the conception of cosmic unity, used by Rumi in Masnavi and by Walt Whitman in the Leaves Of Grass and the Song of Myself. https://ijels.com/detail/understanding-the-cosmic-unity-in-the-poetry-of-jalal-ud-din-rumi-and-walt-whitman/ Jaivinder Singh, Sunil K. Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10Understanding.pdf Northrop Frye was a Canadian literary critic and theorist. He was born on 14th July,1912 in Sherbrooke in Quebec, Canada. Harold Bloom called him a “Miltonic figure” (qtd. By Bloom in an interview) of literary criticism for his exemplary and original contributions to the field of literary criticism. Frye was educated at the University of Toronto where he was a theology and philosophy major. He then did his postgraduate degree in English at Merton College, Oxford. In 1939 he returned to Canada and started teaching at Victoria College, University of Toronto where he spent the rest of his literary career. Northrop Frye is viewed as a pioneering critic of archetypal criticism. His first book The Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake written in 1947 was a highly original study of Blake’s poetry and is considered a seminal critical work. He shot to international fame with the publication of his book titled The Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays written in 1957 “which redirected American literary theory away from the close reading of New Criticism and towards the larger meanings of literary genres, modes and archetypes.” (Drabble 386). Regardless of the critical evaluation, he stressed on a value-free science of criticism. Frye in most of his works elaborate a comprehensive map of the literary universe in a schematic series of classifications. He has written over twenty books on various subjects including culture, myth, social thought and archetypal theory. His famous works include The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology, Secular Scripture, The Great Code: The Bible and Literature, Spiritus Mundi, The Well-Tempered Critic and Northrop Frye on Shakespeare. Frye was a polymath who had extensive knowledge on various subjects such as western culture, archetypal criticism, religion, anthropology et cetera. The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology, published in 1963 is the collection from which the essay “The Archetypes of Literature” is taken. It was originally published in The Kenyon Review in 1951. Frye analyses literature with respect to various rituals and myths. He drew inspiration from many sources including the Bible, Blake’s prophetic books, Oswald Spengler, Sigmund Freud and James George Frazer. But the main source of influence was the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung. Frye was immensely influenced by his account of the collective unconscious. But ironically Frye objected to being called a Jungian critic because he said that the literary critics should be concerned only with the ritual or dream patterns and need not concern themselves with how the symbols actually got there. https://ijels.com/detail/archetypal-criticism-a-brief-study-of-the-discipline-and-the-sempiternal-relevance-of-its-pioneers/ Divya Gijo, Kevin George https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-102202149-Archetypal.pdf Apart from access and ease to use networking sites, online networking is a means to gain knowledge, create and maintain relationships, undertake business transactions, and provides users opportunity to ventilate their psychological and emotional feelings with a view to gaining social support. Against this backdrop, a study was carried out to examine online social networking and social support among Twitter users specifically undergraduates at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The objective was to determine the kind of social support Twitter users get through online networking. Anchored on weak ties theory, the study surveyed 310 respondents from a study population of 1,611 based on the Krejche and Morgan (1970) published table from all the fifteen Faculties at the University of Ilorin. The Google questionnaire was used as instrument of data collection. Findings revealed that respondents seeking social support on Twitter gain primarily financial, entertainment and moral support. The study also revealed an insignificant correlation between the levels of following on Twitter and the magnitude of social support gained. Based on these findings, this study recommended among other things, sustained use of Twitter by users to seek social support. https://ijels.com/detail/online-networking-and-social-support-among-twitter-users-at-university-of-ilorin-nigeria/ Dr. Patrick Udende, Dr. Kaior Samuel Akpede, Cynthia Oluwafunmilayo Williams, Dr. Aisha Imam Omoloso https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-102202151-Online.pdf This research departs from academic anxiety that so far anti-corruption education materials in Indonesia only contain positive legal coverage. In addition, the definition of corruption in the existing anti-corruption education material is still very limited, namely detrimental to state finances. This research answers how corruption is in Islamic law, how about anti-corruption education materials in Indonesia, and how the concept of integration of Islamic law in anti-corruption education in Indonesia. The results of this study are as follows: first, corruption in Islamic law is understood as including façade deeds that destroy the order of life, and the perpetrator is categorized as committing a major sin. Islam views corruption as a criminal act (Jarimah) which in fiqh jinayah includes elements that cause others to suffer losses. The forms of corruption in Islam include: al-ghulul, al-rishwah, al-ghaṣb, al-khiyanah, al-sariqah, al-hirabah, al-max, and al-ikhtilas. Second, anti-corruption education is a conscious and planned effort to realize a critical teaching and learning process. Anti-corruption education material should not be limited to transfer of knowledge (cognitive), but emphasizes efforts to form character (affective) and moral awareness (morality consciousness) in fighting (psychomotor) against corruption, because it is substantially against the principle of justice (al- 'is), accountability (al-amanah), and responsibility. https://ijels.com/detail/the-integration-of-islamic-law-toward-anti-corruption-education-in-indonesia/ Dr. H. Nur Solikin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-102202156-TheIntegration.pdf Since 1978, China has been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy for nearly 40 years, this 40 years is also be the 40 years that economic globalization develops ceaselessly all over the world. Under the dual influence of national policy guidance and international background, the internationalization of Chinese enterprises has also achieved rapid development. Yet Chinese firms still have plenty of problems. This requires scientific planning of the future direction of enterprise development. It is of great significance to China's future economic development. This paper analyzes the internationalization process of Chinese enterprises, the development of Chinese enterprises. This paper specifically analyzes several prominent problems that Chinese enterprises are facing at present, as well as the internal causes of these problems. Finally, the corresponding policy suggestions are given. https://ijels.com/detail/improve-expand-and-strengthen-state-owned-capital-to-enhance-international-competitiveness-of-chinese-enterprises/ Ran Wei https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-10320218-Improve.pdf Translation is the transfer of a message from one language - which can be referred to as the source language - into another language, designated as the target language. Whether translators are born or can be trained is an open-ended question. However, by observing and being aware of certain facts, one can go beyond the glaring erroneous translations that result from a lack of experience or sometimes even from a lack of time. Avoiding cultural bias and paraphrasing are important tools for a translator. However, linguistic differences between both languages make it important and necessary to be prudent and diligent while translating. A range of differences between the two languages – seemingly simple aspects like the use of punctuation, capitalization or more prevalent aspects like semantics - all pose a challenge to translators. This paper treats the challenges that translators could face in their activity due to certain linguistic elements. https://ijels.com/detail/linguistic-elements-in-translation-between-french-and-english/ Adnan Jabar Hamid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-103202122-Linguistic.pdf This study is an excerpt from a broader research, which was conducted between the years of 2014 and 2017, on the implications of non-indigenous schools on the formation of indigenous leaderships. Here, we analyzed the scholar upbringing of two leaderships from the Krikati people, who inhabit the western Maranhão area, and how the knowledge from the Western society contributed to their trajectories and life stories, without diluting their culture and indigenous identity. In this paper, we focus on the concepts of traditional and political leadership. We highlight characteristics of what it means to be a leader in indigenous societies, with the purpose of analyzing what can be considered as political constancy by leaderships from different cultures, historical and geographical contexts. We also discussed the types of leaderships, their attributions and functions from the theoretical framework that supports these discussions. We used accounts from traditional indigenous leaderships, Krikati political leaderships and from political leaders who are nationally recognized by Brazilian native peoples. The determination of native leaders to appropriate Western knowledge has been contributing to the strengthening of their leaderships and, consequently, to the realization of projects in their Territories. Thus, this work is theoretically and methodologically based on the history of the present time and history from oral sources. https://ijels.com/detail/indigenous-leaderships-beyond-the-tangle-of-concepts-and-their-functions-in-the-tracks-of-history-an-exercise-in-listening/ Ilma Maria de Oliveira Silva, Francisca Morais da Silveira, Francisco de Assis Carvalho de Almada, Livia da Conceição Costa Zaqueu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-10320215-Indigenous.pdf The value determinism theory of media is one of contemporary normative communication theories that is associated with the writing of Abderrahmane Azzi since the mid-1980s. This study identifies and clarifies the perspective of the theory based on a structural approach according to the following axes: priory of the theory over its parts; priority of the theory relationship over the parts; theory as a context; principle of synchronization and diachronization of the theory. For these characteristics the researcher tried to read and understand this theory. The study further delineates the position of VDT with other communication theories. Finally, the study states the main conceptual tools that made VDT a major trend in communication research in the Arab–Islamic region and abroad. https://ijels.com/detail/how-to-read-and-understand-the-value-determinism-theory-of-the-media-a-semantic-structural-approach/ Nassir Bouali, Alaa Makki https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-103202118-Howto.pdf Fūryū has been defined as the “aesthetic of unconventionality” (Qiu, 2001). In a broader, psychosocial context, it is associated with an iconoclastic attitude – a freethinking, grounded idealism amidst a myriad of circumstances. Experientially, fūryū can be understood as the Zen of poetic sensibility. Ikkyū Sōjun, an iconoclastic Rinzai Zen master (1394-1481), was the embodiment of fūryū. In his Zen poetry, Nature was a frequent metaphor for his sexuality and often alluded to counter the hypocrisy of most 15th century Zen establishments. Similarly, in his poem “Song of Myself”, Walt Whitman openly addressed his bisexuality and themes of “Self as Nature” with a sensuous fortitude reminiscent of fūryū. Both points considered, thegoal of this paper was to identify the fūryū in “Song of Myself” by comparingthe poetry of Ikkyū and Whitman. The analysis of fūryū in the context of modern American literature can assist the contemplative practices of Zen Buddhist or transcendental meditators in the West. Furthermore, it can contribute to the understanding of fūryū as an accessible universal concept, present in modern and contemporary literature, and in the practice of Zen itself. https://ijels.com/detail/koan-of-himself-finding-ikky-s-f-ry-in-whitman-s-song-of-myself/ Robmarie López-Soto https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-103202115-Koan.pdf New literatures have emerged from processes of colonization that had once affected and altered the fabric of large territories of the world since the fifteenth century well into the latter half of the twentieth century. The newness of these literatures consists in their articulation often but not limited to the effects of colonization, the march of capitalism across the globe, the emergence of new diasporas and their struggle to find their voice in the new world, and so on. This paper hopes to locate some of these new voices in the context of South Asian poetry. The works of three diasporic women poets based in the West, but who trace their ancestry to countries such as India and Bangladesh will be studied in order to realize the imaginative connection that these poets forge with South Asia in the process of creating their work. https://ijels.com/detail/wonder-why-we-can-t-have-normal-food-new-poetry-from-south-asian-diasporic-women-poets/ Arpita Ghosh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-103202125-Wonder.pdf A safe water supply should fulfill quality, quantity, continuity, and accessibility and health requirement. The number of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Management Group (DWSSMG) at Village level increases continuously but the management of water security has not fulfilled the requirement. Drinking water scope is still a problem in Batang Regency particularly in five villages in Gringsing Sub District: Lebo (58.29%), Madugowongjati (78%), Sawangan (42.59%), Surodadi (100%), and Tedunan Villages (79.83%). In addition tothe decrease in water quality (turbid), the total number of Coliform bacteria exceeds the threshold of standard drinking water quality according to Minister of Health’s Regulation No.492/MENKES/PER/IV/ 2010.The objective of research is to find out the map of water safety risk based on quality, quantity, and continuity. The research method used was descriptive semi quantitative one using five-cell risk assessment technique referring to HACCP environmental management system. The sample of research consisted of 45 members of (DWSSMG) and 25 water sample points taken using total sampling technique. The result of assessment on quality-type risk shows 12 risks belonging to very high category, 14 belonging to medium, and 31 belonging to low category,while there is high risk in quantity type in Sawangan Village, 1 very high risk in continuity type in Sawangan Village, and no risk in accessibility type. https://ijels.com/detail/evaluation-on-water-safety-plan-wsp-in-dwssmg-in-gringsing-sub-district-of-batang-regency/ Edi Subagiyo, Tri Joko, Onny Setiani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-103202130-Evaluation.pdf The paper focuses on the ethical considerations while researching on geographies of sex. It highlights the key tensions between method and research ethics. Focusing on homosexual men’s sexual cruising sites, it reflects on the application of ethical practices while undertaking research on sensitive places produced by sexually marginalized groups. The paper argues for an expansive reading of ethics in practice. The paper is divided into three sections. Section one deals with ethics in human geography research. Section two focuses on ethical practices in sexuality research. Section three brings out the questions that arise while undertaking research on the field and draws on works of scholars who have used justifiable ways to find answers. https://ijels.com/detail/ethics-in-geographical-research-studying-male-homosexual-cruising-sites/ Bhairannavar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-103202139-Ethics.pdf This research paper investigates the importance of motivation in the English teaching-learning process for non-native English-speaking students with a special focus on English literature. To reach a conclusion, the researcher studied the psychological aspects of students/ learners and various methods being adopted for teaching to maintain the learners' interest. Motivation has a direct impact on the behavior of anyone. According to Rayan and Deci, "to be motivated means to be moved or do something." The researcher has analyzed various motivational psychology theories to determine how a teacher can understand his students' mental status and solve their issues related to learning through multiple methods of motivation. This research paper is an in-depth study of the role of using motivational theories of Educational Psychology for teaching English literature & language. https://ijels.com/detail/motivational-role-of-teaching-english-literature-in-language-learning/ Dr. Vandana Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-103202126-Motivational.pdf Discourse in ideological commitment among Nigerian playwrights has been a controversial issue because critics such as Jeyifo and others accused pioneer Nigerian playwrights of non-commitment to any particular socio-political ideology that can transform the society positively, if compared with playwrights like Femi Osofisan and Olu Obafemi who emerged in the 1980s. The duo belong to the group of Nigerian playwrights that are considered to be socio-politically committed because of their ideological stance. This paper therefore aims at investigating the nature, extent and direction of their ideological commitment in the following selected plays: Femi Osofisan’s Red is the Freedom Road and Altine’s Wrath and Obafemi’s The New Dawn and Love Twirls of Adiitu and Iyunade. Throughdescriptive research method and oral interviews with the playwrights, this study explores the commitment of the playwrights to the conscientisation of the down trodden and to positive social change over time, using Marxism /Brecht’s Epic theories as its theoretical frameworks. The study finds the selected plays as relevant in revealing the playwrights consistent commitment to the revolution of the mind of the poor majority through conscientisation, mobilization and collective effort to fight bad governance and the oppression of the poor. The study concludes that the playwrights are fully committed to positive social transformation of Nigeria and recommends among others, that their plays should be read and acted in schools and public places for the purpose of conscientising the Nigerian populace. They should also actively participate in Nigerian politics to realize the kind of Nigerian society they crave for in their plays. https://ijels.com/detail/nigerian-drama-and-ideological-commitment-a-study-of-selected-plays-of-femi-osofisan-and-olu-obafemi/ Florence. A. Elegba https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-103202124-Nigerian.pdf Inca society is one of the most important links in the development of Andean societies; therefore, it constitutes a key piece to understand part of the social problems that the mentioned region is going through in the XXI century. Of the wide spectrum of problems that can be located, the idea of a system that does not feel legitimate by society is of particular interest. In this paper, we study the way in which the Inca power structure was configured and the repercussion that this configuration could have on the perception of the dominated class towards the ruling class, and use this perception in turn to arrive at an approximate idea on how valid those who lived under its yoke could come to consider this system of domination. This task also seeks to clarify the experiences of legitimacy of a past society to help understand the same issue in the Latin American society of the XXI century. https://ijels.com/detail/the-art-of-government-approaches-to-the-notion-of-legitimacy-in-inca-society/ Rafael Vila https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-103202119-TheArt.pdf The main purpose of this study is to analysis the impact of marketing culture aspects of healthcare on marketing creativity. The research was conducted at healthcare sectors in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The researchers employed quantitative research method via using a survey to measure the current study. However, the researchers were able to gather 161 completed questionnaires. The researchers applied hierarchal multiple regression analysis and Sobel test to measure the current study; the findings revealed. The findings proved that there is a positive and significant direct and indirect relationship between cultural value and cultural satisfaction as marketing culture aspects and marketing creativity, moreover cultural experience has a positive and significant mediating role between Cultural value as marketing culture aspect and marketing experience. However, a key element in improving patient-endorsed healthcare systems is an emphasis on cost savings and increased quality, as well as differentiated industry. This are achievable with the acquisition of new technology and well-trained and driven workers who can use their expertise for the good of society in a way that carves out a distinct market that rivals can seldom replicate or copy at a high cost. https://ijels.com/detail/the-effect-of-marketing-culture-aspects-of-healthcare-care-on-marketing-creativity/ Bayad Jamal Ali, Govand Anwar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-103202146-TheEffect.pdf The purpose of this study is to measure the influence of experiential learning on the entrepreneurial intention at higher education. To enable the research to measure experiential learning, the researchers used three dimensions as independent factors (empirical learning, Cognitive loading, and Self-efficacy) and on the other hand entrepreneurial intention at higher education as dependent factor. The study was carried out at private universities in Erbil. The researchers employed quantitative research method via adapting questionnaire from academic source and publish it online to gather information from participants. The questionnaire was distributed randomly among 120 academic and administrative staffs of private universities. The participants of the present study were 103 participants from different private universities in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The study developed three research hypotheses, the findings revealed that, as for the first research hypothesis found that an empirical Learning strongly predicts entrepreneurial intention, implying that empirical Learning would have a clear beneficial relationship with entrepreneurial intention. As for the second research hypothesis, it was found that a cognitive loading strongly predicts entrepreneurial intention, implying that cognitive loading would have a clear beneficial relationship with entrepreneurial intention, and lastly as for the third research hypothesis, it was found that self-efficacystrongly predicts entrepreneurial intention, implying that Floatationwould have a clear beneficial relationship with entrepreneurial intention. https://ijels.com/detail/inspiring-future-entrepreneurs-the-effect-of-experiential-learning-on-the-entrepreneurial-intention-at-higher-education/ Govand Anwar, Nabaz Nawzad Abdullah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-103202149-Inspiring.pdf Social innovation intersects with social interactions that must be aligned, for the implementation of new ideas and meeting common goals for generations. Social innovation introduces a new product, program or process that changes the basic routine, the flow of resources from the social system where innovation occurs. This study builds a new conceptual model from an Islamic perspective: tawazun values, balanced or balanced thinking in all things, which encourages thinking, produces something new that encourages innovation. The tawazun mind-set maintains faith in the Creator, develops science and society as a form of gratitude for the favors of reason in the form of thought patterns, attitude patterns, action patterns, as a gift from the Almighty, to improve the quality of human life. https://ijels.com/detail/agility-social-innovation-in-an-islamic-perspective-a-literature-review/ Mufti Agung Wibowo, Widodo, Moch. Zulfa https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-103202132-Agility.pdf Kafka's 'Before the Law' showcases his modernist approach to literature that marks a break from literary Realism. Through analysing the text, the essay would aim at exploring Kafka's rebellion against Realism with regard to the content and form he devises, and his peculiar relationship with language. https://ijels.com/detail/kafka-s-prose-rebellion-against-realism/ Danish Ranjan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-102202155-Kafka.pdf This paper examines Richard Wright’s “Native Son" from Jungian collective unconscious aiming the protagonist Bigger Thomas. Conducting qualitative content analysis method, it concentrates how a native Negro boy Bigger becomes entangled with the thought of identity crisis, color and faulty social circumstance facing indomitable fear and frustration. In fact, this paper targets not to prove that Bigger was innocent but to show what inherent factors engulfed his restless mind. It also analyzes the outer world of Bigger which goes under Whites’ control collapsing and repressing all his bright childhood days, simple dreams and usual desires to be contended as a native son. Consequently, these repressed collective unconscious desires took unanimous days to be exposed sooner or later. Finally, it shows how Bigger exposes his desires consciously through the accidental murder of Mary Dalton and aftermath dreadful inhuman activities. https://ijels.com/detail/the-unconscious-desire-and-its-conscious-reflection-in-richard-wright-s-native-son/ Md. Ibrahim Khalil, Dr. Himadri Sekhar Roy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-103202141-TheUnconscious.pdf Kang Wei painting is a form of traditional folk art, and very popular with villagers in the rural areas of Northern Shanxi Province. This comprehensive art form is a product generated in the primitive living environment, and demonstrates the local people’s instinctive pursuit and yearning for beauty. The rock paintings appeared during the Paleolithic period can be regarded as its embryonic form. The abundant subject matters and distinctive artistic style of Kang Wei painting have been shaped by the unique natural environments and traditional aesthetic consciousness of the local residents. People in northern Shanxi try to break the silence and sweep away dreariness in the long and cold winter with the passionate and bright-colored Kang Wei paintings. They paint their good wishes for life and interpretations of their inner spiritual world on the walls of their bedrooms to obtain emotional compensation and spiritual consolation. In the course of drastic changes experienced by the traditional Chinese rural society, the material carrier of Kang Wei painting is gradually disappearing, and the local people’s aesthetic orientation has taken a new and different turn. As a result, the inheritance crisis of Kangwei paintings occurs since the art form is fading out of the local people’s vision, and the folk artists are switching to other professions to earn their living. At present, the situation for rescuing, protecting and inheritance of Kang Wei painting is particularly pressing. Therefore, joint efforts should be made actively by, the government officials in Yuanping country at different levels, the researchers, the painters and the local people to help the traditional art to rejuvenate and adapt to the modern tendency of social development by means of new media. https://ijels.com/detail/life-and-aesthetics-the-artistic-world-of-kangwei-paintings-in-northern-shanxi/ Duan Youwen, Ji Lingzhu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-103202145-Life.pdf Dramatization of reality has been a fodder to the human mind since time immemorial. The discovery of dramaturgy and serious theatricality just aggravated the mechanism further. Since the entire phenomenon is highly relevant in the eyes that watch, adopting important measures to keep the watch going, is necessary. The concern of audience engagement can be studied, based on the architecture of the theatre, the ambience of it, and with modern evolutions going on, new modes of attraction like food and refreshment turn out to be of great importance. The essay mentions a critical approach in analysing the psychological tendencies of the audience, with the continuous flux in time and hence the mechanisms, as put forward by several playwrights over the ages and locations. The inference is a step taken to align and conclude how the basic psychological aspects of audience engagement remain the same, since the time of the proscenium to the modern terms of theatricality, even in the times where the space of performance is contracting gradually to end up being confined in a box. https://ijels.com/detail/the-seats-stay-unmoved-theatre-audience-and-engagement/ Megha Mazumdar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-103202133-TheSeats.pdf The existing power structures in society are based on regulatory principles that are slow to change. The oppressive system of gender that is in practice even today solicits responses that should pave the way for progressive changes in the ideas and concepts regarding women. Colonial rule sought to establish male hierarchy where power and authority were concerned and there was a corresponding lack of interest in providing due recognition to female power. The postcolonial discourse is engaged in listening to those voices that have been rendered feeble by the onslaught of colonialist enterprise and patriarchy. Recovering the long-lost spaces of the self is crucial in breaking down the wide gulf that separates the male and the female. Gender asssumptions that are held in high esteem lose their ground and egalitarian principles become widely acknowledged. This paper is a study of the novel Eva Luna by the Chilean-American writer, Isabel Allende and it analyses the spaces in which the protagonist finds herself, the negotiation of which enables her to confront truths and half-truths, leading to the emergence of her real self. https://ijels.com/detail/redefining-space-in-eva-luna/ Rekha E https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-104202110-Redefining.pdf One Hundred Years of Solitude, a novel by Columbian writer Gabriel Garcia Márquez mirrors the world we live in, it is the story of mankind retold. The novel is set in the imaginary community of Macondo, a village on the Columbian coast, and follows the lives of several generations of the Buendia family. Chief among these characters is Colonel Aureliano Buendia, perpetrator of thirty- two rebellions and father of seventeen illegitimate sons, and Úrsula Buendia, the clan’s matriarch and witness to its eventual decline. Besides following the complicated relationships of the Buendia family, One Hundred Years of Solitude also reflects the political, social and economic troubles of South America. This paper highlights how the novel in the progression of an entire civilisation of Macondo in a span of one hundred years the hundred years symbolise the march of human civilisation from the beginning to the writer’s assumed end. Further, the paper elucidates the meaning of solitude. The solitude has two connotations- firstly, it is a society studied in isolation, a society ridden with problems which are peculiar to it, a society in solitude because of the absence of communication links with the rest of the world. Secondly, it is also solitary because according to the writer every person during his lifetime suffers from his own solitude- a person’s happiness, sorrow, madness, sickness are peculiar to him/her alone. The novel also significantly represents the politico-social and chronological development of a society. https://ijels.com/detail/one-hundred-years-of-solitude-the-story-of-mankind-re-visited/ Dr. Sheetal Kapoor https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-102202154-OneHundred.pdf The aims of this research were to identify: 1) whether peer-editing can improve the writing skill of the students and to what extent and 2) the classroom situation when peer-editing is implemented in the classroom. The method used in this research was classroom action research which consisted of two cycles with each cycle consisted of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. The subjects of the research were the students of grade XI Bahasa dan Budaya of an SMA in Kudus in the academic year 2019/2020. The class consisted of 35 students which were made up of 23 girls and 12 boys. The qualitative data were gathered by observation, interview, and questionnaire, while the quantitative data were gathered by conducting pre-test, post-test 1, and post-test 2. The qualitative data were analyzed by using the interactive model of analysis, while the quantitative data were analyzed by comparing the mean score of the pre-test, post-test 1, and post-test 2. The research result showed that there were improvements in the writing skill of the students when peer-editing is implemented in the classroom. Based on the findings, it is suggested for the teacher to implement peer-editing with interesting activities. Additionally, it is recommended for the other researchers to carry other studies regarding peer-editing which involves the other variables. https://ijels.com/detail/improving-the-writing-skill-of-the-students-using-peer-editing/ Satrio Ardi Nugroho https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-10420214-Improving.pdf The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of government policies in the form of a Presidential Instruction (Inpres) dated 9 September 2016 concerning the revitalization of vocational high schools, which is related to increasing competitiveness and the quality of human resources. This research was conducted at the State Vocational High School 6 Surakarta, which is the only school that implements the vocational high school revitalization program, especially for the fields of business and management expertise. This research method is descriptive qualitative, and the researcher is the instrument in this research. Vocational High School Negeri 6 Surakarta carries out 9 (nine) aspects of revitalization, namely; 1) Revitalization of human resources (HR); 2) Build SIM-based SAS; 3) Link and match with industry; 4) Industry-based curriculum; 5) Teaching factory; 6) Use of video tutorial media and video-based portfolio of e-Report skills; 7) Professional certification test; 8) Fulfillment of facilities and infrastructure; 9) The role of Vocational High School as a driver of the local economy. The results showed that the revitalization of Vocational High Schools running at Vocational High School Negeri 6 Surakarta has gone well because most aspects have been implemented, but there are still some problems found in this study lack of interest in extracurricular activities, disruption of the online new student admission system, financing and suitability of industrial visit locations, student activeness during guest teacher activities, student discipline and incompatibility of competence with industrial work practice locations, teaching factory instruments, inadequate selection of time for professional certification tests, insufficient facilities and infrastructure. The solutions offered in this study are an increase in the budget allocated for extracurricular activities, teaching factories, improvement of the School Administration System, alternative locations for industrial visits, encouraging guest teachers to be more active in interacting with students, submitting the professional certification to National Professional Certification Board , fulfilling priority facilities and infrastructure first. https://ijels.com/detail/implementation-of-vocational-high-school-revitalization-program-in-preparing-graduate-competencies/ Vicky Erlinda, Muhtar, Leny Noviani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-10420213.pdf Feminism has become a very contentious issue now days. We have come across a number of definitions but none seems adequate enough to encompass all the situations which may or may not fall within the realm of feminism. In support of feminism, we have found people carrying out demonstrations, writing in the newspapers, giving speeches without attempting to know if the particular situation should be addressed under the banner of feminism. Recently, actor Swara Bhaskar in an open derisive letter to Sanjay Leela Bhansali accuses him of glorifying “Sati” and “Jauhar” in his film ‘Padmaavat’. Even more ironical is the fact that people have formulated ethnically specific forms of feminism like Black feminism and Intersectional feminism, thus segregating the gender women according to race, class and religion. This paper tries to explore two aspects related to feminism- First, should the definition of feminism be culture specific; Second, is it possible to have one universal definition which applies to all women on this earth. In order to address these issues, I have taken up the study of two novels in the light of the theory of Jean Paul Sartre who has often been accused of being hostile to women and an anti-feminist, thereby also proving that Sartre’s concepts of “Bad faith”, “Immanence” and “Freedom of Choice” are not abstract but universal. https://ijels.com/detail/feminism-redefined-a-study-of-atwood-s-surfacing-and-markandaya-s-nectar-in-a-sieve/ Dr. Anupriya Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-103202140-Feminism.pdf Kazi Nazrul Islam, a multifaceted genius, is widely acknowledged as the epoch-making rebel poet for his significant and distinctive contributions to the awakening and rejuvenation of the masses in this part of the world. He hurled his fire throwing shells of poetry as revolt against the British Raj in India and preached revolution. Even though Nazrul is recognized as the rebel poet, his writings also explored themes like love, freedom, revolution, humanism, nationalism, equality, justice, etc. Besides, he very effectively contributed to almost every genre of literature and covered almost every sphere of human life. Hence, it is a misconception about him that he is only a rebel poet. To think in this single way is very partial in terms of assessing him and his literary works. In his works, he protested against all forms of oppression, sang of equality, unity, fraternity and struggled to establish peace and harmony. The paper, through proper justification of the major themes of his works, aims at exploring the misconceptions about generalizing Nazrul as a rebel poet and tries to show that he is not only a rebel poet but also a poet of other aspects. https://ijels.com/detail/rebellion-in-the-poems-of-kazi-nazrul-islam-a-misconception-of-general-branding/ Rashed Mahmud, Joshimuddin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-103202138-Rebellion.pdf Reservations in India, specifically, in the context of social and educational backward classes (SEBC) have been undergoing constitutional setbacks in the recent years. The increasing politicization and subsequent echoes of scraping down reservations in appointments and promotions to SC, and STs, sporadic discontinuation of fellowships for socially backward students, absence of accurate data on backlog vacancies, reserved positions vacant in employment, and finally, in most cases under-representation in the 49.5-50 per cent quota out of which 15 per cent for SCs, 7.5 per cent to STs and 27 per cent to OBCs that have been earmarked, lays bare the institutional breach in the promise of social justice. Reservation in this context, calls for a renewed perspective on how and why it not only suffers alienation and conflicts from within the minority sections it so represents, but increasingly projects out as exclusive and exclusionary a category to the majority. The paper attempts to project the double bind within which reservation attempts to articulate the voice of the non-represented. The paper further, draws in the recent judicial judgment of the Uttarakhand High Court in matters of promotion, which arguably bear out contradictory responses to reservation, analyzing in the process a decadal shift in the substantive power of reservation that is being increasingly understood to be a threat to the majoritarian class and caste interests. https://ijels.com/detail/caste-and-reservation-in-india/ Soma Mandal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-10420212-Caste.pdf Among the four macro skills, speaking skill is always considered to be challenging to most students at all levels of education, including tertiary level because there are many factors may prevent them from improving their speaking skill. Therefore, this study aims to explore the extent of reticence of non-English majored students in English speaking performance in class as well as to investigate the factors which cause reticence in their English speaking performance at a university in Ho Chi Minh City-Vietnam (hereafter called HCMU). The instruments used for collecting data were questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, and class observations. The participants of the study were 147 non-English majored students. The findings of the current revealed that most of the students felt reticent about speaking English performance in class. Furthermore, the study showed that context-related factors such as the text-book and the class environment caused more speaking reticence for non-English majored students than the other factors. Last but not least, several pedagogical implications were provided not only for teachers and students at HCMU to improve students’ speaking performance but also reduce their reticence in English speaking classes. https://ijels.com/detail/factors-causing-reticence-for-non-english-majored-students-in-speaking-performance/ Le Van Tuyen, Nguyen Ha Linh Phuong https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-104202115-Factors.pdf The Theatre Of The Absurd was one of the most influential theatres to exist in the post war age. It staged some of the most legendary plays to have existed in human history. It was believed to have originated as a result of the social scenario that emerged post second world war. Having traits or tragicomedy, inspired by surrealism and dadaism as well, these plays hold a significant in the dramatic history of world theatre. Among the famous playwrights associated with the Theatre Of The Absurd was Eugene Ionesco. This paper thereby focuses on one of his masterpieces, ‘The Chairs.’ Highlighting the major themes of existential dread, broken communication and illusion of reality, this paper attempts to analyze the playwright’s perspective towards the inclusion of these themes. It also provides a brief background of the evolution of the themes represented in the play in association with the absurdist theatre as a whole. Lastly, it presents the close parallels that exist between the reality and the absurdist play from the playwright’s point of view. The paper thereby attempts to present a clear understanding of the origin as well as the inculcation of the three major themes in the play. https://ijels.com/detail/illusion-of-reality-existential-dread-and-broken-communication-as-the-major-themes-depicted-in-eugene-ionesco-s-the-chairs/ Pearl Kaizad Patel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-104202116-Illusionof.pdf This study is designed to gauge the effectiveness of methods used in writing classes at our regional universities, in comparison to the current methods commonly recommended by specialists and used at most American universities. The data is collected as follows. First, an informal survey was conducted with students who had already completed two writing courses, and various samples of corrected student writings were examined. Second, several interviews were held with a considerable number of writing instructors working at both public and private universities, and their writing syllabi were carefully studied. Data collection focused on the methods and strategies in effect; such as the number of students enrolled in each section, steps of writing taught, instructor responses, documentation of written pieces, textbooks, and grading procedures. The study reveals a number of weaknesses in need of urgent attention and offers suggestions and recommendations to help improve the teaching of English writing in regional universities. https://ijels.com/detail/teaching-of-english-composition-into-perspective/ Dr. Adil M. Jamil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-10420211-Teachingof.pdf The conflict of identity and allegiance is exemplified in Nadine Gordimer’s portrayal of the white African woman who is intellectually and emotionally alienated from white colonial society and at the same time physically barred from black Africa. Gordimer’s usual subject is the young woman who ventures from the white enclosure, who walks out of the sick relationship between the white mistress and black servant, and identifies her own quest for an independent identity with the blacks’ cultural, political and finally, military quest for freedom. The fiction of Gordimer presents the ambiguous, self divided figure of the white girl or woman is the site of the hesitant, fraught rapprochement of white and black. The image of the black body buried in the white-ruled land is a powerful pattern in Gordimer’s fiction. She has followed this metaphor of white South Africa as a graveyard, connecting the imagery of dryness and sterility prevalent in white South African fiction with decadence and death. Black South Africa oppressed and repressed, is the buried body that threatens, or promises, to raise up- to inundate and destroy, or to revive and fertilize- the country of the whites. The metaphor of the buried black body is both self and other. The black other can neither be assimilated nor granted full personality by the white subject. The white subject in Gordimer’s fiction cannot ‘self’ the black other. The novel’s metaphor is of white South Africa as ‘a picnic in beautiful graveyard where the people are buried alive under your feet’. Gordimer uses the interior monologue to bring out the experience of Africa as inside the white mind. https://ijels.com/detail/a-critical-evaluation-of-the-heroines-of-nadine-gordimer/ Dr. Gurudutt T N https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-103202135-ACritical.pdf George Lamming is an ardent West Indian writer who has authored about six novels and numerous texts of non-fiction. His debut novel, In the Castle of My Skin (1953) became a highly popular critically acclaimed novel in the post-colonial literature. Lamming plays a crucial role in the positioning of the West-Indian writers in English literature. His astoundingly brilliant and widely controversial collection of essays, The Pleasures of Exile (1960) features the post-colonial issues faced by the West-Indians including migration, exile, identity crisis, hunger for recognition and the mixed cultural affiliations exhibited by the post-colonies. This paper tries to trace the postcolonial traits in Lamming’s essay, The Occasion for Speaking and thus, acquire a refined understanding of the thoughts and ideals of the colonized West-Indian who is in exile. https://ijels.com/detail/george-lamming-s-the-occasion-for-speaking-a-postcolonial-discourse/ Smiruthi A. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-104202119-GeorgeLamming.pdf This article throws light on the discourse of masculinity and how it is emasculated by the two poets, Maya Angelou and Taslima Nasrin. Masculinity is a historical, political, cultural and social construct. There is a pressing necessity to deconstruct the ideology of masculinity in the contemporary times. The article explores on the concept of masculinity, evolution, feminism, femininity and the poems “They Went Home” by Maya Angelou and “Acquaintance” by Taslima Nasrin. https://ijels.com/detail/emasculating-masculinity-in-they-went-home-by-maya-angelou-and-acquaintance-by-taslima-nasrin-a-study/ Dr. Madhushri Kallimani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-10420217-Emasculating.pdf Anatomical structure, nature, culture and personality are not exclusively separate entities but different aspects of human beings and all these aspects have circular rather than linear relationships. This article does not explain any detail on the process of this relationship based on field study. But, it mainly mentions the views of anthropologists in short. However, the researchers try to prove this relationship through some observational facts found in the experience of everyday life. https://ijels.com/detail/man-and-culture-interface/ Apar Kumar Lamsal, Ram Prasad Pokhrel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-104202112-Man.pdf Amirkhusarau, about Kashmir in a mesmerizing Farsi language says, Agar firdaus bar roo-e zameenast, Hameen ast-o hameen ast-o hameen ast (If there is a paradise on earth, It is this, it is this, it is this). These beautiful lines takes one to the profound absorption of mystic and spiritual ambience of the valley. Kashmir has been a mother to the highly venerated Sufis who till date are the reason for the sustenance of the Sufism in Kashmir. From Lal Ded and sheikh Noor Uddin Wali (R.A) to the present day Sufis,Sufism flows in the blood of every Kashmiri. The paper throws a light on the emergence of Sufism in Kashmir, its orders and its effects. https://ijels.com/detail/sufism-and-its-orders/ Fidah Pandit https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-104202118-Sufism.pdf This research paper deals with George Bernard Shaw's treatment of wars and their warmongers whose intention is to urge or attempt as much as they can to stir up war which largely culminates in death, destruction and all kinds of evil not to mention social diseases such as poverty, ignorance, starvation, prostitution and the like. In Arms and the Man and Major Barbara, Shaw expresses by his own ideas his real feelings of hatred and hostility when he pours his poignant criticism against capitalists and war makers, including weapon dealers, who encourage people to start or join a war to achieve their personal interests. The purpose of Shaw in writing his aforementioned plays is to show people the real ugly face of the wicked forces whose capitalistic and insatiable greed are so profound that they only aspire to personal power so that people can amend their wrong ideas of war fascination. Shaw's ideas represent a revolution against those warmongers who cannot silence him so that no peoples worldwide are denied their right to peace and a life free from fear. https://ijels.com/detail/g-b-shaw-s-war-antipathy-in-arms-and-the-man-and-major-barbara/ Ghassan Awad Ibrahim, Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Ali Ahmed Omer https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-104202145-G.B..pdf In this paper, I have attempted to talk about the idea of marriage largely based on three different texts that are ‘Marriages are Made by Eunice D’souza, ‘Exercise Book’ by Rabindranath Tagore and ‘Kallu’ by Ismat Chugtai. The constant subjugation of the female voice is examined through various shreds of evidence. It is quite apparent that women have hardly a say in choosing their life partner and it’s the overarching dominance of the family to which the girls have to succumb. In ‘Marriages are made’ by Eunice D’souza we see the complete dehumanization of a woman who is reduced to a mere product. Tagore in ‘Exercise Book’ attempts to enquire the prospects of child marriage whereas in Ismat Chugtai’s ‘Kallu’ we see the muted gender. Hence, we will see the ways in which authors bring to fore the idea of power struggles in the gendered narrative. https://ijels.com/detail/politics-of-choice-deconstructing-the-idea-of-marriage/ Arpita Chowdhury https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-104202134-Politicsof.pdf India is a land of culture and tradition. Indian mythology has carved its niche om the world of Mythology. Indian Mythology is rich in scriptures and Vedas. The Hindu mythology has its roots in the religion. The rituals and tradition area part of the Hindu Mythology. The present paper focuses on the Hindu Mythology with special reference to the Panchakanyas from the Vedic Scriptures. These Panchakanyas were revered in the scriptures and their names were chanted during the sermons and rituals as they are believed to be the Pativratas. This paper focus on the mythical figures from the fiction of Sudha Murthy “The Daughter from a wishing tree” these women carved their own destiny. This paper gives a comparative study of the characters ‘ Devi’, from “Thousand Faces Of Night” and ‘Sudha’ from “The vine Of Desire” with that of the mythical characters .These people from the novels carved their own destinies .Along with these mythical women the writer talks about many women and their tales were of importance to mention. https://ijels.com/detail/mythical-women-and-journey-towards-destined-roles-comparison-between-the-contemporary-characters-in-the-novels-the-thousand-faces-of-night-and-the-vine-of-desire/ M. Bindu Madhuri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-104202114-Mythical.pdf Changes and uncertainties have compelled a dramatic change in organizational fundamentals over the last two decades. Owing to internal and external pressures, businesses have been forced to closely track their environments in order to build awareness of opportunities and obstacles in order to stay competitive. The aim of this study is to look into the role of competitive intelligence in small and medium businesses in Iraq's Kurdistan region making business performance. However, the researchers measured the direct impact on business performance at small and medium businesses using five competitive intelligence dimensions (extensiveness' network, third-party strategy, Homophily, Issue awareness, and promotion effort). Furthermore, the researchers used competitive intelligence as a mediator to quantify its impact on business performance, allowing the analysis to explore the indirect role of competitive intelligence. To investigate the role of competitive intelligence in making business performance at small and medium businesses in Iraq's Kurdistan region, the researchers used hierarchal multiple regression and the Sobel test. However, the researchers measured the direct impact on business performance at small and medium businesses using five competitive intelligence dimensions (extensiveness network, third-party strategy, homophily, issue awareness, and promotion effort). Furthermore, the researchers used competitive intelligence as a mediator to quantify its impact on business performance, allowing the analysis to explore the indirect role of competitive intelligence. Competitive intelligence dimensions (extensiveness network, third-party strategy, homophily, issue awareness, and promotion effort) were used to assess the direct and indirect effect of competitive intelligence on business performance at small and medium businesses. https://ijels.com/detail/measuring-competitive-intelligence-network-and-its-role-on-business-performance/ Bayad Jamal Ali, Govand Anwar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-104202131-Measuring.pdf The manufacturing sector has been profoundly impacted by advances in project management knowledge. As a result, it is critical to optimize service development processes in every project. The aim of this research was to increase cement manufacturing production by applying knowledge management concepts and Knowledge management as a mediator. The study was conducted at various cement manufacturing facilities in Iraq's Kurdistan province. To quantify production improvement in cement companies, the researchers examined four facets of knowledge management: Knowledge creation, Knowledge storage management, knowledge sharing, and Knowledge application, with Knowledge management serving as a mediator. To conduct the current analysis, the researchers used a quantitative research approach in the form of a survey. The questionnaire was randomly distributed to 140 administrative employees of various cement manufacturing companies in the Kurdistan region. The researchers did, however, collect 128completed questionnaires. To assess developed research hypotheses, the study used hierarchical multiple regression analysis and the Sobel test. The findings indicated that all knowledge management elements (Knowledge creation, Knowledge storage development, knowledge sharing, and Knowledge application) had a clear and important positive relationship with increased production at carpet manufacturers in Iraq's Kurdistan region. Additionally, the findings indicated that all knowledge management concepts with a mediator (project management development program) had an indirect positive and important relationship with increased production at cement manufacturing facilities in Iraq's Kurdistan region. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-knowledge-management-alignment-with-production-management-a-study-of-carpet-manufacture-in-kurdistan-region-of-iraq/ Bayad Jamal Ali, Govand Anwar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-104202132-Astudyof.pdf In an increasing number of hotels, hospitality is being used to improve productivity and care quality. The research was conducted in the hospitality industry, specifically in private hotels in Sulaimaniah. The study looked at the perspective of change management in the hospitality industry, specifically in private hotels. However, due to an implementation difference: the gap between plan and execution, the hospitality industry has difficulty implementing reform initiatives. The aim of this paper, from a change management standpoint, is to increase scientific knowledge about factors that reduce the implementation gap and facilitate the transition from "toolbox lean" to real lean hospitality transformation. To find a change management perspective in the hospitality industry, the researchers used a quantitative analysis approach. A total of 90 administrative staff members from private hotels were given the questionnaire at random. The participants in this study were 76 people from various private hotels in Iraq's Kurdistan province. The researchers used multiple regression analysis to assess their established research hypotheses, while the Sobel test was used to determine the function of the mediator, which is the change management initiative. The results showed that all research hypotheses are supported, with the third research hypothesis receiving the highest value, stating that change event mediates education and strategic success, and the first research hypothesis receiving the lowest value, stating that change event mediates technology change and strategic success. Furthermore, it was discovered that change eventplay a constructive and significant role in bridging the gap between change management and strategic performance. https://ijels.com/detail/the-mediation-role-of-change-management-in-employee-development/ Bayad Jamal Ali, Govand Anwar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-104202133-Themediation.pdf The present paper has been specifically designed to examine diasporic discourse in the selected poetic collection of Aga Shahid Ali’s A Nostalgist’s Map of America. Iindian Diaspora literature has emerged as an academic body of writing and become an integral part of Indian English literature. Many Indian origin authors have migrated in abroad and restored their diasporic experience in their literary compositions. Agha Shahid Ali was a prolific diasporic poet of Indian subcontinent belongs to Kashmir region. Ali has penned many poetic collections throughout his literary career. He has fruitfully presented his diasporic sensibility in his celebrated works. A Nostalgist’s Map of America is a conspicuous diasporic work that comprises different diasporic symptoms like sense of loss, exile, dispersion, nostalgia and collective memory. The selected poetic composition will be scrutinized through the lance of diaspora study. https://ijels.com/detail/diasporic-discourse-in-aga-shahid-ali-s-a-nostalgist-s-map-of-america/ Makwana Ajay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-104202129-Diasporic.pdf Women’s lives form an integral part of the cultural ethos of a nation. The deification of femininity and motherhood in the form of the Goddess and the omnipotent Mother is inherent to the Indian cultural and religious milieu. In addition to this, during the nation formation period, the projection of the nation as a mother who sustains and succours her children was inevitable to arouse the emotions of the populace. This prominent positioning of the woman gives impetus to study the Indian women’s ground realities to understand her status and position in the national milieu. It is a belief that modern Indian women enjoy social and economic freedom and have equal status with their men. However, the yoking of women with a rigid code of conduct in the outer (world) and inner (home) domains is noticeable on examining their daily lives. One way of studying women’s quotidian life in a nation is through a study of its portrayal in various media. Literature is one such media through which one gains knowledge of a nation. The novel is a genre that grew simultaneously with the idea of nationhood and was instrumental in the objectified portrayal of diversity within national borders. Thus, the novel is a suitable location for analysing and comprehending the nation’s cultural milieu. Therefore, this paper attempts to understand the quotidian life of Indian middle-class women by mapping the women’s quotidian lives as portrayed in Upamanyu Chatterjee’s novels to understand women’s position in the Indian social matrix. https://ijels.com/detail/quotidian-life-of-indian-women-a-brief-study-of-selected-novels-of-upamanyu-chatterjee/ Sandhya Kamala Vijay Alagade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-104202124-Quotidian.pdf Resistance to a Utopian world is often seen in most of the works in Modern fiction. The complicated relationship between the ideal and the real becomes a source of argument for and against the genre Utopia or even Dystopia. In the recent times one can find a rise in the publication of dystopian novels. Although there is evidence to prove that it is a twentieth-century phenomenon, it is interesting that the genre seems to grow stronger day after day. This article explores dystopia as a subversion of Utopia in the selected novels of Upamanyu Chatterjee, The English August: An Indian Story, The Mammaries of the Welfare State, The Last Burden, Way to Go, Weight Loss. https://ijels.com/detail/dystopia-as-a-subversion-of-utopia-upamanyu-chatterjee-s-novels/ Adithi Shastry Kallaje https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-104202128-Dystopia.pdf Bessie Head’s first novel, When Rain Clouds Gather, is perhaps one of her most ethico-political narratives to examine the introduction of modern capitalism and patriarchal science against the haunting spectral of traditional tribal systems in pre-Independence Botswana. Set in Golema Mmidi, which ironically translates to “grow crops,” Head provides a detailed historical trajectory of how the imposition of agribusiness development projects onto traditional pastoral livelihoods devoured traditional tribal structures and ecosystems. In this essay, I examine how the implementation of modernized agricultural technology supplanted the collective relationship of subsistence farming, kinship systems, and cattle herding. I argue that When Rain Clouds Gather offers an interdisciplinary space for probing ecologies of pain in which scientific agribusiness projects have violently separated humanity from nature and rendered 63 percent of the Botswana’s population food insecure. https://ijels.com/detail/ecologies-of-pain-in-bessie-head-s-when-rain-clouds-gather/ Mary Louisa Cappelli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-104202113-Ecologies.pdf The Covid-19 cases increase significantly in Batang Regency since it was first identified on April 4, 2020 until nowadays. The efforts and strategies have taken by the government to reduce the rate of Covid-19, but have not shown significant results. There has increased 1.125 cases in Batang Regency on December 2020. This study aimed was analyzed by spatio temporal approach of the Covid-19 case and determine the distribution pattern of the Covid-19 in Batang Regency. Methods: This type of research was an observational research with a spatiotemporal explanatory research design. Data analysis for spatial autocorrelation were performed using Moran's index and location quotient (LQ) index. The research data were obtained from the Batang Regency Health Office. The sample in this study were 248 villages in Batang Regency.Result and discussion:The results showed that as many as 209 villages (84.3%) were identified cases , and 39 villages (15.7%) had no identified cases of the Covid-19. The results of the moran’s index showed that the pattern of the Covid-19 incidence which has a significant spatial correlation in 248 villages with p value 2.58. The results of the Location Quotient (LQ) index shows that 78 villages (31.4%) in Batang Regency having high level of the Covid-19 concentration (LQ> 1). Conclusion: The distribution pattern of Covid-19 shows a change in pattern from random to clustered. Spatio-temporal analysis of Covid-19 cases shows an increase in the number and areas of cases. https://ijels.com/detail/spatio-temporal-analysis-of-covid-19-cases-distribution-pattern-in-batang-regency/ Heni Isniyati, Onny Setiani, Nurjazuli Nurjazuli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-104202143-Spatio.pdf August Strindberg, regarded as the rival of Henrik Ibsen, is hailed as the profound modernist drama playwright of Sweden. His work, Creditors (1888) was first performed in 1889 and depicts the deconstruction of marriage and the battle of the sexes. The framework of critical analysis was to draw out the themes and investigate characters, setting, style, and conflict of the play. The results indicated the themes of naturalism, feminism, vampirism, misogyny, aestheticism, moral decay, disillusionment, love and revenge. In this one-act play, the characters are well off financially but possess flaws of selfishness, moral degradation and suspicion. The analysis concluded the conflict of the play to be soliciting Tekla’s love and the revenge inflicted by her former husband. The style of the play is a tragicomedy. This research can serve as counsel for future evaluation on Creditors or August Strindberg and is open for further study. https://ijels.com/detail/a-critical-analysis-of-the-creditors-a-play-by-august-strindberg/ Aleena Hussain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-104202125-ACritical.pdf The objective of this study is to understand the absence of meaning of life in the context of a fluid society, offering reflections on the contribution possibilities of dialog to the recreation of existential meaning. This study can be described as a theoretical-reflexive essay dealing with the liquid modernity and existential void concepts of Bauman (2001) and Lipovetsky (2005), respectively. The results indicate that humankind is on a pilgrimage between light and darkness, revealing a disenchanted society and, on the other hand, a more hopeful one. In this context, the education process guided by dialog could be a signification of the human condition. https://ijels.com/detail/dialog-a-meaning-for-education/ Luiz Síveres, Idalberto José das Neves Júnior, José Ivaldo Araújo de Lucena https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-104202120-Dialog.pdf This paper analyses the representation of psychology by the supernatural in Edgar Allan Poe’s fiction which exposes his tormented and sometimes neurotic obsession with death and violence and his preoccupation regarding the abandonment of women. The various literary devices and themes frequently used by Poe in representing thus are discussed as major subcategories. And for this case I make use of Poe’s three different short stories namely”The Fall of the House of Usher”, “The Black Cat”, and “Morella”. Poe had the aid of the pseudo-sciences of the time: mesmerism, phrenology, and other efforts to explore what we today call the subconscious. In the area between waking and sleeping, between life and death, he found the senses most alert, the emotions least inhibited. Insanity, telepathy, and other abnormal or unusual states of the mind became instruments of his deliberately overwrought mind. This paper is an analysis of how the psychological acuity of his stories and their impeccable concision and unity set a model and a standard that few have equaled and none have surpassed when it comes to the macabre fiction. https://ijels.com/detail/depiction-of-psychological-through-supernatural-a-reading-of-edgar-allan-poe-s-selected-short-stories/ Rincy Mathew https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-106202028-Depictionof.pdf Scholars and critics alike agree that nationalism has been an important defensive feature of decolonization struggles in the Third World. Critics like Benedict Anderson, Bhikhu Parekh, Partha Chatterjee, Meenakshi Mukherjee, Ernest Gellner and Leela Gandhi have spoken extensively on its relevance to decolonizing efforts in the postcolonial world. Indian writers of fiction in English have deliberately or otherwise talked about ‘nation’ in their works, in their debates, talks and interviews. It is one of the ways that provides methods of communication of a sense of identity and belonging. For some, it provides, in contrast, methods of communication of some sense of loss and longing. Many authors of fiction and non-fiction in English today have successfully brought out very telling debates of the concept of nation in their works. That is the reason why I chose to write on the concept of nation as propounded by a few important critics. This article will therefore delve into some of the arguments of the eminent critics on the concept. https://ijels.com/detail/divided-and-bound-by-nationalism-a-postcolonial-commentary/ Saraswathi CK https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-104202135-Divided.pdf The study of space is not new and several critiques have done phenomenal work on it. One such scholar is Michel Foucault who has explained it in terms of six Heterotopias. These are spaces where norms of human behaviour remain suspended. Therefore, heterotopia is a physical representation or approximation of a utopia or a parallel space that contains undesirable factors making a real utopian space impossible. These spaces become a veritable stage where performers, irrespective of one’s sex, construct and modulate space. Many studies have been conducted based on the Foucauldian spaces and their impact on human psyche but certain unconventional spaces like the trunk of a car, the interior of a widow’s household have been overlooked. However, these spaces do exist and develop as a result of performance shown by people of different sexes and age. This paper is an attempt to analyse such overlooked spaces which become vibrant due to the interplay of human behaviour. Most of the scholarly studies on the literatures of the North Eastern states of India and India’s neighbouring countries like Nepal delve into history, culture, myths or politics, whereas the study of spaces has not been widely explored. Therefore, this paper focuses on the overlooked spaces which can be detected in the two short stories by a writer from Sikkim, a state from the North-Eastern part of India. https://ijels.com/detail/performers-of-overlooked-spaces-a-critical-reading-of-prajwal-parajuly-s-short-stories-the-cleft-and-a-father-s-journey/ Lakshmypriya P P, Dr. N. Bhuvana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-104202142-Performersof.pdf Domination and colonization are the terms closely related to each other as they are inseparable in the sense that when colonization comes into being, it either aims at domination or domination becomes the by-product of colonization itself. Hence, my paper will focus on the purpose of colonization and its inevitable outcome that is, domination that may or may not be the primary aim of colonization but without which colonization ceases to survive. Colonization, in general, comprised of people whose primary aim was to settle elsewhere, earn their livelihood and pass a better life there. To maintain these, again the colonizers become despotic and dominant over the colonized. Though the critics, historians and post-colonial theorists often characterize colonization as the means of subjugation of one race by the other, colonization was in fact a solution to a social problem which is to save large number of population in Europe in general and in United Kingdom in particular from an anticipated civil war. Colonization thus expands the empire for the settlement of the surplus population and for economic and political stability of the settler country. I will cite the canonical literary texts, theories and publications on colonialism and postcolonialism to show that colonization was not just a means of exploitation of the black natives by the white, but also a means of survival of a vast number of populations of Europe. The purpose of my research is to show that colonization comes into being not only to dominate and exploit others, but also to help survive and expand the empires for their own necessity and existence. Domination and exploitation are thus evolved as the by-products of colonization as they are the means and tools for the large empire to survive. https://ijels.com/detail/domination-and-exploitation-the-primary-aims-or-the-by-products-of-colonization/ Mohammed Farman Ullah Bhuiyan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-104202146-Domination.pdf Pandit Anand Kumar’s Begum Ka Takiya, was first published in 1985 as a drama. The work has been adapted by the National School of Drama, New Delhi which staged the play in 2010, directed by Ranjit Kapoor, and subsequently, several other theatre groups performed the play around the country. Begum Ka Takiya explores the ethical dilemmas of human life through the confrontation of several fundamental questions. It attains the quality of a parable in being morally didactic by giving out an ideal message otherwise forgotten in the modern utilitarian world. The paper focuses on one such primary aspect which the author emphasizes on: the temporality of human lives and everything associated with it. The play reiterates the factual and philosophical truth of the ephemeral nature of time in human lives as well as all the elementary things that one thrives for in a lifetime. Every individual is subject to the test of time and fate; however, it is the persistence of fatefulness through ethical perseverance that makes one’s existence fundamentally ‘humane’. The paper explores the ‘humane’ understanding of the ephemeral nature of human lives through a study of the play as directed by Ranjit Kapoor and performed by the National School of Drama Repertory Co. in continuous deliberation with the author himself. https://ijels.com/detail/the-ephemerality-in-humane-existence-understanding-begum-ka-takiya-as-a-parable/ Ahmad Ishtiaque Tapadar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-104202148-The.pdf In Mid the second semester of the academic year 2019-2020, the Kalinga State University commenced the application of a blended/Flexible learning approach which combines synchronous and asynchronous learning modality. This study explores students' attitudes, readiness for learning to determine their adaptability to a blended learning environment using different technological platforms and investigate problems and challenges that the students faced in their learning. Drawing upon 508 questionnaires using the Google form, with closed and open-ended questions along with virtual interviews with 25 interviewees, The researcher analyses the survey data quantitatively and open-ended questions and virtual results qualitatively and then merges the two sets of results to assess in what ways the results about students' attitude and readiness to blended learning converge and diverge employing the convergent parallel-side by the side mixed-method approach. Mixing the two databases by merging the results during interpretations, the findings revealed Technological Lapses, which covers the educational device's unavailability; unreliable internet connectivity hinders the success and productive implementation of blended learning adaptability. Students also have a positive attitude and showed a moderate level of readiness to implement blended learning. But there is a negative correlation between the students' attitude and students' readiness towards blended learning environment; Conversely, results from open-ended question responses and the virtual-interviews confirmed or validated the results from the closed-ended questions https://ijels.com/detail/challenges-of-the-new-normal-students-attitude-readiness-and-adaptability-to-blended-learning-modality/ Lalin Abbacan-Tuguic https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-10220219-Challenges.pdf In order to identify aspects of the University students' worldview. Use a qualitative cross-sectional approach, with the ability to answer in relation to your position, position of the 3 universal questions, and content analysis using the word cloud. Sample from a student from 10 of the 13 public universities. https://ijels.com/detail/the-cosmovision-of-students-participating-in-a-research-in-portuguese-public-universities/ Rúbia Fonseca Ferreira, Armando Loureiro https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-104202141-TheCosmovision.pdf O’Casey as a playwright worked arduously to bring novelty and new insight into the theatre. He rose to both fame and controversy with his anti-heroic themes in his Dublin trilogy- a series of plays limning the poignant effects of the revolution on the Dublin’s poor. All of his plays have a meld of comic, serious themes dipped with poetic imagination. In his expressionistic plays he seeks to expand his aesthetic vision by including songs, chants, ritualistic scenes, allegorized characters and stylized sets. In his later plays, he dramatizes the conflict between youth and senility, between sexual expression and repression, between zest for life and lust for money, between revelry and misery, between freedom and servitude. These plays are unique as there is a judicious blend of "farce, satire, fantasy and symbolism. He has made use of all the possible visual and aural theatrical effects to make his plays worth reading and performing. https://ijels.com/detail/exuberance-and-enchantment-in-sean-o-casey-s-later-plays/ Dr. Rashmi Vyas, Ms. Shashi Kala https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-104202127-Exuberance.pdf Migrants act as agents of social change. Migration is a process by which leads to the intermixing of people from diverse cultures. It has many positive contribution such as evolution of composite culture and it also breaks the narrow considerations and widens up the mental horizon of the people at large. Improvement of the quality of life through the transformation of society and by this they improved their standard of living. As part of the Migration to Malabar, we can see its effects on the process of acculturation, adjustment and integration of migrant people at the region of Kottiyoor (Kannur Dt).The present study about Kottiyoor Migration intends to analyze the process of changes in Kottiyoor after migration. https://ijels.com/detail/a-peep-into-the-history-of-kottiyoor-migration/ Sheeba.P.K https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/68IJELS-104202154-APeep.pdf Till the second half of eighteenth-century Malabar was under the rule of Mysore Sulthans and was ceded to the British by the treaty of Seringapattom. During this period the cultivating land was owned by numerous landlords and chieftains in Malabar. The land was leased for cultivation to tenants called kudiyans, kanakudiyans, pattakkaran, verumpattakkaran etc. for cultivation. One of the interesting facts in Malabar was that different persons had rights on a same piece of land based on tradition.The British started revenue assessment and for the collection of taxes the landlords acted as their agents.For this and for the administration of law and order the British established so many law courts and enacted numerous laws.By these laws the traditional land relations were disappeared and the new class of jenmis who had absolute ownership on land came into existence. In the guise of revenue collection excessive levies and charges were imposed on the tenants and these extortions was resulted in to various protests and peasant revolts in different parts of North Malabar. The consequences of colonial policies in agrarian relations in Malabar is examined in this paper. https://ijels.com/detail/the-formations-and-policies-of-colonial-agriculture-in-malabar/ Dr. Radhamani.C.P https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/69IJELS-104202155-TheFormations.pdf It is a well-known fact that Indian Literature is rich and diverse and it covers literature written in multiple languages of India. With the diversity in the Indian regional languages, the literature in India also becomes diverse and rich. From Sanskrit to Hindi to Bengali to Gujarati, to Punjabi to Marathi literature have given several gems to the world. But with the ever growing globalization English language and its literature also became and integral part of the Indian literary consciousness and it mingled with the richness of Indian Literature in general. The most prominent use of English can be seen in the writings of Indian English writers. Fiction is one the most essential genre of Indian Writing in English. This paper analyzes a special section of Indian writing in English that is Indian fiction writing in English. It deeply analyzes two prominent novels written by Indian novelist Manju Kapur, how these novels portray their heroines as the strong minded individuals who find their in the male dominated world. https://ijels.com/detail/critical-analysis-of-manju-kapur-s-custody-and-home/ Dr. Anuradha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/70IJELS-103202154-Critical.pdf They typically behave brittle and have little or no ductility and are susceptible to various forms of damage such as invisible cracking, corrosion, and ultimately total destruction. This behavior is a major hazard during earthquakes, and this weakness in seismic performance has posed a major challenge to designers. Seismic retrofitting by adding structural frames or shear walls is impractical and very costly, and faces specific limitations in some buildings. Other retrofitting methods such as grouting, installation of reinforcing steel, prestressing, jacketing, and various surface reinforcement methods significantly increase the mass and stiffness of the structure, and as a result, impose higher seismic loads on the structure. These methods require skilled labor and disrupt the natural functioning of the building. These methods are referred to as "classical" methods of reinforcement. One of the new methods that has attracted the attention of industrialists in recent years is the reinforcement of existing buildings using composites. Much research has been conducted in this field and preliminary regulations have been prepared for their use. Composites were initially used for military applications and the aerospace industry, but with the decrease in price, these materials have attracted the attention of practitioners and industrialists in many industries due to their characteristics such as low weight and very high tensile strength, resistance to atmospheric conditions, etc. The use of fiber-reinforced polymers is a valid alternative reinforcement method due to its low thickness, high strength-to-weight ratio, high hardness, and easy application. https://ijels.com/detail/seismic-retrofit-of-reinforced-concrete-frames-with-filled-masonry-materials-using-fiber-reinforced-polymers/ Seyednima Naghibi Iravani, Abbie B. Liel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/71IJELS-10120212-Seismic.pdf