Volume 4 Number 2 (March 5)

Baduy Cultural Tourism: An Ethnolinguistic Perspective

Heriyanto, Lestari Manggong, Elis Suryani Nani Sumarlina

This article discusses the dimensions of ethnolinguistic identity of Baduy people and their relationship to various aspects of cultural tourism, on the grounds that language is considered to be one of the central characteristics of Baduy identity, in addition to their traditional attire, customs, belief and way of life. In the context of tourism, as an ethnic group indigenous to the region where they reside, namely Lebak Regency, Banten, Indonesia, Baduy cultural identity plays an important role in the development of cultural tourism of the region. As an ethnic group, Baduy is known for its resistance against modernity, maintaining a secluded life without the use of any form of modern technology. From an ethnolinguistic perspective, this article sheds light on one difference (the absence of Sundanese language stratification, undak-usuk) that separates Baduy people from other Sundanese-speaking people in West Java. Upon looking at this aspect, this article adopts the concepts of one of the earliest ethnolinguistic studies conducted in the southern region of Chile as eloquently shared by Silva-Fuenzalida (1949). In the domain of cultural tourism, this article also adopts Sulaiman (2014) on a study of translating urban tourist icons within Englishâ€“Malay perspective, underlining the contribution of ethnolinguistic view of Baduy people in promoting Baduy as tourist destination. In this light, this article suggests that due to its ethnolinguistic characteristics, Baduy has the potential to be one of Indonesiaâ€™s leading destinations for cultural tourism.

The Effect of Scaffolding on the Vocabulary Improvement of EFL Iranian Language Learner

Seddigheh Jafari

This study investigated the effectiveness of scaffolding on knowledge of the vocabularies of Iranian EFL language learners. The purpose of this study was to see whether scaffolding is effective for learners or not. The participants were 22 EFL students from Bandar Abbas.11 students were in control group and 11 students were in experimental group. The study was an experimental, pre-posttest control group design. Students were randomly assigned to form a treatment group and a control group. The results from the ANCOVA reveal that prior English oral vocabulary knowledge predicted studentâ€™s success during the vocabulary scaffolding intervention, and scaffolding has positive effects on learning vocabulary. The current study has several practical and scientific implications. For instance, the scaffolding intervention program is useful for teacher education or professional development programs, as well as EFL learners.

The Difference between Male and Female Language Style of Students at FKIP UHN Pematang Siantar

Christian Neni Purba

This research studies the difference between male and female language style of students at FKIP UHN Pematangsiantar. This research focused on what language style are used by male and students of at FKIP UHN Pematangsiantar the differences of male and female students language style at FKIP UHN Pemtangsiantar. This research applies descriptive qualitative research, aimed at describing language style of eight grade students at FKIP UHN Pematangsiantar. The subject of this study are 10 students, consists of 5 male students and 5 female students. The data were collected through recording and observation. The method covers research design, the subject, the object, the instrument, the technique of collecting data and the technique of analyzing data. The result of this research shows that there are two language style that used by male students, three language styles used by female students. The difference language style between male and female students found that intimate style used by female students but male students didnâ€™t used intimate language style. Finally, from the result of the data analysis, the writer found that every students have different language style. Male and female students at FKIP UHN Pematangsiantar used three types of language style from five language style. Formal and casual style used by male students and formal, casual and intimate style used by female students.

Fragments of Human Life and Psycho Analysis of Indianans - A Reading of Salman Rushdieâ€™s Midnightâ€™s Children

Aungston J, Karthikh R

This paper scrutinizes the reality of human life as an indispensable struggle to establish the self-identity of the Indian in the post-independent period from the perspective of Salman Rushdie. It probes onto the ways in which Saleem, the protagonist of the novel struggles in his life as illustrating the humanity of Indianness in his period. The paper is divided into three categories for discussion. The First category tells about â€œAmnesiac Nationâ€ that deals with the emotional integration of Saleemâ€™s family which echoes the fervour of the country and it portrays the important downfalls by the country as well as the hero, where the both are suffered by Amnesia. The second category tells about â€œAlienationâ€ which explores the stage of Indians when they were alienated. By Saleemâ€™s experience of alienation, the author concerned with an unimpassioned portrayal of the problem of alienation. The third and final category tells about â€œFragments of identityâ€ that brings out the different identities in the children of one mother India. Saleemâ€™s fragments and appearance are taken as the instance to portray this. The paper sums up with the findings about the originality of the human psyche. It thus demonstrates that fragments of different identity and Indianness. Not only, it has presented its age and culture but also about its values.

Studentsâ€™ Perceptions of using Literary Genres to Enhance Language Proficiency

Bazimaziki Gabriel

In Rwanda, Literature in English is taught in higher education to enable University leavers not only be equipped with ethical values, critical thinking and analytical skills but also communication skills in English; a global language which has become a multipurpose communication tool especially in this century geared by information Technology in many if not all life domains. From Pre-primary to tertiary levels of education, English has been emphasised in Rwanda to enable its citizens be acquainted with it and be proficient in it so that they can communicate without many difficulties and integrate with the globalisation. While efforts have been made at all education levels, the English language proficiency issue is still rampant. At tertiary level, crosscutting courses such as EAP (English for Academic Purposes) and ESP (English for Specific Purposes) have been emphasised but they are not enough for students to be well equipped with enough communication skills in English. Subjects such as literature in English should complement the two subjects for learners to improve and enhance that language. This study aims to exploring the role that literary genres hold in that process. The researcher builds on the belief that literary genres can be used to enhance language communication skills, critical thinking and creativity in language learning as they expose learners to contexts that can enable them to use language in describing various things and situations, hence developing their communication competences. The study bears qualitative analysis and involved year two students enrolled in English and Literature Education discipline with particular interest in how their language has improved each through literary genres. It was found that most of the students underwent increase of language proficiency at various level each in the four language skills namely listening, speaking, writing and reading.

An Econometric Model for Inflation and Unemployment Rate - Cases in Viet Nam and Myanmar

Dinh Tráº§n Ngá»c Huy

After the global economic crisis 2007-2011, Viet Nam and Myanmar economies experiened indirect and direct impacts on their economic, finance and banking system, and especially on unemployment rate. Although some economists have done researches on the relationship among macro economic factors such as: consumer price index (CPI), inflation, GDPâ€¦., this paper aims to consider the interaction between macro economic factors such as Viet Nam inflation, US inflation and Viet Nam and Myanmar unemployment rates in the context Viet Nam and Myanmar economics receive impacts from global economic crisis. This is one main objective of this research paper. And the below chart shows us the fluctuation of Viet nam unemployment rate comparing to fluctuations of inflation in the US and in Viet Nam.

Trauma and Social Media: The Psychological Dimensions of Twitterâ€™s #WhyIDidntReportIt

Aparna Mohan

This paper analyses how social media, with particular reference to Twitter, has revolutionized the nature of political conversations. Social media accounts have become the extended selves of individuals. The recent #WhyIDidntReportIt on Twitter started a collective therapy and unknowingly, started a recovery process for many victims who participated in it. Twitter was able to provide these people a platform free of social hierarchies and social shame, where they could come together and share their trauma. Social media has emerged as a great leveller against social systems that divide and separate people.

Local Wisdom in Lawas (Poetry) Ponan Party Ceremony Society of Sumbawa Nusa Tenggara Barat

Heni Mawarni, Sarwiji Suwandi, Slamet Supriyadi

Local wisdom means a good relationship between humans, nature, and the environment in an area that is also influenced by its culture. The globalization phenomenon and modernization nowadays often leaves cultures rapidly forgotten, therefore they need to be preserved, one of them is the Ponan Party Ceremony. Ponan Party Ceremony is an annual tradition carried out by the Sumbawa people of West Nusa Tenggara, which contains many of the local values. This study aims to explore the local wisdom embedded in the lawas (poetry) of Ponan Party Ceremony in Sumbawa. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative through literature studies in relation of local wisdom. The results of this research show that the lawas (poetry) of Ponan Party Ceremony are as following: love the environment, religious values, social values, tradition, and culture. Local wisdom needs to be preserved in order to keep up and balance with modern times.

Myth of Chastity as a Patricentric Clutch on Women: A Study on Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillaiâ€™s Chemmeen

Bhagyalekshmi R

Myths, folklores and legends root in depth through the tropical Malabar Coast of Kerala. Both nature and mystical elements always find its place in the stories that Kerala has to offer us. Even in the birth of the land, Kerala is rooted in many mythological stories among which the myth associated with Parasurama is considered as the most authentic one. As per the myths Parasurama created Kerala by throwing his axe from Gokarn, in Karnataka. This one myth is enough to portray how this land is deeply inflicted by myths and continues to lives in a mythological world. The land and people of Kerala is still governed by age old customs, traditions and rituals. Unfortunately the society still continues to be patriarchal and so the myths are often leading to the oppression and subjugation of women. The lives of women are governed and ruled by the frames and norms of morality that are being created by the patriarchal society. Chastity is one such norm created by the androcentric society and it always remains the yardstick or a tool to measure the femininity of women. The paper studies how the sanctity of women is evaluated exercising the myth of chastity in Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillaiâ€™s Chemmeen.

Factors Affecting EFL Studentsâ€™ Willingness to Communicate in Speaking Classes at the Vietnamese Tertiary Level

Le Van Tuyen, Tran Thá»‹ Trang Loan

Researchers have identified that â€œwillingness to communicateâ€ (WTC) construct plays an important role in second and foreign language (L2) teaching and learning. Although many studies on WTC have been conducted worldwide, it seems to be a nascent term in the Vietnamese context. The present study was conducted at a private university in Ho Chi Minh City-Vietnam (henceforth called PU). The study aims to investigate the studentsâ€™ WTC in EFL speaking classes; explore factors that influence their WTC; and propose strategies to motivate them to communicate in speaking classes. 195 first-year English-majored students and 5 native English speaking teachers (NESTs) were invited to participate in this study. Data was gathered through the employment of three instruments including questionnaire surveys, semi-structured interviews, and class observations. The findings of the study revealed that a large number of PU students had a low level of WTC in English. Moreover, it was disclosed that studentsâ€™ WTC was affected by both individual as well as situational factors. Lastly, several vital strategies were put forward to help enhance the studentsâ€™ WTC. Based on the findings of this study, some pedagogical implications for stakeholders were provided.

Surpassing the Ekphrastic Experience in Modernist Poetry

Bhagyalekshmi R

The modernist poetry developed a fear of words being taken in their true literal sense, which W.T.J. Mitchell called the â€œEkphrastic Fearâ€. This paper explores how the fear of literalism results in self-reflexivity, semiotic transparency and the pursuit of openness in Modernist poems. Ekphrasis verbally describes a work of art or an event that is either real or is imagined. The root meaning of Ekphrasis comes from the Greek words â€œekâ€ that means â€˜outâ€™ and â€œphrÃ¡sisâ€ that means â€˜speakâ€™, and â€œEkphrazienâ€ means â€˜speaking outâ€™ or â€˜telling in fullâ€™. In the process, the poet gives voice to a silent object, and by detailing its fixed form, becomes immortal and static, thus suspending time. Ekphrasis is considered thrice removed from reality, being a representation of the originalâ€™s representation. Thus, a poet records his visual experience, whether it is what he has seen, reconstructed or imagined, as he perceives them, within the visual space that he constructs. In such poems, the image is the subject and the meaning is determined by the verbal representation of the subject. The tradition of Ekphrastic poetry as a literary work began with Homerâ€™s description of the shield of Achilles in his book Illiad, and there are many poems that proliferated ever since.

Kashmiri Pundits: A Search for Identity or Identity Crisis with Special Reference to â€œOur Moon Has Blood Clotsâ€ by Rahul Pandita and â€œA Long Dream of Homeâ€ by Siddhartha Gigoo

Abdul Majeed Dar

The nineties witnessed the mass exile of the Kashmiri Hindu Pundit community and Kashmir has virtually become this in-between debatable space, a no-man's land caught between the two-statist ideologies. Since then both the Kashmiris and Kashmiri pundits are in search for their identities. As Identity is the birthright of an individual. Everyone is born into this world with an identity or with multiple identities. Identity is also formed in due course of time. Hence, identity is both inherited and acquired. Therefore, it is imperative to recognize people's identity and allow them to preserve their distinct ethnic identity. Thus, this paper would analyze some of the factors leading to identity crisis and propose suggestions to resolve identity crisis among Kashmiries in general and in Kashmiri Pundits in particular. The paper will also analyse the Kashmir Conflict and exodus of pundits and its aftermath.

The Colonial Otherness in E.M. Forsterâ€™s A Passage to India

Dr. Anshika Makhijani

Classical conceptions of identity are permanence amid change or unity in diversity . The twentieth century proved to be the century of scientific advancement, industrialization, globalization and materialism. It created a need for migration and mobility, in search of better existence and more bright future. Of course, whether it is better existence or not in reality is one more debatable issue. But the fact is that human mobility, witnessed in the twentieth century brought with it several problems and the issue of identity-crisis is the major one of them. Migration and quality, in step with this belief might bring a amendment within the dress, language and method of living life, however the spirit remains a similar. The actual problem of identity-crisis emerges, when such a person finds himself nowhere on the alien shores. The foreign writers either extol India to heavenly heights or degrade it to a hell. While writers like E.M. Forster present a sympathetic image of India, E.M Forsterâ€™s India confuses and confounds modern cognitive structure in A Passage to India.

Caribbean Landscape and Visual Imagination: An analysis of Derek Walcottâ€™s Poems by Barbara D. Constance

Dr. Barbara D. Constance

Derek Walcottâ€™s work lends itself to the analysis and evaluation of a plethora of themes and perspectives. This paper seeks to analyze and evaluate the notion of visual imagination in the poetic works of this renowned scholar. The paper looks specifically at three poems in his work, Collected Poems 1948-1984. The poems include â€˜Egypt Tobagoâ€™, â€˜Ruins of a Great Houseâ€™ and â€˜Jean Rhysâ€™. This paper takes into consideration the extent to which Derek Walcott appeals to and stimulates the visual imagination. This presentation seeks to highlight how Derek Walcott uses the pen to portray images that are peculiar to and inherent in the Caribbean landscape and culture and the dynamic creativity he uses to achieve this.

Empirical Relationship between Corporate Governance and Profitability: Evidence from Pakistan Pharmaceutical Sector

Dr. Sadaf Mustafa, Amna Muhammad Shafi Azad, Ali Raza Muhammad Shafi Azad

Firmsâ€™ performance operating in Pakistan and the corporate governance, identification of the relationship between both, basically the main purpose of this study. Author tried to identify the basic elements for corporate governance through the review of literature, resulting (i) the Size of Board of Directors, (ii) Female as a part of Board of Directors (iii) the Duality of CEO were found as corporate governance elements. By using the statistical techniques on 9 listed pharmaceutical firm trading over the period from 2011 to 2015 in Pakistan stock exchange. The findings of this study indicate that elements of corporate governance such as the presence of female board members, the duality of the CEO, the board size have negative effects on the performance of firms, as measured by the return on equity (ROE).

Feminine search for identity in Shauna Singh Baldwinâ€™s Novel What the Body Remembers

Satpal Singh

Female in the contemporary era in a way projects an image which totally rejects the traditional image of the same gender. Female has faced many problems in the phallocentric society since ages now the things look totally changed but the current position of the woman is still not fully librated from these problems related to the identity. The main focus of the paper is on the issues like womenâ€™s quest for her identity, her struggle to achieve a stable position in a male dominated society while fighting with the age-old conventions. This paper explores a new insight for a woman to fight against oppression, inequality and gender discrimination because these are the dangerous social evils for the notion of equality and social justice.

Human Rights Exploitation: Unending Circle of â€œBelovedâ€ in Toni Morrisonâ€™s Beloved

Vaishali Anand

Beloved holistically put emphasis on the fragmented but interconnected issues of race and gender along with the contextual tone of slavery which becomes the frame in which human rights exploitation functions. This paper acknowledges these interrelated exploitative themes of gender, race and slavery in Toni Morrisonâ€™s Beloved and their power to devour the human rights. Furthermore it also tries to see contemporary relevance of these issues of exploitation in 21st century.

Finding Positive Aspects of the Negative Situation with Reference of Ruskin Bondâ€™s select Short Stories

Ms. Revathy M

Today, human is facing a lot of psychological disorders in the cost of missing parental care, situation and state of being unsupported. A negative situation may impact the human emotions and stresses psychologically. Everyone has to face various negative situations, our mind provides the ability of being positive or negative, even though surroundings, people around and the environment lead the mind in a particular extent whether optimist or pessimist. Considers the negative situation as common and tries to draw it positive is extremely superior. Taking two of Ruskin Bondâ€™s stories, identify the protagonist characters, especially children change the pain of single parented or cared less into responsibility and supporting others.

Effect of Communicative Language Teaching Approach on SS 2 Science Studentsâ€™ use of English Passives in Katsina-Ala Lga of Benue State, Nigeria

Titus Terver Udu

This article reports a study that sought to determine if the communicative language teaching approach was more effective than traditional grammar translation in enabling SS II science students to make use of the passive voice to report science experiments. 150 SS II science students consisting of 62 male and 88 female students in two schools in Katsina-Ala, Benue State, Nigeria participated in the experiment which lasted for six weeks. Two intact classes with a similar English proficiency levels were used and one each group received a total of twelve lessons each lasting for forty minutes. Two research questions were asked and hypotheses tested at P< .05 level of significance to confirm the answers. Data were collected through an Achievement Test on English Passives (ATEP) designed by the researcher and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANCOVA and paired-sample t-test. The findings indicated statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups with the experimental group showing better performance in all the two variables namely (a) sentence transformation from the active to the passive voice, and (b) use of passives to report science experiments. Based on the findings it was concluded that students learn the passive voice better through the communicative approach than with traditional grammar translation. The researcher therefore, recommended that communicative language teaching should be adopted in secondary schools since it was found to enhance the learning of the English passives.

Subaltern Voice in the Novel of Anita Nair's Lessons in Forgetting: A Female Perspective

Sugandhyasree Bhattacharjee

Anita Nair is a well known novelist, dramatist, essayist in the postmodern writings.She attempts to raisr the voice of the subaltern in her novels and set examples for the society who thinks women as an inferior human being or a women who has identity only through her husband or family.This paper is a study of Anita Nair's Lessons in Forgetting in the light of subaltern voice of the female protagonist â€˜Meeraâ€™in the novel. The crux of the play is that women who is taken to be as a part of physical and mental abuse should protest back to prove her potentiality in the society. As the play opens, the audience witnesses the truth that women can be self dependent on herself if she decides to be. She needs no one to hold her to run her future.She is not born to treat her for domestic abuses.

Measuring Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration and Work Engagement of Employees of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Region, Philippines

The study wants to determine the effect of basic psychological need satisfaction and basic psychological need frustration toward work engagement of employees of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Region, Philippines. In order to support the study, theories were presented which are supported by related literatures and studies. The population of the study were 250 or all employees of the colleges. The study used descriptive correlational research design aided by fact finding inquiry. Questionnaires were used to gather the data. The result revealed that there is a correlation between basic psychological need satisfaction and work engagement. While, basic psychological need frustration, as a whole, does not correlate to the engagement, except relatedness need frustration.

Simplifying definitions of Pidgins and Creoles within the Trinidad and Tobago Context

Dr. Barbara D. Constance

The study of pidgins and creoles is a relatively recent field in tertiary education in Trinidad and Tobago. Many have been confused as to the relevance of this field, with few even knowing and far less understanding what these terms entail. The focus of this paper is to examine the concepts of creoles and pidgins in a simplified manner. It seeks to locate these terms within the Trinidad and Tobago landscape and, thus, remove from native Creole speakers feelings of shame and confusion. The paper, therefore, examines certain theories of origin and assesses their trajectories in modern Trinidad and Tobago Creoles.

Structural Transformation, Economic Growth and Employment Creation in Africa: An Empirical Analysis

Mohamed M. YaÃ¯che

Our work is part of the studies that deal with the issue of structural transformation and economic growth in Africa. More specifically, it seeks to provide evidence of the lack of decent employment in the relatively-high economic growth experienced by the African continent since the turn of the century. The methodology of our work consists of the following two approaches; (I) the first is descriptive and shows the shortcomings of economic growth in terms of job creation, which are explained in part by the absence of effective structural transformation, (ii) the second is econometric and consists, firstly, in determining, by means of different econometric models and methods, the elasticity of the relationship of employment to economic growth in Africa; secondly, and in order to show the role of structural transformation, we try to measure the effect of a change in the share of the manufacturing industry in the GDP on economic growth for a sample of African countries by using an extended model of Mankiew, Romer & Weil (1992). On the basis of all these empirical analyses, we have come up with a set of results. First, the high economic growth achieved in Africa over the last fifteen years has been very low in terms of creating decent employment. This is reflected in the weakness of the elasticity of employment growth compared to the one in other regions of the world, including that of South Asia. Second, Africa is the victim of unsuccessful structural transformation characterized by a very limited contribution of the manufacturing sector to economic growth and consequently to job creation.

The Effect of Cooperative Model â€œJigsaw Typeâ€ in Improving Studentsâ€™ Achievement at Christian Education Subject Case: Grade XII IPA 1-2 SMA Negeri 1 Tebing Syahbandar

Bangun Munte

This research intends to find out the extent of effect of Cooperative Jigsaw Type improve studentsâ€™ achievement of grade XII IPA 1-2 SMA Negeri 1 Tebing Syahbandar. The population is all the students of Christian at the school. They are 40 students at the first semester. Sample is grade XII IPA-1 as the control class and IPA-2 as the experiment class. Each of the class consists of 20 students. Technique of data analysing uses statistic parametric, it is normality test to measure chi quadrat test. Homogeneity test uses F-test and hypothesis uses t-test. The result of pre-test of mean experimenlt class is 37,25 and standard deviation is 11,97. Then pre-test of mean control class is 31,5 and standard deviation is13,29. Then the result of post-test of mean experimental class is 57,25 and standard deviation is 18,10. The post-test of mean control class is 44 and standard deviation is 17,21. Hypothesis shows that t-test = 2,37 and t-table = 1,70, t-test > t-table (2,37 > 1,70) which mean that hypothesis is accepted. From this data analysis result, can be concluded that Cooperative Jigsaw Type has significant effect in improving studentsâ€™ achievement at Christian education subject at grade XII IPA SMA Negeri 1 Tebing Syahbandar of academic year 2018/2019.

Evaluating the Pulmonary Function Disorders toward Mattress Makers in Wonoyoso Village, PringapusSub-District, Semarang Regency

Supriyanto, Nurjazuli, Mursid Raharjo

Background: Regarding the personal dust sampler measurement, the cotton dust level from mattress industry is relatively high reaching 5.1 mg/m3 and 6.2 mg/m3 compared to the standard threshold value (3 mg/m3).Therefore, this study aims to determine the relation of respirable cotton dust exposure toward pulmonary function disorders in mattress makers. Method: In this study, observational analytic with cross-sectional research was used. The population used was all workers in the production division. Data were analyzed by the univariate and bivariate approach; then statistical test was validated using the chi-square test. Results: Univariate analysis showed the exposure to respirable cotton dust with concentration exceeded 3 mg/m3 (56.7%), occasional and never use personal protective equipment category (43.3%), length of exposure more than eight hours per day (60.0%), working periodmore than10 years (46.7%), workers age more than30 years (73.3%), history of pulmonary disease (23.3%), abnormal nutritional status (60.0%), never doing exercise (36.7%), and smoking habits (36.7%). Moreover, the results of the bivariate analysis showed there was a significant relationship between respirable cotton dust exposure (p=0.001), working experience (p=0.000), workers age (p=0.034) and smoking habits (0.018) with pulmonary function disorders. Conclusion: About 60% of workers experienced pulmonary function disorders. Importantly, the respirable cotton dust, working experience, age and smoking habits are associated with pulmonary function disorders.

UNCRUMPLING THE CRUMPLED: A TAKE ON MISANTHROPIST, CHAVUNISTIC ELITE REGRESSORS VIS-Ã€-VIS MEENA KANDASAMYâ€™S â€˜WHEN I HIT YOUâ€™

Chethan Raj B

Meena Kandasamyâ€™s â€˜When I hit youâ€™ is a tale of a battered wife who happens to be an aspiring writer. The novel traces the dichotomies of a misogynist husband who uses his profession and his ideologies as a masquerade to abuse his wife. It is a chilling account of the domestic violence and marital rape that the wife undergoes despite being an educated woman of elite class. If such is the scenario of the elite classes then, undoubtedly it is worse in case of a woman who is not economically liberated. The novel also raises issues such as class differentiation, child molestation, social isolation and most unflinchingly about domestic violence and marital rape. It also explores the reasons as to why people cling onto the relationship despite being battered and bruised as evident in the novel. The work of art attacks the diabolical nature of the male ego that is represented by the character of the antagonist professor and how writing acts as a liberating force for the protagonist.

Role of Metacognitive and Social Strategies in Learning a Foreign Language: A Case Study of Indian and Chilean students

Dr. Ranjeeva Ranjan, Dr. Andrew Philominraj

The language learning strategies has emerged as a new field of research in the language pedagogy. In the last forty five years there have been lot of debate over defining, classifying and developing a theoretical framework for the language learning strategies (LLS). This also seems true because there has been a paradigm shift in the role of the learners who are now seen as active collaborators in the knowledge creation. In the present paper, the researchers would like to investigate the role of metacognitive and social strategies employed by the learners in two different classroom settings; one in learning Spanish as foreign language in India and the other in learning English as foreign language in Chile. After providing a little explanation of theoretical framework, the researchers would try to present a comparative study between the these two types of learning strategies employed by the Chilean students and Indian students while learning English and Spanish as foreign language respectively. The researchers have carried out a qualitative research and based on the response provided by the learners they have attempted to see the similarities and dissimilarities between the learning approaches in the aforementioned learning environments. By doing so, they have made an effort to throw light at some of the problems faced by the students while learning a foreign language in non-native context.

â€˜Contrary Emotionsâ€™: The Irony of Fear in Ian McEwanâ€™s On Chesil Beach (2007)

Issaga NDIAYE

The aim of this paper is to show that a peculiar logic of defeating expectations underpins McEwanâ€™s On Chesil Beach. The paper posits that situational irony underlies the whole framework of the narrative; and that it generates, maintains and eventually defines the narrative line of the novel. On the other hand, we argue that irony mainly proceeds from fear and misunderstanding. The study shows that the ironic situations in the novel stem mostly from irrational fears relating to sexuality and failure, and a lack of communication between two young lovers in the early years of the sexual liberation movement.

Aid Conditionality in African Higher Education â€“ The Case of Cameroon: Implications for Multinational Finance of Education and Educational Policy Borrowing

Joyce Afuh Vuban

Conditionality has always been an integral aspect of multinational aid schemes for so many decades. While some studies have been conducted on aid conditionality across different aspects of development, human social existence, educational sectors and contexts; less attention has been paid to what goes on within the framework of higher education (HE) especially in Africa at large and Cameroon in particular. Using interviews, focus group discussions and text documents, this article examines academic conditionality perceived as negative, metaphors of aid conditionality depicting problems, and some implications of aid conditionality for multinational finance of higher education institutions (HEIs) and educational policy borrowing in Africa/Cameroon by learning from existing literature. Conclusively, the article suggests that multinational aid donors should be encouraged to reinforce academic conditionality perceived as positive, and not academic conditionality perceived as negative in order to obtain a win-win relationship with aid recipients.

The Role of Social Media Marketing on Building Brand Equity (An Insight of Fast Food Industry of Pakistan)

Ms. Hadiqa Riaz, Mr. Hassaan Ahmed, Dr. Saima Akhtar

The growing number of fast food brands has amplified the intense competition in fast food industry. The striking change in customer life style for fast food consumption creates significant growth opportunities for fast food businesses but on the other hand the stiff competition brings fast food chains and franchises daunting challenge of customer loyalty and retention. To cope with these challenges, Social media has become a substantial marketing tool for customer engagement and business growth. Which social media marketing considered as a significant and cost effective element to achieve high brand awareness, loyalty and resonance through continuous exposure. This study adopted a quantitative approach; data was collected with the help of properly designed likert scale questionnaire from 200 respondents .Different literatures were reviewed and significantly evaluate besides determining gathered data with the help of several statistical tools such as regression analysis, Anova analysis descriptive analysis Pearson correlation, and reliability test to deeply measure research results and outcomes that support in clear conclusion to back the preset research objectives. The results indicates a positive as well as significant relationship between social media marketing and brand equity. Research findings also point up social media marketing as a vital element in building and managing brand equity in fast food industry of Pakistan. Social media marketing helps fast food brands to build an endearing relationship with the customer and also enhances positive perception towards company or brand.

Double-Consciousness and Liminality in Ralph Ellisonâ€™s Invisible Man: When African-Americans are Doomed to Live on the Borders

Mohammed RITCHANE

Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man is an artistic feat that testifies to the abiding presence of double-consciousness in African-American narratives. However, double-consciousness acquires with Ellison a more complicated dimension due, in large part, to his attempt to review the concept so as to reflect exactly the meaning intended by Du Bois. But while it is true that Ellison treats this concept in an ambivalent way that conjures up Du Bois' use in The Souls of Black Folk (1903), his dramatization of the concept reveals its inherent complexity in an unprecedented way. The present study purports to identify the different aspects of the novel that reflect double-consciousness and to show how double-consciousness is an accompanying trait of the novel in every part of it. The study will, also, indicate that Ellison's peculiar way of handling the concept in the process of its dramatization is never a mere replica of the treatment of his predecessors. In fact, Ellison's special dramatization of the concept discloses the novelist's deep and relevant understanding of it.

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Aspirations of students of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Region, Philippines and their Academic performance

Damianus Abun, Theogenia Magallanez, Frederic Agoot, Jean Racel Barroga

The study wanted to determine the relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic aspirations of students of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Region and their academic performance as measured by self-reported general average grades. To support the theory, related literature and studies were reviewed and proper research methodology was applied. The population of the study was Grade XII Senior High School students of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Region and total enumeration of sampling design was used. The study applied descriptive correlational research design and aided by fact finding inquiry. The variables of the study and the questionnaires are validated variables and validated questionnaires of Self-Determination Theory of Kasser and Ryan (2000). The weighted mean was used to determine the level of extrinsic and intrinsic aspirations and Pearson (r), or the Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic and academic performance. The study found that students have moderate level of extrinsic aspirations but very high level of intrinsic motivation. Further, the study concluded that there is no correlation between extrinsic aspirations and academic performance but there is extensive correlation between intrinsic aspirations and academic performance.

Identity and Alienation: A Study of Mahmoud Darwishâ€™s â€˜ID Cardâ€™ and â€˜Passportâ€™

Loiy Hamidi Qutaish Al Fawaâ€™ra

The aim of this paper is to understand the concept of identity in a specific perspective. The perspective is to understand a state that has been occupied, colonized and how it responds by language and poetry and resists occupation. The country is Palestine and the author is one of the greatest poets of Palestine, Mahmoud Darwish. Both the definitions and philosophical summaries have been provided to these two words and then they are used to understand two famous poems. The researcher has selected two poems of Darwish: â€œID Cardâ€ and â€œPassportâ€. ID Cardâ€ appeared in his collection Olive Leaves in 1964, when Darwish was 23 years old.

Integrated Vector Management as an Effort to Anticipate the Spread of DHF in Tanjungpinang

Kusna Ramdani, Mursid Raharjo, Yusniar H. Darundiati

DHF is a vector-borne disease caused by dengue virus transmitted to humans through the bite of the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Many efforts have been taken by the government to overcome the occurrence of dengue cases. However, the cases in Tanjungpinang continue to occur throughout the year and even increased in 2018. The implementation of Aedes vector control program is still done individually. Therefore, an approach which involves all sectors, including government, the private sector, and society, is needed. A descriptive and analytical observational study of 50 samples and 214 coordinate points of DHF patients were carried out for mapping and dynamics of transmission surveys. Out of 434 DHF patients, 60.1% of them were from the Tanjungpinang Timur sub-district with a pattern of group distribution, especially in urban villages with the highest population density namely Pinang Kencana Village. Vector surveillance showed 61.1% villages in the indices of Aedes aegypti and/or Aedes albopictus HI > 5 and RR > 0.025. Control of Aedes sp is not only the responsibility of the health sector but is also the responsibility of all sectors. To ensure the continuity of vector control, the development of a strategy in the form of integrated vector management is needed. The integrated vector management concept is to integrate effective and economical vector control methods involving all sectors. Thus, in order to implement integrated vector management, commitment from stakeholders and related sectors is required. Besides, it requires the active role of the community to be involved in vector control.

Learning Styles and Preferred Teaching Styles of Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT), major in Vocational Technological Education (VTE) Generation Y Learners

This study explored the learning styles of 50 MAT-VTE Generation Y (millennial) learners and the teaching styles they preferred for their Graduate School professors. This employed the descriptive-correlational research design. Majority of the learners absorbed and retained information better when pictures, diagrams, and charts were presented to them. Their sexwas not associated with their learning styles. Respondents who graduated from public tertiary schools were more of visual learners while those from private institutions were more auditory and kinesthetic. Likewise, respondents who came from rural areas were more auditory and kinesthetic and those from urban areas were more of visual learners. The respondents preferred funny, casual, physically expressive and intelligent teachers. Teachers who taught repeatedly, meticulously and raised tough questions and disturbing opinions did not appeal to them.

Loss of Cultural Symbols during Migration in Shauna Singh Baldwinâ€™s Montreal 1962

Satpal Singh

The present paper aims at identifying the problems related to identify that emerge due to the cross-cultural immigration of people especially the women of different generation and in different countries. The short story Montreal 1962 is an excursion into the lives of two Indians in a foreign land and their attempt to establish identity in the face of a competing and hostile alien culture. The loss of cultural symbols is visible at different levels in the story which in return brings forth a clash between the two different cultures. This kind of tension or clash between migrants and natives is a universal phenomenon in the era of migration.

Community Involvement in the Beach Tourism Industry in the Province of Batangas, Philippines

Dr. Sherry Joy Abanilla-Del Mundo

This study looked into the extent of community involvement in the beach tourism industry in the Province of Batangas, Philippines in the specific areas of peace and security, marketing and promotion and environmental protection. The descriptive method of research was utilized using a self-constructed questionnaire in order to gather the data needed for the study. The research settled on restricting the paper sample size to 400 respondents as based from a matrix which showed the actual number of the participants, resort owners, resort managers, domestic tourists and foreign visitors as well as the residents of the municipalities under focus. Except for the Provincial Tourism officials and staff, all other respondents were identified from the four selected municipalities of the Province of Batangas. The results of the study revealed that Batangas, Philippines is a beach tourism haven which gives high regard to a quiet and peaceful community, is beaming with pride of the existence of such beach tourist destinations in their respective localities and advocates the protection and preservation of the environment.

Photography, Literature, and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Approach for the Representation of the Truth and the Reality

Md. Raihan-Bin-Shafiq

The verisimilitude of truth of photography has placed it as an unequalled medium representing and expressing the reality. Yet, its widespread use as an art, the selection and exclusion of certain subjects that may be related to the ideology held by the photographer problematize such assertion. This essay will critically engage, through a few examples, with this difficulty in twentieth centuryâ€™s context. The problem of photographic representation, say of poverty, or war or labour exploitation will be addressed as in many cases they end up becoming fashionable clichÃ©s. While so doing, the essay will show how the use of literary narrative and photographic representation together may address the problem, and that may again confront difficulties in an age ubiquity of images.

Conflict between Societal Norms and Self-Empathy on Women Characters in Anita Nairâ€™s â€˜Ladies Coupeâ€™

S. Sangeetha, Dr. V. Umadevi

Anita Nair is popular writer in English. She through this novel â€˜Ladies Coupeâ€™ talks about the various problems faced by the women in the patriarchal society. It depicts the conflict between the societal norms and self- empathy on women characters in various complexities of life. This paper is a study of Anita Nairâ€™s second novel where all her major and minor characters undergo physical, psychological and situational constraints set by the society. It centrals around the protagonist, Akilandeswari, a forty five year old spinster who travels in the ladies compartment of a train. There she meets her co-passengers in the Ladies coupe who shares their real stories of their life. Eldest of all is Janaki, Margret Paulraj is a school teacher, Prabhavathi a perfect home maker, Marikolunthu the abused lady of innocence, Karpagam a revolutionary widow and a schoolmate of Akhila, etc.,. Each one is from different from one another in their social status, economical stability, age, community and also in their experiences of life. It also elaborates about how they fight back successfully balancing the norms of the society and revelation of self.

Enhancing Reflective Practice in Teaching Language with Assistance of Information Technology

Nguyen T. H. Thu

With the reflective teaching approach, teachers are able to change studentsâ€™ thinking way and learning style more positively and actively. English, as a result, will not be a constraint and certainly become a really big motivation for learning and personal professional development. It is conscious reflection on experience that is a pivotal factor to bring theory and practice closer effectively. In this paper, the writer will clarify benefits and challenges of using information technology in Reflective Practice to enhance skills for English major students and find out some technology-assisted strategies to support this. A set of questionnaire and open questions were administered among 60 students K42 majoring in English at Hanoi law university and 15 teachers from 3 universities in Viet Nam. The findings showed that Reflective Practice helped learners in solving their learning problems and learners were able to enhance four English skills with their conscious reflection. The respondents admitted that although they have the challenges in using information technology (IT) in reflective teaching, they can overcome them thanks to the strategies. The respondents were, moreover, of the opinion that reflective practice can make a lot of contribution to becoming a successful learner and to bringing improvement in the behavior of learners.

Writing Competence of Senior high School Students of Cebu Technological University: Intervention for Scientific Writing Development

Emardy T. Barbecho

This study described the present phenomenon of the writing skills of the senior high school students of Cebu Technological University. English Teachers and Language students responded to the alteration and implementation of the new curriculum to reach the demand of the society to be competent in communication and dealing people in various purpose of communication. As the twenty-first century approaches, the demand for high calibre of teachers got more sophisticated in the sense that the landscape of education in the global village is changed. English is a crazy language, that can give somehow to students a haze insights on its illogical structure Currently, learning in English language requires a great effort with commitment and passion and much practice in organizing ideas under the scope of writing mechanics. Hence, every school develops young people a love for learning in writing. Academics are important but they are not everything there. Currently, the use of English is more necessary because digital information is in the four corners of the world and embraces the dynamism of business-environment. Thus, this study screened the product of the students under the new curriculum in the K +12. This provided an intensive writing development programme for the remedy of the writing challenges of the learners. Other authorities claimed that the most difficult task to do in language learning is to produce a coherent, fluent, extended piece of writing which is even challenging for second language learners. Writing is primarily a person to person communication and it enhances the command of speaking and communication in other areas of discipline.

Typology of Female Characters and Feminine Culture in Kate Chopinâ€™s and Saida Zunnunovaâ€™s â€œNew Womanâ€ Novels

Marat Urazaliyevich Eshchanov

Catherine Oâ€™Flaherty, the American writer, who is most known as Kate (1850 â€“1904), was born in St. Louis on February 8, 1850. The book that brought Kate fame and fortune was the novel entitled â€œThe Awakeningâ€ which was written and completed in 1899. For her works, Kate Chopin observed women and their roles in the contemporary society and became friends with many women. Saida Zunnunova (1926-1977), the prominent poetess and writer devoted her life to express female bliss, female liberty and equality in her works as well as to develop a productive literary career. Born in 1926, in the city of Andijan of Uzbekistan, Saida proved herself to be a diligent, energetic, determined, individual and affectionate woman since her childhood. The writer was able to raise womenâ€™s problems as the essential part of social life in most of her stories such as â€œGulxanâ€ (â€œBonfireâ€), â€œOlovâ€ (â€œFireâ€), â€œOdamlar Orasidaâ€ (â€œAmong peopleâ€), â€œMashaqqatli Bir Kunâ€ (â€œOne Gruelling Dayâ€), â€œKoâ€™chalar charogâ€™onâ€ (â€œBright Streetsâ€), â€œYangi Direktorâ€ (â€œNew Directorâ€) and others. The main focus of the research is on the analysis of female individuality and individualism in Kate Chopinâ€™s and Saida Zunnunovaâ€™s fiction. This paper aims to explore and analyze women characters and their roles in the nineteenth century American life and twentieth century Uzbek social life with the help of Kate Chopin and Saida Zunnunovaâ€™s works. Besides, it reflects and proves how â€œNew Womanâ€ characters have been developed in literature, society and culture. The methods used in the research are historical, comparative-descriptive, cross-cultural, psycho-analytical methods in terms of comparison and description of the womenâ€™s role in Kate Chopinâ€™s and Saida Zunnunovaâ€™s novels.

River: A Boon or a Bane

K. Radha Madhavi, Harika Done

Rivers are the back bone of human civilization. History says that various prominent civilizations like the Nile River valley, the Indus River valley, the Yellow River valley etc, formed around rivers. That is why every culture, civilization, folk and literature has a strong bonding to the rivers. In India, rivers are venerated as Goddesses. Indians worship River as a mother. Like a mother, each river has a pleasant (saumya) and an unpleasant (urga) forms. Considerably good amount of literature is available related to rivers explaining its beauty but only hand full of poets have seen the other side of the coin where it is devastating many lives. The objective of this paper is to focus on the two different versions of the river in literature.

Media Literacy: An Analysis of Social Media Usage among Millennials

Rizki Briandana, Nindyta Aisyah Dwityas

Fast technological development has impact to smartphone technology. The smartphone users unconsciously become dependent to the technology. Media literacy to adolescents is important and it will give critical analysis in the access of media messages and create messages by using the media. This research aims at knowing media literacy to the uses of social media (Facebook and Instagram) among adolescents in South Tangerang. Theory of Media Literacy from James Potter was used as the main concept in the research. It used quantitative approach with positivism paradigm and survey research method. The data collection was used through questionnaire with purposive sampling technique which was defined as the sampling method. The research findings indicate that media literacy level among adolescents bases on the Individual Competence Framework that consists of three indicators: media literacy level on the basis of Use Skill, and it gets average value of 36.38 for 60.93% of the respondents. It includes the medium category in the Critical Understanding indicators and it has average value of 47.85 from 51.72% of the respondents and it includes the medium category in the indicators of Communicative Abilities it gets average value of 27.34 from 59.77% of the respondents and it includes the medium category.

Local Wisdom of Bajo Tribe in Utilizing Marine Resources

Mohammad Tofan Samudin, Hasan Muhamad, Rosmawati, Sulaiman Mamar, Ahmad Yani

Bajo ethnic communities have a set of local wisdom in their social and cultural system which is then implemented into a religious beliefs and emotional ties in their transcendental relationship with supernatural powers, concept, and expression about life and its meaning, aim, orientation, knowledge, and interpretation framework of the world. This paper focused on three main issues; the form of local wisdom, the development of local wisdom as sociocultural resource in empowering coastal community of bajo ethnic, factors that can support and hinder the development of local wisdom and the way to reduce poverty in Bajoâ€™s community at Tumora village Poso district, Poso. The objective of this study was to understand and describe sociocultural phenomenon existing in the culture-supporting society and gain a deep understanding of other cultural influences on the Bajo local wisdom.

Deconstruction: A Cornucopia of Esoteric Meanings

Myson Karim Ibrahim Alqudah

This paper sets out to explore Deconstruction with view at clarifying its role in the field of literary criticism. As such, the paper traces the philosophical roots of deconstruction in the works of Frederick Nietzsche up to Jacque Derrida, among other contributors. The paper also dwells on the mechanism of deconstructive reading of text, especially its deviation from the structuralist approach. A particular emphasis is placed on the employment of deconstruction in the feminist canon, through paying attention to the deconstructive feminist views of notable feminist critics like Helen Cixous, Luce Irigary, among others. Finally, the paper surveys some of the critique made against the deconstructive approach and the defence made in return.

Symbolic Communication and the Notion of â€œPachamamaâ€ in the â€œQuechuaâ€ and â€œAimaraâ€ Cultures

Dr. Juan Inquilla-Mamani, Dr. Emilio Chambi - Apaza

The objective of this research is to interpret and understand the symbolic communication and the ritual manifestations of the earthly and aquatic incidence of the descendants of the Inca Empire. The research approach is qualitative, and the method is observation and in-depth interview, to analyze the underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships from the data obtained in field observation and the selection of key informants. The results of the communication and culture are manifested in the ceremony of the offering to the â€œPachamamaâ€ Mother Earth in the main festivals of the agricultural calendar. As for the aquatic motivation, the water cult ceremony is associated with the symbolic figure of the aquatic beings, such as: the observation of the behavior of the toads, the fish and the birds, in the different months of the year.

Gender Discourse in American TV Series The Big Bang Theory

Koh Yin Yi, Dr. Minder Kaur A/P Parthaman Singh

This study highlights the issue of gender stereotyping with emphasis on the linguistic aspect. It identifies the male and female charactersâ€™ linguistic features based on Holmesâ€™ (2006) theory of masculine and feminine style of interaction and analyses whether the characters conform or challenge the gender stereotype using Eaglyâ€™s (1987) Social Role Theory. The findings demonstrate that the protagonists employed the linguistic features as cited by Holmes (2006) in their interactions. The male protagonists are observed to fit the agentic role whereas the female protagonist is noted to fit the communal role, hence proving that they conform to gender stereotypes. It is also shown that social psychology factors such as normative social influence and the presence of others caused the protagonists to conform to gender stereotypes.

Prominent Process of Defembula Kahitela Ritual Practice by Muna Ethnic in Barangka District

La Ode Syukur

The ritual practice of corn planting (defembula kahitela) is one of the agricultural traditions that have been handed down from generation to generation by Muna ethnic communities in Barangka District. The practice of the defembula kahitela ritual expresses Muna's ethical cultural conditions in the midst of the development of the modernity of agricultural patterns. The strong traditional values in the Muna ethnic community then make the ritual practice of the defembula kahitela still exist and maintained very well by Muna ethnic in Barangka District. This study aims to analyze the process in the ritual practice of the defembula kahitela on Muna ethnicity in Barangka District. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques used in this study is interviews, observation and document review. This study uses qualitative and interpretative descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it was found that the ritual of defembula kahitela has 15 stages that must be passed by the farmers, namely: 1) detambori, 2) dewei, 3) tughori, 4) desula, 5) derangka, 6) dekatondo / deghala, 7) Kaago-ago, 8) detisa, 9) defenomi, 10) depasele, 11) defolimba, 12) detongka, 13) kasaraka, 14) detotowi, and 15) depanto. Each stage in the ritual practice of defembula kahitela is always followed by a ritual in its implementation which aims to ask for the safety of the farmer and the fertility of the corn planted awake, so as to obtain better results.

Trauma of Love and its Betrayal of Mariam as Portrayed in Hosseiniâ€™s A Thousand Splendid Suns

M. Anu

Khaled Hosseini opened a window to world about the trauma of the Afghans. He knows that English is global language where he can let to the world of their suffering with effective reflection. All most all the characters in the novel A Thousand Splendid suns suffered a lot with their own Karma. Hosseini believes in karma it seems so he mentioned it in all his Novels which includes The Kite Runner and And in Mountain echoed.. Within A Thousand Splendid suns, Khaled Hosseini uses prejudice as a tool to inform this story of betrayal and redemption.

The Status of Woman in the plays of Vijay Tendulkarâ€™s Ghashiram Kotwal and Kamala

S Sulekha Rani, Prof. P. Padma

Indian society divided into castes which are fairly homogenous patriarchal culture developed. Hindu society, which is a high reverence to women as mother, evolved social norms and rituals which constantly emphasis a womanâ€™s role as one of service to all male members of the family whether it be father, husband (or) son. The culture and civilization of a human creates new needs which brings new roles. In their life time everyone will plays different roles, no man is completely good (or) bad. Anthropological studies Proves that criminal behavior of the people is also a product of culture. Gamst & Norbeck point of view, personality is largely a mirror of culture. Oneâ€™s personality is a complex product of the interaction of many roles. In this way they grow de humanized as they learn playing their games in the roles.

A Socio-Economic Survey of Village Khurpatal: A Case Study from Southern Border Region of Kumaun Himalaya

Arun

The most important concern in the modern world, particularly in emerging countries, is socioeconomic standing. Over time, the socio-economic situation in rural areas is progressively getting better. The socioeconomic position of the inhabitants in rural regions has been improved via the implementation of several programs and initiatives. However, residents in rural regions could not grow equitably across the region in an economic sense. Different economic classes can be found, even in a tiny community. This study article makes an effort to determine the true socioeconomic situation of people across various income brackets from village Khurpatal of District Nainital. The researcher conducted a door-to-door survey using a relevant questionnaire to gather the primary data that served as the foundation for the entire study.

Revenge Delayed: Moral Scruple and Ethical Action in Shakespeare’s Hamlet

Dr. Rajiv Kumar

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is widely recognized as a revenge tragedy, yet it fundamentally departs from the conventions of the genre by foregrounding moral reflection over immediate action. Unlike traditional revenge heroes who pursue vengeance swiftly and decisively, Hamlet repeatedly delays the act of revenge commanded by his father’s Ghost. This delay has often been interpreted as weakness or indecision; however, the present study argues that Hamlet’s hesitation arises from profound moral scruple and ethical awareness rather than inability to act. Hamlet’s struggle reflects a conflict between the demand for revenge and the moral consequences of murder within a Christian and humanist framework. The play presents revenge not as a simple duty but as a morally complex act requiring certainty, justice and spiritual legitimacy. Hamlet questions the nature of the Ghost, fears damnation, seeks proof of Claudius’s guilt and reflects deeply on life, death and the afterlife before acting. His ethical reasoning transforms revenge into a thoughtful and morally grounded response rather than an impulsive act of violence. Through detailed textual analysis of key soliloquies and dramatic moments, this paper explores how Shakespeare redefines revenge as ethical action governed by conscience and providence. Hamlet’s eventual acceptance of divine order allows him to act without moral conflict. The play ultimately suggests that true justice is achieved not through rash revenge but through morally conscious action aligned with a higher ethical order.