https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usDecember 5 The use of pesticides in agricultural areas can have an impact on the condition of pregnant women and their fetuses, one of which is on LBW conditions. This study aims to proved the exposure of pesticides during pregnancy as a risk factor for the incidence of low birth weight babies (LBW) in Bandungan Sub district, Semarang District. Case group was defined as women giving birth to babies with LBW conditions. The control group defined as women who deliver babies without experiencing LBW conditions. Subject selection was limited to data in Bandungan sub district, Semarang District between 2017 and February 2019. The total sample for the case and control group was 104 respondents. This study used a case control method. Spraying pesticides activity (OR = 2,182; 95% CI = 1,755-2,712), dan the use of pesticides > 4 types (OR = 9,211; 95% CI = 1,974-42,983) proved to be a risk factor for LBW events. https://ijels.com/detail/factors-associated-with-low-birth-weight-in-horticulture-area-semarang-district-indonesia/ Nunik Triyani, Onny Setiani, Suhartono https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-110201942-FactorsAssociated.pdf There have been various attempts to answer the question “What is Enlightenment?” The philosophers and historians have tried to answer this question posed many a time. In the present scenario, the most appreciated and accepted definition of enlightenment is considered to be is that of Immanuel Kant’s. German philosopher Immanuel Kant says that “enlightenment is a man’s release from self-incurred tutelage.’’ Here, tutelage is the inability of a man to make use of his “reason”. He mentions that a man is needed to have courage to use his own reason and remain unaffected of any external force. But the problem with Kantian version of use of reason appears problematic to some. He divided the realm of reason into two spheres, i.e, public use of reason and private use of reason. Where he mentions that only public use of reason must be free and boundless so that debates and arguments can take place and that according to him must have been the first step towards the Enlightenment of a society. https://ijels.com/detail/brahmoism-and-enlightenment-scene-in-pre-independence-india/ Tulika Nagesh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-110201949-Brahmoism.pdf Hawthorne was a feminist forerunner, which is largely due to the influences exerted on him by women who were close to him. By examining his fictional portrayal of Hester in The Scarlet Letter, the author finds that Hawthornemade a subversive woman his spokesperson voice his feminist ideas and refute the concept of manhood and masculinity of his day. https://ijels.com/detail/on-hawthorne-s-feminist-ideas-reflected-in-the-scarlet-letter/ Li Guanghua https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-110201944-OnHawthorne.pdf Electra complex is a term coined by Sigmund Freud to denote the opposite of Oedipus complex. It shows an infatuation of a daughter towards her father. It is not easy to over look this aspect in Sylvia Plath’s poetry, though many critics have blown this out of proportion. Poems like “Daddy”, “Cut” and “Fever” can be examined from the delicate influences of “Love-hate” relationship from a sensitive, feminine poet. https://ijels.com/detail/electra-complex-in-sylvia-plath/ Dr. Tasneem Anjum https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-110201936-Electra.pdf The study attempted to explain the pragmatic competence and the role of teaching pragmatic through using activities-based teaching function of language in EFL context. The study was presented by a public curriculum lead that prioritizes the necessity for English teachers focused on activities when they teach pragmatic aspects in an academic communications. The study aimed to clarify the vital role of activity-based teaching pragmatic on improving students' communicative function of language among Iraqi EFL learners. Besides, most English learners fail to present pragmatic ability on how to use request, apology by relating expressions to their meanings, knowing the intention of language users. There is growing of studies on the value of activities-based teaching language on increasing students’ pragmatic and function of language in EFL teaching. https://ijels.com/detail/pragmatic-competence-and-activity-based-language-teaching-importance-of-teaching-communicative-functions-in-iraq-efl-context/ Nadhim Obaid Hussein, Intan Safinas Mohd Ariff Albakri, Goh Hock Seng https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-111201911-Pragmatic.pdf The study explained English learners' pragmatics development, learners' pragmatic competence in selected speech act, and usage of request as a one of speech acts that it used in gaining pragmatic ability. The study was offered by a public curriculum lead that prioritizes the necessity for English students to develop their ability to use request effectively in cultural communication. The study aimed to explain differences in the usage of request among Iraqi male and female undergraduate EFL students. Furthermore, most English students fail to present pragmatic ability on how to use request by relating utterances to their meanings, knowing the intention of language users, and how requests are employed in specific locations. There is growing material of researches on pragmatic ability and differences in the usage of request among male and female students for EFL schoolroom teaching. However, researchers have pointed to focus on the traditional methods rather than how English students require or use request to develop the students' production in the EFL classroom. Therefore, depending on the successful results of preceding studies, the study focused on the differences in usage of request among Iraqi male and female undergraduate EFL students. The differences in the usage of request to these learners have been discussed in details of the present research. https://ijels.com/detail/usage-of-speech-act-of-request-among-iraqi-male-and-female-undergraduate-efl-students/ Nadhim Obaid Hussein, Intan Safinas Mohd Ariff Albakri, Goh Hock Seng https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-111201912-Usageof.pdf The study examined the negative impact of climate change in Africa that has negatively impacted livelihoods across the continent. The region that was formerly a robust agrarian belt, animated with a culture based on agro-social energy, is fast becoming a shadow of its erstwhile glorious image. It generally explains how climate change and its implications for natural resource use are fast changing the developmental and migratory narrative, as well as conflict, in Africa. The ‘Word System Theory’ was adopted as the theoretical framework to explain the impact of climate change in Africa. Primary and secondary sources were used to generate data for the study. The central thesis is that the colossal environmental degradation in various parts of Africa, including the Lake Chad Basin, has resulted in a struggle over the available, but fast shrinking, natural resources in the region. The numerous crises that have arisen from the struggle to make a better livelihood in the African region also has a contingent effect on other continents of the world, particularly in terms of migratory movements. The inevitable conclusion is that without relevant, creative, functional and sustainable education on greening the environment and effective pollution control the current crises in the region would not abate. It therefore recommended that stringent measures be taken against countries that emit greenhouse gases, and that urgent strategies be introduced to generate employment for sustainable livelihoods as means of curtailing crises in the region. https://ijels.com/detail/climate-change-and-the-struggle-for-natural-resources-in-africa/ Nwankwo Donna-Carine Nkeiruka, Ogali Matthew Dayi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-110201951-ClimateChange.pdf The presence of a hospital does not only treat patient. However, they also educate the public. Hospitals should be aware of their responsibility to educate the public, for insistence, educating by using brochures. Related to this matter, the researcher was interested in conducting research related to the Health Education Process for Hospital Visitors through the Educative Brochure. This research used the theoretical foundation of Public Relations communication media and the use of media in Public Relations activities at Maria Assumpta Rumanti's book, the Basics of Public Relations. This research used a qualitative approach with a descriptive qualitative research. The research method was a case study by conducting in-depth interview with the participants. https://ijels.com/detail/the-health-education-process-of-hospital-visitors-through-the-educative-brochure/ H. M. Tamsir Ridho https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-111201910-TheHealth.pdf From time immemorial, the Igbo who the researchers used as a representative nation for most nations in the third world countries, has been using folk medicine. Such medicine combines faith healing, herbs and minerals. But no matter how inchoate it may sound, the truth is that it produced more elders with higher longevity than what orthodox medicine is producing nowadays. But recently, a lot of accusations are being levelled against it. To the accusers, folk medicine attacks the liver and other vital organs of the body. But then, why did it not kill our ancestors? The stand of this paper is that although some side-effects can sometimes be recorded in its usage, such is also the case in many orthodox drugs. In fact, it has been discovered that in many cases when Western medicine is quite incapable, folk medicine becomes the only solution. In order to prove that Igbo folk medicine is an indispensable aspect of health care delivery in this 21st century, the researchers used both direct and indirect data collected from practitioners of folk and orthodox medicine, patients, elders, books and Internet sources. The discovery is that some manufacturers on seeing the shortcomings in what they are producing have resorted to adding the word herbal to their products so as to give it an air of efficacy. Even, some prominent pharmaceutical companies, Bayer being an example, have started studying and transforming folk medicine to orthodox medicine. This is because they have seen the resistance of some diseases to their drugs. Or have you heard of folk medical practitioners borrowing from orthodox medicine, making it to look like traditional medicine? When a man with bone fractures has been booked for amputation, he runs to the folk medicine practitioners for his broken bones to regain its original shape, thereby showing the superiority of folk medicine over orthodox medicine. https://ijels.com/detail/essay-on-igbo-folk-medicine-as-an-indispensable-aspect-of-health-care-delivery-in-the-21st-century/ Aloy Nnamdi Obika, Obiora Eke https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-110201953-Essayon.pdf The purpose of the paper is to study Feminist Consciousness And Traditionalism in the novel Dollar Bahu by Sudha Murthy, taking in account the complexity of life, different histories, culture and different structure of values, the women’s question, greed for money and working abroad as status symbol in Indian society. The article mirrors that Indian mentality which is fascinated by Dollar …the foreign currency which is valued more than sentiments, morals and relationship. Murty is considered to be one of the most realistic authors, for she is able to bring the true picture of psyche of the women changing with the times. Her concern for the women who are caught in the dilemma of liberty and individuality or stability and protection is understandable. The paper displays the way in which the Urban middle class women struggle for self identity yet rooted deep into values of being a women who binds together the family in Sudha Murty’s Dollar Bahu . The novel is women centered and woman’s emotions and attitudes are delineated quite meticulously. We see a very clear touch of Traditionalism in this novel in the way a woman rate down another women low blinded by glow of Dollar. The study of the research highlights the dominance of the mighty Dollar in every pursuit of life. Today’s new women are ready to accomplishing their aspirations. An Indian woman unlike a man, is stronger morally and emotionally. The novel deciphers the fact that it is the power of ‘SHE’ that can make or break a family. https://ijels.com/detail/feminist-consciousness-and-traditionalism-in-dollar-bahu-by-sudha-murthy/ Shakun Joshi, Ashok Singh Rao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-111201914-Feminist.pdf Allan Poe’s standalone fame rests to an extent, on the fact that he was a conjurer of macabre tales of ‘mystery, supernatural and suspense’ unrivalled and inimitable even today. His stories and poems weren’t influenced by personal factors like unrequited love (except maybe ‘The Raven’), bereavement or tragic events of that sort. He wrote for the sake of writing and usually out of an uncanny impulse, unlike Mary Shelley who wrote her magnum opus ‘Frankenstein’ based on events from her own life. Poe’s preoccupation with the occult gravitated towards the themes of death and decay and a contemplation of the same in a manner quite unexplored by writers of this genre. The theme of madness/ insanity was never dealt more tactfully in the history of horror genre. Poe’s predilection for the macabre enabled him to explore uncharted arenas. His ‘Metzengerstein’, for example, is regarded as the first story to have ‘metempsychosis’ as its central theme. His poems were also not different in its preoccupation with the enigmatic, supernatural and the Gothic. https://ijels.com/detail/the-eldritch-storyteller-revisiting-edgar-allan-poe-s-inimitable-oeuvre/ Kevin George https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-111201913-TheEldritch.pdf In the global world of today everyone is a migrant, dislocating from the place of origin due to market forces, political conflicts, disasters and so on. The dispersal of people from their homeland to various parts of the world resulted in enhancing the cultural diversity. Multiculturalism and Diaspora have given a significant contribution in increasing the proximity among the peoples in the world. It is due to the effect of Diaspora and multiculturalism that new concepts like transnationalism, cosmopolitanism and globalization have emerged. The differences and distances embedded with various myths about varied cultural diversities came to end which provided a space for cultural relativism, cultural tolerance, hybridity and assimilation. The term multiculturalism is often compared with ‘salad bowl’ due to the coexistence of culturally varied groups of people in terms of social structure, religions, languages, race, foods, customs and rituals. In the present scenario US can be considered as a best paragon of cultural diversity where people from all parts of the world have accumulated with their cultural bag-gages. India and China which are the most populous countries in the world have set their imprints in America. The phrases like ‘Little India’ and ‘Chinatown’ can be easily heard on American streets. Asians have consolidated their feet on American soil in every possible zone – food, clothing, health, literature, entertainment, film and drama. In the midst of this diversity Asian writers emerged with a plethora of colorful Asian culture. In ‘The Namesake’ Jhumapa Lahiri has portrayed South Asian cultural diversity in customary behaviors’, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles in contact with west. https://ijels.com/detail/a-delineation-diaspora-to-multiculturalism-in-jhumpa-lahiri-s-the-namesake/ Vijaylaxmi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-111201915-ADelineation.pdf Despite the increasing worldwide interest for a society without discrimination, the space occupied by contemporary African women is still a domain that needs a close examination. Literature being the domain of visibility and audibility, especially in problematizing African women’s space, several researchers have interrogated Amma Darko’s Faceless from various angles, to point out the socio economic and political problems faced by women and or children (basically girl children); but, however, our reading of the novel presents alternative realities that are not yet evoked. That is, in Faceless, Amma Darko does not only voice the problems of African women, to strike women’s awareness to break the yoke of silence, but, also and mainly, the novel is addressed to the leaders whose attitudes and conspiracy of silence have exposed women to various kind of violence. For Darko, the truth of the matter is that in a society where there is “the National Commission on Children, the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, FIDA, the Nation Council on Women and Development and the Attorney General and Minister of Justice” (Darko, 2013:182), security issue, in general, and women’s security, in particular, should not be a matter of personal concern or even that of any non-governmental organizations such as MUTE. Within the framework of gender studies, our findings have revealed that not only women are marginalized but also and mainly that the marginalization is due to the loss of priorities by the government. https://ijels.com/detail/violence-against-women-a-reading-of-amma-darko-s-faceless/ Maina Ouarodima https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-111201916-Violence.pdf This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between second language writing anxiety and students’ writing performance .The study employed correlation and descriptive study design. First year English language and literature students of Wolkite University were the participants of the study and they were selected by using simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire, writing performance tests and semi- structured interview were used as data collecting instruments. These data were analyzed using Pearson’s Product moment correlation, qualitative description of students’ interview results and one way ANOVA. In order to identify the significance of differences between the pairs of SL writing anxiety, multiple comparisons or post hoc test was also conducted .The results revealed that there was a significant, negative correlation between SL writing anxiety and writing performance. The semi-structured interview revealed that linguistic difficulties, insufficient writing practice, fear of tests, lack of topical knowledge and low self-confidence in writing performance. The results of the questionnaire showed that there is statistically significant difference in level of anxiety among high, average and low achievers and Avoidance Behavior and Cognitive anxiety are the most common and dominant type of ESL/FL writing anxiety. The investigation results also showed that the mean differences were statistically significant between the low anxiety and average anxiety, low anxiety and high anxiety and average anxiety and high anxiety. https://ijels.com/detail/the-relationship-between-writing-anxiety-and-students-writing-performance-at-wolkite-university-first-year-english-major-students/ Anwar Nessir Surur, Senbeta Tadesse Dengela https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-111201926-Therelationship.pdf Naturalism as a literary theory emerged in the 19th century in reaction to different philosophical,, scientific, and socio economical developments of the time. Particularly Charles Darwin’s theory of origin of species and August Comte’s philosophy of positivism gave impetus to the inception of naturalism. But literary naturalism was first proposed and formulated by the French Novelist Emile Zola in 1970s. Preparing the whole manifesto of naturalism, Zola universally labeled as the founder of literary naturalism. The theory firmly propagates the scientific observation of life: In literary writing it heavily lies on objective and empirical presentation of human being in its environments. Hence, this paper attempted to examine the basic tenets of naturalism in the novel McTeague by Frank Norris. The study proceeded from illuminating the background and concept of naturalism in the first chapter of the paper to providing the framework that the study to investigate exclusively in chapter two. In this second chapter the concerns of the paper are summarized through illustrating the cannons of naturalism. The last section of the paper, chapter three, is the part to interpret and analyze the literary element of naturalism in regard for the novel McTeague by Frank Norris. Here, the basic elements of naturalism mentioned: determinism, lower class plausible characters, objectivity, immoral contents, language of the actual world and pessimism are illustrated through discussion and substantiation of text extracts. The analysis is performed efficiently in a way to show each elements of naturalism as appeared in the naturalist novel under study: McTeague so as to demonstrate how naturalism is applied in literary writing. Hence, the analysis conducted examining each elements of the theory by substantiating representative extracts from the text. https://ijels.com/detail/elements-of-naturalism-in-mcteague-by-frank-norris/ Anwar Nessir Surur, Senbeta Tadesse Dengela https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-111201927-Elementsof.pdf In this modern world where contemporary educators are now dwelling in an ever-changing domain of corporate trends, innovations, transformation and improvements, it is, therefore, substantial to identify whether the programs offered by our academic institution can adapt to these moving developments. This objective can be achieved by following and tracing the arrays of our graduates. This study delved at tracing the graduates of Bachelor of Science in Criminology of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology for Academic Year 2015–2016. In order to provide adequate and reliable information for the evaluation of the study, the descriptive method of research was used by the researcher to facilitate the gathering of information on the traceability of the abovementioned graduates. Results have shown that the majority of the graduates were male which means that the program is a male-dominated program. Furthermore, it was found out that at the present time, the majority of the graduates were employed under permanent status. It is also good to note that majority of the respondents were able to serve the country under their purpose due to the fact that majority of the criminology graduates were connected to different law enforcement agencies like the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. It was also discovered that the majority of the respondents were able to get hired within six months after graduation. It can be concluded that the skills they have acquired from the college are relevant to their present job since these agencies found the need to hire them. It is recommended that the college should continue to make interventions in order to upkeep the performance of their graduates not just in the board exam but also in getting a better opportunity after passing the board exam and that is through improvement of the curriculum to make it more relevant for the better future of the graduates in order to achieve full employment of their products. The Alumni and Placement Services of the university should also intercede and help the graduates of the university in general and the College of Criminology in specific to give assistance to the graduates in terms of proper job placement and employment to minimize underemployment of its graduates. https://ijels.com/detail/employment-array-of-bachelor-of-science-in-criminology-graduates-in-nueva-ecija-university-of-science-and-technology/ Januaryn Jose B. Aydinan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-111201928-Employment.pdf “A man of quality is never threatened by a woman of equality” -Thomas Jefferson The above quote surmises the importance of equality in gender in society. Movie is a great platform to strongly disseminate any sort of message or perspective deep into the society. Billions of viewers enjoy Marvel movies throughout the world. Marvel movies have gifted the world with a handful of superheroes, the fact which needs to be appreciated but how far it has given importance to the fair sex in these adventures is quite a point to ponder over. With great power comes the great responsibility. Each and every aspect of Marvel movie is thoroughly observed by and talked about throughout the globe. In such case, if they take up the gallant cause of establishing gender equality across the society, we could have seen a different society altogether. Before hopping into the discussion, we need to know something known as Bechdel test also known as Bechdel-Wallace test. https://ijels.com/detail/sex-equality-in-marvel-movies/ K. V. Temuzion https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-111201919-SexEquality.pdf This paper will concentrate on showing how Postmodern Feminism is employed in Nadine Gordimer’s novel The Pickup; in an attempt to clarify how this particular use of Postmodern Feminism gave the characters in the book equal representation between male and female, exposing that both are human with prior backgrounds that affect both their actions and their reactions. They aren’t opposites nor are they alike, but each one compliments the other, and together they formulate and present Postmodern Feminism. The attitude of the main female depicted character (Julie) is no longer governed by society and man, she does not judge anyone and does not want to be judged; actions belong only to her stemming mainly from a human need to be free of judgments and constraints of social or mental mounds. As well the male depicted character (Abdu) is not portrayed as the dominating male, nor is he the ignorant Arab/ eastern man, he is also facing the contradictions and the hypocrisy of the society, and he has dreams and wants to catch them. https://ijels.com/detail/postmodern-feminism-in-nadine-gordimer-s-novel-the-pickup-who-is-the-enemy-female-self-image-mirrored-in-non-conformity/ Ghada Fayez Abu-Enein https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-111201922-Postmodern.pdf This research deals with the analysis of test items constructed by English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers of private senior high schools in Kupang, Indonesia. It aimed to know discrimination power, difficulty level and distracter of test items constructed by the EFL teachers. The design used in this research study is descriptive qualitative. Data resource is semester test items of grade XII students of language program of Sint Carolus Kupang private senior high school in the academic year 2017/2018. The result of this study showed that discrimination power has 52,5 % test items that could not be used to test the students, 25% test items that must be revised and 22,4% test items that are really good to be used to test the students. Difficulty index involved level of easy test items as much as 35 %, 37 % test items as difficult level, and 27,5% test items as moderate level. Distracter involved 11,92 % very poor distracters, 49,66% poor distracters, 13,90 % fair distracter, 13,90% good distracter and 10,59% very good distracter. https://ijels.com/detail/test-items-analysis-constructed-by-efl-teachers-of-private-senior-high-school-in-kupang-indonesia/ Marselus Yumelking https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-FEB-2019-21-Test.pdf The presence of both taboo and transgression has been pervasive in literature. Although a natural process, sexuality remains a mysterious reality, lying dormant under the linings of various literary works that explicitly insinuate at wild passionate love, uncontrollable desires and overflowing ecstasy. A flamboyant poet such as Lord Byron, whose poetry has gained erotic resonance, is no exception. In his Letters and Journals, he describes poetic creation as “the lava of the imagination whose eruption prevents an earthquake;” such erogenous metaphor reveals a lot about the poet’s sexual identity, passionate appetite and sensual creativity. Undoubtedly, Byron’s multifaceted sexual identities and complex sexual engagements assume a creative/mythical projection throughout his poetic art that crystallizes in his insinuation at epicene or third sex. To camouflage his ambiguous sexual inconsistencies, his predominant queer passion and protean desires, Byron implements his rigorous sexual fantasy and portrays transgendered sexuality in his tales and poetic oeuvre. This paper calls for a critical reading/rumination of a third gender incarnated in the sexually transgressive character of the foreign-born page Kaled who possesses queer psycho-sexual traits since s/he is transvestic, androgynous and pandrogynous. https://ijels.com/detail/transgression-of-sexual-parameters-in-lord-byron-s-lara/ Dr. Savo Karam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-111201925-Transgression.pdf 'University Wits' is a title given to a group of writers of the late 16th Century England by a 19th Century Scholar named George Saintsbury. These writers were educated either from Oxford or Cambridge Universities and wrote plays to earn their livelihood. In spite of the fact that these writers wrote without any patronage and had led short and stormy life, their importance in the history of English literature is due to their outstanding contribution towards the transformation of the theme of literature that was limited to puritanistic and moralistic writing to a more realistic yet didactic, heroic yet based on the real-life problems of the everyday lives of individuals. This essay tries to explore the workswhich not only enriched the English Literature through their plays with varied themes such as revenge, passion, comedy, historical and tragedy, imaginative and romantic proze but also helped in raising the standards of literature by improving the coherence of language and structure of plot construction through their literar https://ijels.com/detail/university-wits-as-transitory-playwrights-who-set-preclude-to-realistic-literature-in-elizabethan-age/ Aniruddh Shastree https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-11120192-University.pdf The present paper seeks to address the strategies adopted to translate into English a corpus of idioms extracted from the literary translation of Muhsin al-Ramli's novel "Scattered Crumbs"(Arabic version published in Cairo, 2000). The objectives of the paper are twofold. First, the theoretical part outlines the theoretical perspective on literary translation and then reviews the scene on idiomatic expressions, compares the various scholarly opinions on idioms and the translating strategies used in the literary context. Second, the practical aspect draws upon an analysis of a corpus of data collected from the above novel to arrive at the most frequent strategies applied by the translator, Yasmean S. Hanoosh, in her translation for the novel "Scattered Crumbs" (2003), published by The University of Arkansas. The paper has also pedagogical implications. In comparing the idioms in the source text of the novel with their translations in English, translation tutors and practitioners can use the novel as a course book to teach translation strategies in literary translation courses. Using the real examples extracted from the novel, students can practice the most frequently used strategies in how to deal with/ and render a variety of idiomatic expressions. https://ijels.com/detail/idioms-and-cultural-references-in-the-translation-of-muhsin-al-ramli-s-novel-scattered-crumbs/ Mansour K. Thajeel Aldanani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-111201921-Idioms.pdf This paper is a serious attempt to examine Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness from a postcolonial perspective. It focuses on Europe’s major colonial powers in Africa, particularly in the Congo, and studies the relation between the coloniser and the colonised during the period of King Leopold II of the Congo Free State and presents the impact of colonialism on the colonised. Further, it endeavours to historicise the arrival of the Belgian colonialism in the Congo and documents the atrocities and exploitations carried out against the indigenous local populations. It also seeks to conduct an investigation into the stance of Conrad in accordance with colonialism and imperialism and answers the duality behind Conrad’s position in terms with the oppressed peoples of Africa. https://ijels.com/detail/heart-of-darkness-a-congolese-trove-of-pain/ Tarad A. A. Daghamin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-111201936-Heart.pdf Project-based learning (PBL) has been believed beneficial for effective learning and students’ holistic development, in that it requires learners to actively participate and take responsibility in the learning process. While interest and research in PBL is growing, few empirical studies have been found investigating the application of PBL in China, and fewer have explored large EFL classes in Chinese tertiary institutions. This article reports on a longitudinal study of project-based learning in the context of Chinese tertiary language education. It was conducted over an academic semester in a Chinese university with six large non-English major classes. Data for this study was collected through observations, reflective journals, semi-structured interviews, and a follow-up questionnaire. It is hoped that the project can have implications for classroom teachers utilising PBL in similar contexts and researchers continuing exploration in this area. https://ijels.com/detail/promoting-project-based-learning-in-chinese-large-efl-classes-implementation-challenges-and-strategies/ Yi Wang, Jing Wang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-111201924-Promoting.pdf This research article proves that Gandhi and U.Ve.Swaminatha Iyer led an altruistic life. Gandhi aptly named his autobiography ‘My experiments with truth’. U.Ve.Sa named his autobiography ‘The story of my life’ No Indian can forget Gandhi and no Tamilian can forget U.Ve.Sa. They became immortal through their service. Gandhi’s life consisted of the struggles that he experienced in his cause and he was aptly called ‘The father of the Nation’. U.Ve.Sa attained a permanent place in the field of publishing books. His tireless work for the Tamil language earned him the title ‘Thamizh Thatha” For Gandhi, life is non-violence. For U.Ve.Sa, life is research. They were role models for the world. https://ijels.com/detail/gandhi-and-u-ve-swaminatha-iyer-absolute-altruists/ Dr. S. Padma Priya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-11220193-Gandhi.pdf Sean O’Casey (1880-1964) is a playwright who is renowned for championing the cause of victims. His writings exhibit his empathy towards the woes and agonies of the sufferers. In all his plays he has never supported any violent action as the solution to the ailments of the society. He is against the war, violence and bloodshed. Through his realistic as well as anti-heroic play, The Plough and the Stars , he has tried to draw attention of the masses to the miserable plight of women who are wives of the war martyrs. This article focuses on the loneliness of women and their pitiable conditions once their men leave for the war in the name of patriotism. The playwright questions the loyalty of these soldiers who neglect their familial duties and forsakes their wives and children to save the honour of their motherland. They fail to value the concrete and run after the abstract. https://ijels.com/detail/contravening-the-glory-of-war-war-and-women/ Dr. Rashmi Vyas, Ms. Shashi Kala https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-111201934-Contravening.pdf FinTech has profoundly changed the products, models and institutions of the banking industry. It has also brought many problems while improving banking’s performance, which poses great challenge to the banking industry. This paper analyzes the impact of Fintech on China's banking industry and its regulation problems from the perspective of market structure. FinTech has a “head effect” and a “long tail effect” on the market concentration of the banking industry. In terms of market barriers, FinTech has lowered some technical barriers and information barriers and resulting in new access barriers; In terms of finance functions, FinTech has reduced the horizontal differentiation of banking products and strengthened the vertical differentiation of products. Financial supervision should fully consider the changes in the market structure of banking industry and build a coordination mechanism for the competition policy and risk supervision of the banking industry. https://ijels.com/detail/a-discussion-of-fintech-s-impacts-on-the-market-structure-of-china-s-banking-and-the-regulation-problems/ Hanying QI https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-111201931-ADiscussion.pdf Despite the socially constrictive societies they each lived in, Jane Austen and Victor Hugo demonstrate that Marxist-feminist and related egalitarian beliefs result in stronger romantic relationships. Through the beliefs, actions, and ultimate fates of their characters, Austen and Hugo advocate for matrimonial and broader societal reform. The relationship between feminism and love present in two of the authors’ major works—Pride and Prejudice and Les Misérables—can best be examined by comparing the relationships of feminist couples to those of conforming couples; Elizabeth and Darcy or Marius and Cosette are more feminist and have a stronger relationship than Charlotte and Collins or Jane and Bingley. Ultimately, this research implies that relationships founded on the basis of equality and mutual respect are stronger than those which are not. https://ijels.com/detail/feminism-is-love-structural-romantic-and-marxist-feminist-themes-in-pride-and-prejudice-and-les-mis-rables/ Chutian Weng https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-111201930-Feminism.pdf Migration is one of the most influential contemporary phenomena. With its Mass effects, migration is shaping the social fabrics, geopolitical positions, and paradigms of the world politics. Literature being a reflection and a product of its surrounding material conditions is also continuously depicting, analysing, comprehending and engaging with the phenomenon of migration. The presentpaper also aims at exploring the nature of the conflict of native-migrant, and possible alternatives to resolve this conflict as depicted in Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West (2017).The text deals with the life of a young couple living in an unnamed city of an Asian country facing civil war. Thetext outlines their migrations due to the outbreak of war in their city.They in search of stable living conditions move from one to another place throughout the world, including Mykoons, London and San Francisco and the US. The text depicts their experiences as migrants in these places.An attempt will be made to analyse the phenomenon of Migration and experiences of Migrants. The study will further explore the narrative of the text to understand the dynamic positions of the characters in a binary framework of native and migrant. The study will extrapolate how the status of being migrantprioritize the ideas of survival.The study will further unravelthe struggles and efforts of the displaced human beings to reshape, reorganize their lives in new paradigms, and how displacement is not only limited to physical space but also affects the mental and social spaces. The paper will further investigate the role of harmonious living in the times of such mass level migrations. https://ijels.com/detail/envisioning-co-existence-exploring-responses-to-migration-in-mohsin-hamid-s-exit-west/ Jaspreet Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-111201943-Envisioning.pdf Childhood is a fascinating experience for one and all, more so for a poet, as his/her experience as a child, is responsible for the later development in life. Experiences at this stage are raw, emotional, inarticulate-often expressed though gestures and sounds. But the same experience takes on larger meaning after a few years, when they are viewed objectively. Ruminating over the past events, putting the clock back, imagining with intensity and expressing them through a language which is provocative and beautiful; suggestive and intriguing, this nostalgia for childhood is one of the distinctive aspects of confessional poetry. The profile of the baby as ‘pure’, happy and carefree child without tensions or problems, is pervasively found in their poems. This strain of nostalgia, critics feel, is inevitable as they look at the future as uncertain which does not augur much hope; the present is full of tensions and contradictions, which seem unresolved; as such the poets are tempted. Sometimes forced to look back on their past for recapturing happier moments. https://ijels.com/detail/reminiscences-of-childhood-for-confessional-poets/ Dr. Tasneem Anjum https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-111201933-Reminiscences.pdf Microbes in the air found in the form of bioaerosol. Air contaminated with microbes become medium for transmission of disease. This study aimed to identify the profile of airborne microbes in Kudus General Hospital. The study conducted in Kudus Regency, Central Java, Indonesia in 2019. The research used cross sectional design. The number of samples was 30 rooms. The analysis carried out quantitatively and qualitatively to showed the number and types of microbes found. The results showed an average airborne microbes count of 309.6 CFU / M³. The most common bacteria found were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis. The most commonly found fungus was mold (33.3%). The finding of microbes in the air showed that hospital air was polluted and had the potential to the disease transmition. Therefore, the hospital needs to make effective control efforts. https://ijels.com/detail/indoor-air-microbial-profile-of-general-hospital-in-kudus-central-java-indonesia/ Yuni Saptorini, Nurjazuli, Mursid Raharjo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-111201941-Indoor.pdf There is no doubt that Said battles throughout his life with an intricate identity conflict which demarcates his views on politics and identity at large. As an intellectual who lives on the crossroad of cultures, and out of a place, that one might call a homeland, he learned painfully to live more than one life and embrace more than one identity. When filiative bonds are out of reach, the affiliative ones might serve the urgency of survival but never take roots in him or create a romantic sense of belonging. It seems exile, and the exilic rootless spirit is so essential to him as an intellectual and his scholarly and political project. The present paper delves into Said’s views of the identity of the intellectual as well as identity politics of difference represented in Zionism as a movement of liberation against the Palestinians rights. I argue that in his Canaanite reading of Walzer’s Exodus and Revolution and the roots of the Jewish identity in Freud’s Moses and the Monotheism, Said attempts to provide the alternatives to the reductive identity politics and the very ‘connected intellectual’ that makes it tenable. Arguably, the openness of the Jewish identity and that of the exilic Jewish intellectual is Said’s stalwart point of critique. https://ijels.com/detail/edward-said-on-intellectuals-identity-and-ideology-of-difference/ Dr Mohammed S. Abu Elmeaza, Dr Mahmoud N. Baroud https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-111201932-Edward.pdf The researcher explains the tragic of the play represented with Hamlet's father death. The most familiar image of the play is the young prince contemplating how he will revenge., the overriding theme being how people react to death. Though every version has the basic central story of Hamlet’s revenge for his father’s murder, each inevitably presents a more or less subtly different narrative, some omitting whole scenes and even major story threads. All this helps to explain why the play—and its central character—have been subject to an exceptionally wide range of interpretation. The researcher in this paper, will concentrate on one of the tragic situation for the protagonist of the play that father's murder by his mother and uncle. https://ijels.com/detail/the-tragic-perspective-in-hamlet-s-character-during-the-play-scene/ Malik Hashim Hassan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-112201912-TheTragic.pdf The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance in Industrial sector of Iraq. The data is obtained from the annual reports issued by the companies for the period from (2014 to 2018). The correlation research design is will be identifying the relationship between earnings per share, return on assets, net profit margin and CSR. A sample of 30 companies will be chosen of the industrial sector this study will contribute to the finding of empirical studs or CSR and financial performance especially in Industrial sector of Iraq. Will be evaluated this study examines different impacts of positive and negative CSR on financial performance of industrial sector, theoretically based on positivity and negativity effects. Findings suggest mixed results across different industries and will contribute to companies’ appropriate strategic decision-making for CSR disclosure by providing more precise information regarding the impacts of each directional CSR on financial performance. https://ijels.com/detail/the-relationship-between-corporate-social-responsibility-disclosure-and-financial-performance-in-the-iraqi-companies-literature-review/ Mustafa Abd Oun Saud, Rohalia Binti Yusof, Azam Abdel Hakeem Khalid Ahmed https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-112201911-TheRelationship.pdf This paper aims to analyse the gender politics in the item songs by drawing parallels between the content of the item songs and theory of sexual objectification using psychoanalysis and social and behavioural theories. It tries to evaluate the role of media, patriarchy and psychology in conforming and forming gender roles and sexual objectification. It also tries to bring to notice dire consequences of sexual objectification. https://ijels.com/detail/item-songs-of-bollywood-the-politics-of-gender-and-identity-and-sexual-objectification/ Defency J Purohit https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-112201926-Item.pdf Malaria is an infectious disease that is of global concern. This disease is still a public health problem because it often causes outbreaks. Sarmi Regency specifically in Betaf Health Center working area API number 642 per 100 population, Sarmi Regency ranks fourth with API number 16,250 per 1000 population in Papua province in 2018. This study aimed to analyze the variability of environmental quality and malaria dynamics in the Puskesmas Work Area Betaf East Coast District, Sarmi Regency. This study used a case control design. The research sample of 124 respondents, consisting of 62 cases and 62 controls were randomly drawn. The variables studied were environmental factors (temperature, humidity, water pH, the presence of cattle pens, the presence of resting places, and the presence of breeding places), behavioral factors (the habit of being outside at night, the use of anti-mosquito repellent, the use of mosquito nets, and the use of wire mesh on ventilation), mosquito density, type of mosquito, and the incidence of malaria. Data analysis used chi square and logistic regression. Malaria API of Sarmi Regency in the period 2014 - 2018 showed a significant increase in the number of cases and API in 2018. The results of the study showed that the variables proven as risk factors for malaria were air temperature (OR = 3,665 95% CI = 1,728-7,776), humidity ( OR = 5,037 95% CI = 1,742-14,564), habits outside the home (OR 5,043 95% CI = 1,578-16,120), habits using mosquito nets (OR = 4,242 95% CI = 1,212-16,046). The most influential variable on the incidence of malaria is environmental variability in air temperature (p = 0.003 95% CI = 0.137 - 0.661). The probability of suffering from malaria in respondents living at 25-27oC is 79%. The air temperature affects the breeding of Anopheles sp. Mosquitoes, where the mosquitoes can develop optimally at a temperature of 25-27oC. https://ijels.com/detail/variability-of-environmental-quality-and-dynamics-of-malaria-in-sarmi-district/ Mark Leynard Julianus Tetelepta, Mursid Raharjo, Nurjazuli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-112201934-Variability.pdf The concept of double consciousness, coined by William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1903), has a figurative, rather than the medical, aspect dedicated for African Americans as a result of their feeling of duality. This study focuses on questioning its relevance to the postcolonial context in post-2003 Iraqi novels. The targeted individuals with this concept are reflected in a diasporic setting including internal and external displacement in the selected translated texts of The Tobacco Keeper (2011) by Ali Bader, The Book of Collateral Damage (2019) and The Baghdad Eucharist (2017) by Sinan Antoon. The concept is examined on Iraqi displaced characters of different minorities and identities. The hypothesis of the study arises from the similar posture of African-Americans with the situation of Iraqi asylum seekers and certain minorities inside their homeland Iraq and in host lands all over the world nowadays. The distancing among their native people is more serious than the people abroad.As a conclusion, the selected Iraqi novels mirror the concept of double consciousness in a way that highlight a very wide range of settings within certain postcolonial issues. The novels entail the survival of Iraqi (internal and external) migrants with the unresolved sense of double consciousness of those problematic characters. https://ijels.com/detail/a-postcolonial-reading-of-double-consciousness-internal-and-external-displacement-in-post-2003-iraqi-novel/ Zeenat Abdulkadhim Mehdi Alkriti, Dr Lajiman Bin Janoory https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-11220194-APostcolonial.pdf The current study examines the effects of Differentiated Instruction (DI) on the reading skill in the EFL class (2nd Baccalaureate, Arts-stream) in one High School in Morocco. One EFL class was taught a reading comprehension lesson in the traditional one-size-fits-all mode and later in the differentiated one. The teacher observed for this study modified the reading instruction based on students’ interests. The study investigated interest grouping as a DI reading strategy used to differentiate the reading instruction. Students were surveyed after the implementation of DI methodology to measure its impact on their engagement in the reading area. This study followed a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of the researcher’s own observation and students’ interviews. The method was very informative in identifying students’ needs in reading. It also provided the teacher with insights while planning for effective ways to cater for students’ needs. A qualitative survey of students’ attitudes was also necessary to delve deeper into the human dimensions of DI’s impact on the learners’ performance and engagement. https://ijels.com/detail/a-case-study-of-differentiated-instruction-in-the-efl-reading-classroom-in-one-high-school-in-morocco/ El khdar Abdelmoula, Rguibi Samira, Bouziane Abdelmajid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-11220192-ACaseStudy.pdf Task-based Language Teaching alludes to a communicative approach which is grounded on the usage of real-life and pedagogical tasks as a central element for language instruction. The paper explores salient features of Task-based Language Teaching within an English as a Foreign Language context. Additionally, the paper goes over reasons on why language teachers should use and incorporate TBLT in their lessons. Next, a lesson plan that is based on TBLT tenets is provided. Finally, a section on criticism to TBLT is included to provide a much-needed balance. Task-based Language Teaching constitutes a major approach to language instruction. Thus, TBLT has several implications within language classrooms. Likewise, real-life tasks bring authenticity to language classrooms as students use the language in a pragmatic way. Tasks constitute the core element of TBLT as the focus is on meaning and effective communication. The negotiation of meaning is another underlying feature of TBLT. https://ijels.com/detail/task-based-language-teaching-definition-characteristics-purpose-and-scope/ Olmedo Bula-Villalobos, Carlos Murillo-Miranda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-11220198-Task-based.pdf This research will focus on media management strategy in television broadcasting stations as a way of defending sustainability in the digital age. The production team has an important role in the success of a program. Ithas responsibility pre-production, production and post-production activities. It is not an easy thing for the production team to maintain the aired programs with high demand and rating. The theory used in this research is the Theory of Broadcast Media Management Strategy covering four broadcast management functions, i.e. planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling. This research used the descriptive qualitative approach. The research selected case study method with observation and interview data collection techniques. Based on the research results it is found that as improving the program rating, the internal team makes several innovations, such as the increase of hosts, the uses of gimmick, the change of studio settings, the keeping of interactive quizzes, the utilization of social media and the establishment of good communication processes in the team. Moreover, the research results also show that the applied innovation has a positive impact on the increase of rating and share, and so for television broadcasting stations it is a strategy to keep competitive in the digital world. https://ijels.com/detail/broadcasting-management-the-strategy-of-television-production-configuring-for-sustainability-in-the-digital-era/ Rizki Briandana, Mohammad Irfan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-11220199-Broadcasting.pdf In the Philippines’ culture and tradition, it is customary that men or husbands are the sole providers for the family’s needs. As the world progress, women are accepted in the workforce and have been increasingly common in the society that females now can be accepted as the breadwinners of the family. This research focuses on the experiences of women as breadwinners, the great impact on them as breadwinners, as an individual, in the family, and in career advancement. The researcher uses a phenomenological method to bring out the fore experiences and perceptions of individuals from their perspectives. Results showed four essential elements of female breadwinners’ experiences : (1) decision making control, (2) feeling pressure and worry, (3) feeling guilt and resentment, and (4) career advancement. With these themes, recommendations focused on giving support to these female teaching staff to cope with their daily struggles in life by tapping the Spiritual Uplift Program and Gender and Development of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology (NEUST). https://ijels.com/detail/primary-earners-lived-experiences-of-breadwinner-moms/ Rolieza Grace D. Taruc https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-11220196-Primary.pdf This paper is a book review of Multimodal Pragmatics and Translation: A New Modal for Source Text Analysis. It first depicts an overview of the whole picture of the book with a brief summary of each chapter, and then discusses how it develops a model for textual analysis of multimodal source texts applicable to translation studies from a pragmatic perspective. Finally, the merits and demerits in this book are pointed out. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-of-multimodal-pragmatics-and-translation-a-new-modal-for-source-text-analysis/ Ma Xiao, Ye Yanping https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-11220197-AReview.pdf Teaching materials have significant impact on learners’ learning. To facilitate English teaching and learning materials are abundant but teachers should evaluate the efficiency of those materials by taking serious principles into consideration during adaptation. The evaluation conducted here is on a small scale. The class that has been observed focuses on writing skills- basically on identifying common errors in the writings of EAP learners. It was a course on Basic English (ENG 101) intended for the students of first semester in BA (Honours). Therefore, the learners' age range is 18-22 and their language proficiency is supposedly of intermediate level. Interview of the course instructor revealed that the learners like communicative approaches more than learning bare grammar rules and structures. The materials used in that class was adapted from The Advancing Writer- Book / by Karen L. Greenberg, Peter Rodinone and Harvey Wienore. The aim of this evaluation is to scrutinize the suitability and effectiveness of the above materials for the target learners. At the end, some changes, modifications, and improvisations for the materials have been recommended. https://ijels.com/detail/material-evaluation-through-class-observation-a-way-of-small-scale-adaptation/ Anupam Biswas, Muhammad Jakaria Faisal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-112201930-Material.pdf The study wanted to determine the relationship between cognitive and affective attitude of students toward the morality of cheating and their academic cheating behaviours in the classroom. In order to carry out the study, theories were proposed related to the concept of human attitude and human behaviour and its relationship, the concept of morality and the attitude of Filipinos toward morality and the concept of morality of cheating. Therefore related literature and studies along those concepts were reviewed. To gather the data, validated questionnaires were used and in order to interpret the data statistical tools were used such as weighted mean and Pearson r or Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between the two variables. The study found that Senior High School students of Divine Word Colleges in Region I have high positive cognitive and affective attitude toward morality of cheating and their negative cognitive and affective attitude were considered low and moderate. In terms of their cheating behaviour, it was found to be low. The study further found a correlation between positive and negative cognitive attitude toward morality of cheating and their cheating behaviour. In relation to their affective attitude, it was found that there is a significant correlation between positive affective attitude toward cheating and academic cheating behaviour and no correlation between negative affective attitude toward the morality of cheating and academic cheating behaviour. https://ijels.com/detail/catholic-senior-high-school-students-attitude-toward-morality-of-cheating-and-academic-cheating-behaviours/ Damianus Abun, Theogenia Magallanes, Sylvia Lalaine Foronda, Mary Joy Encarnacion https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-11220191-Catholic.pdf This research focuses on the novel Things Fall Apart by the Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. The goal of this research is to show the effects of the white powers on the Nigerian society by articulating how their life was as ordinary Nigerians and how it became after the colonizers arrived introducing and addresses the problems, consequences, and effects of the colonial powers over the colonized countries in all aspects whether politically, economically, culturally. The novel was published in 1958 drawing the downfall of the main character Okonkwo while dealing with the arrival of the British colonial powers at that time in the south-eastern parts of Nigeria during the late nineteenth century. Okonkwo resembles the downfall of the Nigerian society, how he went from being the strongest among his village into having a tragic ending. Towards the end of the nineteenth century British colonialism was wide spread through all Africa and other parts of the world. Nigeria was amongst other African nations that received visitors who were on a colonizing mission politically and religiously introducing their religion and culture that is later imposed to on Igbo who are threatened by this sudden change in all aspects of their lives. Trying to form a new identity to accommodate the changes inflicted on the culture of the Igbo was a conflict that Okonkwo could not stand. https://ijels.com/detail/searching-for-new-identity-in-chinua-achebe-s-things-fall-apart-does-future-peace-exist-in-change-and-hybridity/ Dr. Ghada Fayez Refaat Abu-Enein https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-112201913-Searching.pdf The paper posits the presence of a prominent ‘subaltern’ voice in Arundhati Roy’s novel “The God of Small Things’ through the powerful characters of the double colonized Ammu and the ruthlessly Othered Velutha . It also attempts to demonstrate how a specific discourse with a history of colonization, patriarchy and religious instability, is responsible for the formation of many postcolonial attitudes : the most important being the hybridization of contentious social groups ( as seen in the example of Ammu and Velutha) which further triggers the condition of colonial desire through the blurring of social and cultural boundaries between the lovers and finally culminates into a unified and soaring subaltern voice : the voice of the marginal group. The paper, therefore, suggests a postcolonial reading of ‘The God of Small Things’ through exploring the concepts of Double Colonization, Hybridization and Colonial Desire as put forward by Homi K. Bhabha and Robert J.C. Young. https://ijels.com/detail/the-subaltern-voice-in-arundhati-roy-s-the-god-of-small-things-a-postcolonial-approach/ Sobia Ilyas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-112201916-TheSubaltern.pdf Pesticides have been widely used in agriculture and its usage is quite prevalent. Pesticides are one of many chemical substances that may induce the formation of free radicals. This study aims to investigate the correlation between previous pesticide exposure and Glutathion Peroxidase (GPx) levels on onion farmers in Karanganyar District. It is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. A sample size of this study is 53 male farmers respondents. Variables were obtained by interviews, questionnaire and blood samples. Approximately 4 ml of venous blood were taken to obtain ± 1,5 ml blood serum each for two variables, including cholinesterase variables measure with Kinetic photometric test in Labkesda Semarang and GPx variable measured with Glutathione peroxidase Elisa Kit in GAKI Lab Semarang. Data were analyzed using Rank Spearman and Mann-Whitney test with α=0,05. Mean cholinesterase level was 6404,85 U/L with reference 4620-11500 U/L whereas mean GPx level was 14,1468 ng/ml with reference 0,5-10 ng/ml. Descriptive test showed 56,6% of farmers were not fully equipped with PPE, 47,1% farmers did not take a shower after spraying and 28,3% did not change their clothes after spraying. Study results showed that there was a negative correlation between cholinesterase level and GPx level (p= 0,024, r= -0,310). There was also a mean difference between PPE usage (p= 0, 027), Showering activity (p =0,042), Clothes change (p =0,042) with cholinesterase levels. This study concluded that the correlation between PPE usage showering and clothes with cholinesterase levels, also cholinesterase levels were negative correlated with GPx levels. The authors suggested that farmers are encouraged to be fully equipped with PPE and maintaining good personal hygiene to reduce pesticide exposure. https://ijels.com/detail/the-correlation-between-pesticide-exposure-and-glutation-peroxidase-gpx-levels-on-onion-farmers-in-karanganyar/ Pradipta Dhimasrastha S.P, Budiyono Budiyono, Mursid Raharjo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-112201945-TheCorrelation.pdf This paper focuses on the question of Hamlet's potential actions, especially after the meeting with the Ghost of his passed away father. The main focus is on the prominent influence of biblical and Christian doctrine on the behavior of Hamlet as he seeks revenge, and how biblical and Christian doctrine play an important role in changing the course of events in the play. Moreover, Shakespeare uses the biblical and Christian teachings subtly and substantially. Therefore, he achieves that by presenting Hamlet as a pious Prince who wants to make sure whether his uncle has murdered his father or not, which is almost similar to the historical and religious story of Cain and Abel. Moreover, the concept of remembrance in Catholicism will be taken under the consideration. Furthermore, the controversial characteristics of Hamlet show the syncretism of Catholic and Protestant sects of Christianity as represented by the religious culture of Elizabethan era. https://ijels.com/detail/the-different-perspectives-of-christianity-and-paganism-on-the-concept-of-revenge-in-shakespeare-s-hamlet/ Mustafa Mohammed Rashid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-112201920-Thedifferent.pdf Word stress errors produced by EFL learners is such a common issue in phonological study. Many research regarding the issue have been conducted. Most of research concerned about the analysis of word stress errors itself. This urges the researcher to conduct a study on the production of word stress patterns in noun to verb conversion words. This topic is somehow rarely found in the area of research since the researcher use conversion words as an instrument. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the production of word stress patterns in English noun to verb conversion words by adult EFL learners in Indonesia. The researcher gathers the data by recording the production of 10 English noun to verb conversion words in the form of sentences given to 10 English Linguistics postgraduate students as participants of the study. The researcher classifies the data into correct word stress and error word stress. The error word stress are also classified into types of error word stress. The results showed that most of the students already have phonological competence, particularly in word stress patterns production in noun to verb conversion words. Apart from the success of word stress placement. It is also found that there are several types of error placement produced by adult EFL learners comprising verb stress placement in noun, noun stress placement in verb, unstressed words, and double-stressed words. In addition, this research have made contributions to the area of phonological study especially word stress and its implementation according to specific language learners. https://ijels.com/detail/the-production-of-word-stress-patterns-in-english-noun-to-verb-conversion-words-by-adult-efl-learners-in-indonesia-a-phonological-study/ Lia Maulia Indrayani, Vini Rizki https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-112201915-TheProduction.pdf Freedom of association is a right whichis guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. That freedom is manifested in the formation of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in society. However, the establishment and work of the organization are also regulated by statutory provisions. For example, the existence of the right of the state to dissolve Non-Government Organizations that deviate from the ideology of Pancasila. The legal basis for deactivate and dissolving NGOs is Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perpu) Number 2 of 2017 concerning Amendments to Law Number 17 of 2013 concerning Non-Government Organizations. That provision is published because there was a coercive urgency. The State has authority to control the work and activity from organization, in order to maintain the organization to not deviate from the principles of the rule of law and democracy. Coercive Urgency reason should not be used without objective consideration. This research examines how the coercive urgency is issued which is make thePerpucan be issued. Those problems are carried out with normative legal research. There is a threat to basic ideology can be considered as a coercive urgency. This can be accepted as long as the principle of Law in the deactivate and dissolution of NGOs carried out properly. https://ijels.com/detail/coercive-urgency-in-deactivationand-dissolution-of-non-government-organizations-in-indonesia/ Deden Alfaisal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-112201914-CoerciveUrgency.pdf In this paper, slavery and its atrocities are discussed in Toni Morrison’s “Beloved”. Through this novel black’s emotions, lives, and experiences are highlighted to make them visible; as they were invisible, silenced, and forgotten in the past. It reveals and explains the tension between forgetting and remembering past experiences through unspoken memory and how it acts on their lives: physically, emotionally, and psychologically. In order to heal from these abominable agonizing experiences, the disturbed ex-slaves must oppose and challenge the repressed memories https://ijels.com/detail/reconciliation-with-the-past-for-a-new-self-identification-in-toni-morrison-s-beloved/ Madoline Massaad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-112201931-Reconciliation.pdf Both Nazrul and Shelley raise their voice against corruption which lies almost in every society and impedes the development process by shaking the normal human relationships. Their words unmask the oppressors and exploiters who create an obvious gap between social classes, human relationships, and social institutions where people thrive for peace and harmony. This paper will analyze the poems ‘The Rebel’(Bidrohi) by Bangladeshi national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and ‘Ode to the West Wind’ by the English Romantic poet P.B. Shelley to show the deprivation and suffering of the subalterns, and the voice of the poets against the corruption and anomalies in their respective societies. This will be qualitative research where data will be collected by analyzing the texts and the renowned related critiques and articles from different sources. ‘Theory of Subaltern’ by Antonio Gramsci and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak will be observed in the study to bolster the voices of the poets. The people in the society who are dominated and deprived by the ruling class for long cannot speak of their misery to us. Thus the poets shoulder their responsibilities to carry their voice against injustice and inequalities take place in the society through their immortal verses. This study will help us to observe the unseen misery and to understand the unheard suffering of the subordinate class of the society who has been being oppressed by the ruling class for many years. https://ijels.com/detail/a-comparative-study-between-nazrul-s-the-rebel-bidrohi-and-shelley-s-ode-to-the-west-wind-voice-against-corruption/ Md. Aminul Haque, Tasnia Talukder https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-112201938-AComparative.pdf Incorporation in the Toba Bataknese language occurs due to changes of verb position which results in deletion of verb. The theory used to analyze this incorporation of verb deletion is one presented by Fillmore (1988) referring to Jehane's. Meanwhile, the method used in this study is based on Labov’s. According to Labov, the data of linguistic research are obtained from text, elicitation, intuition, experiment, and observation. Von Humboldt states that the term incorporation is the unification of lexical morphemes and words. The result of this analysis indicates that the incorporation in Toba Bataknese occurs typologically rather than polysynthetically. The forms or types of incorporation in this language are apparently quite broad, varied and applied clearly without changing the meaning of each incorporation. One of the incorporation forms or types results in incorporation with verb deletion. The kinds of incorporation with verb deletion based on the cases are objective, instrumental, locative, translative, and state incorporations. The incorporation process of verb deletion happens because the incorporating case changes its function. The case is verbalized by verb affix, and then the incorporation process causes changes in syntactic valence and construction. https://ijels.com/detail/incorporation-with-verb-deletion-in-toba-bataknese-language/ Faido Simanjuntak, Mulyadi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-112201944-Incorporation.pdf This study determined the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs provided for in Republic Act 9344 for children in conflict with the law. Twenty one rehabilitated youth admitted from June to October 2018 participated in the study.All of them are permanent residents of Cabanatuan City, Central Luzon, Philippines. Results showed that diversion program, vocational training, livelihood skills training, fun games and sports development were perceived to be more effective than other methods while cleanliness drives are effective as it is understood as a punishment rather than restorative. The effective program provided formal and non-formal education, better ways in dealing with one's emotions; explore one’s strengths and weaknesses and economic empowerment. According to program implementers, challenges faced in the program were casework and limited financial assistance. Rehabilitated youth reported to have adapted a better perspective in life and are coping with problems well. Follow-up programs must be conducted to ensure the success of children in their community as well in school. https://ijels.com/detail/the-long-term-effects-of-rehabilitation-program-for-children-in-conflict-with-the-law/ Elizabeth S. Manuel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-112201955-TheLong-Term.pdf Culture plays an important role in language learning with the aim of promoting communication skills for foreign students. Language is also a set of spoken voices which are arbitrators and must be meaningful. The main function of language is as a tool and communication tool. As for language learning the role of the instructor is needed because professional instructors in language and culture support literacy, so students want to have literacy and cross-cultural skills. Thus, cross-cultural understanding is also needed to be a supporting component in the language learning process of a country, without knowing the culture in the local area, foreign students will have difficulty in socializing with the local community. In the process of communicating the use of individual languages is always associated with language, language users and language use. This research was written with the aim of describing the cultural results contained in Indonesian textbooks for foreign speakers. This research was written with the aim of describing the cultural results contained in the textbook. The level of the textbook analyzed was my best friend's level a1, A2, B1, and B2. The research method used in conducting research is a qualitative descriptive research method. Based on the results of the study, found several cultural results at each level or level. The results of this study are: livelihood (MH) 37.5%, life equipment and technology (PH) 6.25%, arts (K) 31.25%, knowledge systems (SP) 6.25%, religion (R) 6.25% and language (B) 12.5%. https://ijels.com/detail/the-complexity-of-cultural-outcomes-as-indonesian-language-teaching-material-for-foreign-speakers-bipa/ Gustia Haryati, Andayani, Atikah Anindyarini https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-112201941-The complexity.pdf This study aimed to describe the strategies of farmers in dealing with the effects of the infestation of armyworms in their onions. It is visibly shown that when the time armyworm has started infesting the crop there's a drastic decreased in production and causing the declined of onion bags harvested. Farmers harvested only 15 bags of red onion bulbs, after planting a can of seeds that should have produced at least 50 "buriki" bags. The years 2014 and 2015 were not affected by armyworm however; there are typhoons that hit some areas in Nueva Ecija which also cause to decline the onion production. The farmers experienced a great amount of loss during armyworm infestation and cost them to lose trillions of pesos it also doubled the cost of the farmer’s inputs. According to the farmers interviewed, during the normal condition, they only spend money ranging from 80,000 to 100,000 worth of inputs per hectare. Spraying of pesticides during the armyworm infestation is the most commonly used method with 305 out of 310 respondents using this method. Field monitoring and some form of scouting were also used to check the types and densities of pests present. The use of pesticides is the major solution when it comes to armyworm infestation this is basically because most of the farmers use the type of pest management method that is easy to use such as pesticides. The importance of pest control management during the attack of armyworm is necessary. However, the use of pesticide and other chemical use needs to be very carefully considered since armyworm caterpillars hide deep in the crop foliage and it is difficult to control, also such pesticides can harm natural enemies and farmers’ health. This study hopes that the farmer may be able to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases by using a more applicable Pest Management control method and thus raise production levels, lessen production cost and maximize profits. https://ijels.com/detail/strategies-of-onion-farmers-in-dealing-with-the-effects-of-army-worms-in-their-crops/ Denisse Kim Donato Arahan, Rollyn Joy Sebastian Bayudan, Rinah Mae Elaveña Dela Peña, Maria Camille de Lara Lopez, Felipe Balaria https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-112201956-Strategiesof.pdf This study aims to describe the prophetic dimension contained in Habiburrahman El Shirazy's Api Tauhid novel. This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative research. Describing the prophetic dimension in this novel uses Kuntowijaya's perspective of prophetic literature. This study concludes that the prophetic dimension in the Api Tauhid novel there are three aspects, namely humanization, liberation, and transcendence. The humanization dimension is an attitude to help and respect each other. Dimensions of liberation include knowledge systems, social systems, and political systems. The liberation of the knowledge system in the form of the establishment of schools and universities, the liberation of the social system in the form of preventing Governor Van from drinking wine, while liberating the political system in the form of liberating the political system of absolute government towards a free and independent government. The dimensions of transcendence, including aspects of patience, fear of God (khauf), very hopeful (raja’), surrender (tawakkal), gratitude, and sincere. https://ijels.com/detail/prophetic-dimension-in-api-tauhid-novel-by-habiburrahman-el-shirazy/ Fatmawati, Andayani, Raheni Suhita https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-112201935-Prophetic.pdf This study determined the Research Difficulties encountered by selected Business Administration students while doing their Research study. The study is Descriptive in nature. Survey questionnaire and Convenience sampling were utilized in data gathering. For the Data treatment and analysis, frequency count, percentages and weighted mean were utilized. The result of the study revealed that majority of the respondents encountered difficulty on Linguistic aspect. https://ijels.com/detail/research-difficulties-encountered-by-business-administration-students-of-college-of-management-and-business-technology/ Ma. Germina Esquivel – Santos https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-112201951-Research.pdf The present research is intended to identify how leading questions adopted by attorney who challenges the testimonies provided by the witness during a court trial in a courtroom, namely cross-examination. Furthermore, through these questions, the kinds of linguistic features to build the language power of attorney during examination are also investigated. This issue is essential to be raised since courtroom examination is the most accomplished way to elicit all the significant and required information to provide a clear portrait of a case. It provides the judge a deep knowledge in deciding the final judgment. This research issues one of the phenomenal cases in Michigan regarding the crash between truck driver and police who was died at the moment in 2015. A qualitative descriptive is employed to analyze the data. The result revealed that most of the questions provided by the attorney during a court trial are leading questions through declarative question form. This indicates that the attorney attempts to provide the state of facts with the aim to confirm the information based on his point of view instead of eliciting wider information from the witness’s side. Moreover, the most types of linguistic features that build the attorney’s language power containing in the questions are ‘so’ summary, reformulation, vocabulary landscaping, and evaluative third turn which indicate that he attempts to control the topic of discussion and control witness’s perception toward the issue which leads to the inconsistency ideas. This result can provide a damaging position of the witness since his testimonies can be considered as vulnerable information. https://ijels.com/detail/language-power-in-attorney-s-leading-questions-to-discredit-witness-s-testimonies-during-court-trial-a-forensic-linguistic-study/ Reski Ramadhani, Lia Maulia Indrayani, Sutiono Mahdi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-112201954-Language.pdf Australian Aboriginal literature is a new arena in Australia’s literary scenario. Aboriginal women’s writing has gained special credit in the recent years for its varied themes and concerns related to the indigenous studies. One such writer is Sally Morgan, a mixed-blood Australian whose works have gained immense credit in Australia’s literary world. Her maiden creation, My Place is both an autobiography and a testimonial writing on the Stolen Generation of Australia. The objective of this article is to identify the aborigines, and to trace the veiled history of the Australian Stolen Generation. It will also explore the bleak past of the afflicted inmates at the foster homes with reference to Daisy, Arthur and Gladys featuring in My Place. In the due course of the study the buried past of the Stolen Generation will not just be unearthed but the murky lives of the contemporary Australian aborigines will also be shed light on. https://ijels.com/detail/bond-to-bondage-stolen-generation-musings-in-sally-morgan-s-my-place/ Dr. S. J. Kala, R. Sri Vidhya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-112201936-Bondto.pdf Cross cultural studies have attracted the attention of researchers for a long period of time. Literary works often reflect the culture, ideas and thoughts of their societies. The story of the “the Merchant and the Jew’’appeared in a number of books; one of which is “AL-Bahlul Stories’’. It has a great resemblance to the play “The Merchant of Venice’’ written by Shakespeare. The two stories have thematic similarity as they both deal with the relation between a non- Jewish merchant and a Jewish merchant. In this paper, we are trying to trace the similarities, and the differences between the two works. “ The Merchant and the Jew’’ is the same as the story we find in the play, which is mainly concerned with the relationship between Antonio, the Christian merchant and Shylock, the Jewish one. The similarity is also indicated in terms of the idea of usury which is clearly available in the two works, and in Shakespeare`s play, it has a striking similarity to one of Islamic hadiths in which usury is highly condemned. As for the differences, the character of the Christian merchant in the play is not available in the story of “The Merchant and the Jew”, but we have a Muslim merchant instead. Another difference is the place of the action which is Venice in the play but Baghdad in the story. https://ijels.com/detail/the-jews-and-the-muslims-a-study-in-the-similarity-between-the-merchant-of-venice-and-an-islamic-story-entitled-the-merchant-and-the-jew/ Dheyaa Khaleel Nayel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-112201921-TheJews.pdf Diasporic literature has always brought out the pains and tribulations of the diasporans in the settled land. It has grown far and wide in the contemporary era. Such a dynamic field of literary studies not only presents the problems of the diasporans but gives solutions to the same. This research paper is one such attempt to propose the ways in which the diasporans can relieve themselves from the pains experienced in the hostland, as embedded in Viet Thanh Nguyen’s short story “Black- Eyed Women”. https://ijels.com/detail/a-sanctuary-of-memory-in-viet-thank-nguyen-s-black-eyed-women/ Ms. A.J. Bernita, Dr. S. J. Kala https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-112201923-ASanctuary.pdf Nationalism and partition of a nation are very much interrelated on the context of partition novels. Both of these are abstract ideas. While nationalism describes a great or too great love of people for their own country, partition indicates national division out of the nationalism. In both of the partition novels, The Shadow Lines and Train to Pakistan, we find the attitude of two writers regarding the idea of nationalism and partition from different perspective. Though both of them have tried to show the ultimate effect of partition and nationalism but they couldn’t give any proper solution to the end of the novel. Ultimately the tide of nationalism paved the way of partition and led the character to the tragic ending. The present study intended to investigate the attitude of Amitav Ghosh and Khushwant Singh on nationalism and partition in their novels, The Shadow Lines and Train to Pakistan. Both of the writers have expressed their almost same perspective on nationalism and partition but they have shown it by different attitude of the characters of the novels. In The Shadow Lines, Amitav Ghosh has dealt with the theme of partition and nationalism by describing the feeling of the characters as well as portraiying the aftermath of partition. And in Train to Pakistan, we find Khushwant Singh’s point of view through the depiction of contemporary events related to partition directly. In my article, I’ve analyzed the pros and cons of partition and nationalism dealt by the two novelists in their two aforementioned partition novels. https://ijels.com/detail/the-attitude-of-amitav-ghosh-and-khushwant-singh-on-nationalism-and-partition-in-the-shadow-lines-and-train-to-pakistan/ Umme Rabeya Mili https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-112201932-Theattitude.pdf This paper highlights the notion of social issues like Gender inequalities, sufferings and depression faced by both men and women with reference to the Indian playwright Mahesh Dattani’s plays “Dance Like a Man” (1989) and “Tara” (1990). Dance Like a Man has generously expressed the social issues of contemporary Indian society. The theme of the play is dealt with tradition, relationship, career, and society. The plot revolves around Jairaj and Ratna and their daughter Lata and her fiancé Viswas. A fine metre traces the past of Jairaj, Ratna and Amritlal Parekh, Jairaj’s father through the technique of flashback concept. Jairaj and Ratna are exposed to the wrath of Amritlal Parekh who fails to understand their passion and their devotion towards dance and particularly of Jairaj. Mahesh Dattani indicates the typical Indian views about dance through Amritlal Parekh who believes that dance is made only for females. This paper is an attempt to study the gender discrimination in a society, the injustice done only on the term of gender and the preference given to a male child over a female in an Indian family. Here Dattani deals with the theme of gender discrimination in his another play Tara. The play also deals with the emotional and physical separation to conjoined twins. The play presents the deep rooted patriarchal system in the society. Women act as a key in the hands of patriarchy to perpetuate patriarchal values. This paper tries to discuss and analyse the issue of marginalisation of women in the play. Chandan being a boy child is preferred to Tara-a girl child in an Indian family. Bharati despite of being mother of Tara spoils her daughter’s life and suffers in the longer run because of her inhuman act. Dr. Thakkar makes the misuse of his profession being the man of science and technology. He was bribed a piece of land by Bharati and her father for surgery that led to the death of Tara. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-discrimination-in-mahesh-dattani-s-play-dance-like-a-man-and-tara-a-critical-analysis/ Pravasini Biswal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-112201964-Gender.pdf The need to provide appropriate methods of teaching to meet the growing needs of students is increasing as more and more students begin to learn English. This is particularly important for students studying English, who may only be introduced to English in their classroom in a foreign country. Reading strategies have been developed to help learners to resolve language barriers, such as vocabulary and grammar. Teaching reading strategies are proposed as an efficient way of delivering a learning environment that focuses on learners to promote learner independence and develop their language skills. Thirteen research studies were synthesized by means of a Mixed Methods Research Synthesis that collects qualitative and quantitative data, then analyzes them using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings suggest that the evidence does not demonstrate that reading strategies are an effective means for EFL students to improve their comprehension of reading, but it is still uncertain whether certain strategies are better than others. As the results do not provide a particular conclusion on the efficacy of reading strategies, it is concluded that it cannot be helpful to language skills growth by using available class time to teach readings strategies. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-reading-strategies-on-efl-students-a-research-review/ Yahya Matrouk Al Raqqad, Hanita Hanim Ismail, Kawthar Matrouk Al Raqqad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-112201949-TheImpact.pdf The learning of the 21st century is directed, among others, at the optimal use of technology and information. Optimal use of information technology is intended to increase students' motivation and critical thinking skills. But in reality, the use of instructional media in accounting learning in Vocational Schools in Surakarta has not been optimal so that learning feels boring. The purpose of this study is to develop PBL-based digital comics as a suitable learning media for accounting. The development model used in this research is the Borg & Gall development model which Thiagarajan modified into three stages, namely define, design, and develop. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. From the results of the feasibility test on the use of media obtained the following evaluation, media experts 93.6%, linguists 100%, material experts 93%, and practitioners 84.5%. Besides that, the results of limited trials showed positive responses from students by 85.20%. The results of this study conclude that PBL-based digital comics are appropriate for use in accounting learning. https://ijels.com/detail/development-of-digital-comics-based-on-problem-based-learning-in-accounting-learning-at-vocational-schools-in-surakarta/ Laila Rossana, Siswandari, Sudiyanto https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-112201967-Development.pdf This paper aims to loosen the established taxonomy of Auden’s political works. We will see that in the sustained attempt to engage with each lyric, we cannot confine our discussion to the level of content alone. This is the central tenet of my approach to the political Auden. I will demonstrate that the content of political argument in a given work can only be meaningfully explained if we understand the basis on which the lyric finds its voicing. The peculiar kind of magnetism of Auden’s political lyrics in which, I include earlier works such as “Control of the Passes” and “Get there if you can”. https://ijels.com/detail/juxtaposition-of-lyric-and-politics-in-audenesque/ Anamika Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-112201960-Juxtaposition.pdf This paper sets out to analyze the phenomena that have contributed to debunk the myth of South Africa as a Rainbow Nation, in the aftermath of the country’s liberation from decades-long yoke of racial oppression. The construction of the South African nation as a rainbow was metaphorically meant to reflect the ethnic and cultural as well as racial make-up of the land. This new frame of mind posited the banishment of racial and discursive practices and foregrounded the Zulu concept of ‘ubuntu’ as an inter-human praxis. The reality on the ground, so the paper argues, shows that under the veneer of multiculturalism lie a groundswell of ethno-nationalism undercurrents that has a warped view of citizenship, which culminates in regular violent outbreaks of xenophobic sentiment targeted principally at African migrants from other parts of the continent. Also, our investigation project brings to light the pervasiveness of “corrective rape” the motivations of which point to the ingrained character of the patriarchal system in the country. The racial tensions that lie beneath the surface in Period Pain glaringly show that the racial demons of the past have taken on, so to speak, a new hue and have as yet to be completely laid to rest. The agency of the lead character encapsulates optimism steeped in humanity. https://ijels.com/detail/the-myth-of-the-rainbow-nation-xenophobia-sexual-violence-and-racial-tensions-in-period-pain-by-kopano-matlwa/ Mamadou Abdou Babou Ngom https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/68IJELS-101202035-TheMyth.pdf