https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usFebruary 5 Cultural policy is generally regarded as an instrument of promotion of National identity and Nigerian unity. It is also a means of communication and co-operation among different Nigerian or African cultures. Generally speaking, the cultural life in Nigeria is to a large extent marked by tradition and traditional forms of cultural events which are very popular. These include festivals, exhibitions, and performances, playing of music and dancing in the open. Studies in Igbo oral performance include folksongs, folksongs, riddles proverbs, histories, legends, myths, drama, oratory and festivals. These are veritable instruments of education for the younger generations into adulthood. The paper treated in details, five Igbo songs taking into consideration the language translations of the themes through content analysis of surface and philosophical meanings. The analysed folktunes are Egwu nwa (maternity songs), Egwu echichi (installation song), Egwu akwamozu (funeral song), Egwu agha (war song) and Egwu onwa (moon-light song). Through these folksongs, the younger generation is educated morally, intellectually, socially and in creativity. Music is most sovereign more than anything else because rhythm and harmony find their ways to the innermost soul and take strongest hold upon it. https://ijels.com/detail/the-importance-of-music-in-the-cultural-policy-of-nigeria-a-focus-on-selected-igbo-folk-songs/ Dr. Sunday N. Nnamani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1-IJELS-DEC-2018-17-TheImportanceof.pdf The 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan is one of the greatest catalyst events in the Indian History. It resulted in mass killing, abduction, rape, loss of life and family. Most of the accounts that we find in the form of history are tailored and fabricated according to the “grand narrative” which consciously has marginalized the voices of women. Sadat Hasan Manto attempts to voice these marginalized, silenced and neglected voices through his writings. Manto was a fearless champion of the truth and was disdainful of any kind of hypocrisy. He wrote for marginalized people, openly mocking the system which tried to suppress some voices. https://ijels.com/detail/violence-and-rape-marginalized-voice-in-sadat-hasan-manto-s-selected-short-stories/ Usha. B, Dr. K. Yeshoda Nanjappa https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2-IJELS-DEC-2018-20-ViolenceandRape.pdf Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms defines myth “as a kind of story or rudimentary narrative sequence, normally traditional and anonymous, through which a given culture ratifies its social customs or accounts for the origins of human and natural phenomena, usually in supernatural or boldly imaginative terms. The term myth has a wide range of meanings, which can be divided roughly into ‘rationalist’ and ‘romantic’ versions: In the first, a ‘myth’ is a false or unreliable story or belief (adjective: mythical), while in the second, ‘myth’ is a superior intuitive mode of cosmic understanding (adjective: mythic). In most literary contexts, the second kind of usage prevails, and, myths are regarded as fictional stories containing deeper truths, expressing collective attitudes to fundamental matters of life, death, divinity, and existence. (Baldick 235) Myths are the source of one’s culture, tradition, rituals, celebrations, beliefs and practices. All information regarding a particular group of people is revealed through myths. The information said in myths cannot be proved; yet it does not give room for suspicion because of the interest that it kindles on reading. Myths find its place even in contemporary writings as it fascinates the readers of all times and ages. As the mythological characters are not found in real life it fascinates the readers. The message which is conveyed through the myths will be very effective. In short, it will be apt to quote Coleridge; “willing suspension of disbelief”. We will not use our rational thinking to question it. Myths often help the readers to know the origin of some event. It teaches some virtues, it gives confidence and hope to people who are in grief. The focus of this paper is to bring out the myths used in Dattani’s select plays and also to show the beliefs and practises of the people found in the select plays of Mahesh Dattani. https://ijels.com/detail/myths-beliefs-and-practices-in-the-select-plays-of-mahesh-dattani/ S. Sivakami https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3-IJELS-DEC-2018-14-MythsBeliefs.pdf Interest rates in savings, lending as well as interest rate spread, for years has been the topic of debate in many developed and developing countries. Interest rates in Western Balkan Countries, due to major structural, political and economic changes have incited debate within academics, businesses, households, public and even state agencies. Therefore, in this paper we aim to shed light on interest rates of deposits, loans as well astheir spread in WBC, with a special focus in Kosovo. https://ijels.com/detail/comparative-analysis-of-interest-rates-in-western-ballkan-countries-kosova-perspective/ Qazim TMAVA, Shefket JAKUPI https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4-IJELS-DEC-2018-22-ComparativeAnalysis.pdf The pluralism existing in Indonesia contributes to use of translation strategies during learning and teaching process. In Majalengka, for instance, as one of regions separating two local languages in West Java where the study is conducted teachers tend to use both Indonesian and Sundanese or Javanese depending on the districts from where their students come. The examination results in the conclusions that loanword, paraphrasing, literal translation, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, and reducing of some elements are the most used translation method in learning and teaching process. As this study focuses on elementary school in Majalengka, the students are respectively involved as the respondents. After the six-month period inquiry in sub district of Majalengkaby recording the learning and teaching process in elementary schools in Majalengka, it could clearly concluded that translation is the most effective method to help students from region where pluralism exists to understand the foreign terms without using the dictionary. https://ijels.com/detail/translation-used-in-learning-and-teaching-method-for-elementary-school-students-in-indonesia/ Karnain, Ana Purwitasari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5-IJELS-DEC-2018-21-Translationused.pdf It is Saul Bellow`s most anxious and apocalyptic novel.Published in spring 1970, winner of National Book Award ‘Mr. Sammler`s Plane’t presents a world characterized by apparently irreconcilable antithesis. The story of a sad one eyed old man of seventy plus is told against the background of the imminent Moon landing. European born and bred, Arthur Sammler is a septuagenarian, grew up as a product of enlightment. Mr Sammler has known about life and its complexities, about life and death and had presumably attained moral authority to utter opinions. Bellows` ideas are carefully grounded in Mr Sammler`s Planet, through subtle handling of metaphors. Despite his age Sammler is a man in motion, moving among the clutter of thoughts, revolutionary motion, the unbalancing and the maddening of man not only accentuate the extremities of human experience but also integrate them. https://ijels.com/detail/use-of-metaphors-and-symbols-in-saul-bellows-mr-sammmlers-planet/ Dr Vanashree Godbole https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6-IJELS-JAN-2019-10-UseofMetaphors.pdf This thesis is the effect of using jumble letters in teaching vocabulary in grade eight students of SMP Negeri 7 Pematangsiantar. In this thesis, the problem of the study justifies as “Does the use of Jumble Letters affect the students’ vocabulary achievement in grade eight students of SMP Negeri 7 Pematangsiantar?”To answer the problem, the writer follows some theories namely: Yule (2010: 117), Agoestyowaty (2007:38), Carten (2007:21), Nunan ( 2005:121), Bruner (1983: 112).This thesis is quantitative descriptive study design, because it is to find the effect of using jumble letters in teaching vocabulary. The subject of this study is the grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 7 Pematangsiantar. VIII10 which consists 20 students as control group and VIII8 which consists 20 students as experimental group. Total number of sample are 40 students.The objective of this study is to know the effect of using Jumble Letters on the students’ vocabulary achievement in grade eight students of SMP Negeri 7 Pematangsiantar. In analyzing, the data shows that the students’ vocabulary in grade VIII8 increases significantly. It shows by the improvement of the students’ score from the pre – test to post – test. In pre – test of experimental group, it shows that the mean (M) in pre – test is 65,the median is 62.5, the highest score is 75, and the lowest score is 60. While in post – test of experimental group, it shows that the mean (M) in post – test is 80.25, the median is 80, the highest score is 90, and the lowest score is 70.Based on the calculation of t – test, it was found out that t – observed is (8.46) and it is higher than t – table (1.66) at the level of significance (0.05). It means that there is a significant effect of using jumble letters in teaching vocabulary in grade eight students of SMP Negeri 7 Pematangsiantar. Since the result of t – observed is higher than t – table (8.46 > 1.66), the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that there is a significant effect of using jumble letters in teaching vocabulary in grade eight students of SMP Negeri 7 Pematangsiantar. Finally, the writer hopes that the research will help the students’ to increase their vocabulary. And the teachers are suggested to apply jumble letters as one of technique to increase the students’ vocabulary achievement. https://ijels.com/detail/the-effect-of-using-jumble-letters-in-teaching-vocabulary-in-grade-eight-students-of-smp-negeri-7-pematangsiantar/ Pdt. Partohap S.R. Sihombing https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7-IJELS-JAN-2019-12-TheEffectofusing.pdf Bharti Mukherjee was born on 27th July 1940 in Calcutta, India, to an upper middle class, Hindu Brahmin family. She was the second of three daughters of Sudhir Lal and Bina Banerjee. Both husband and wife provided ample education opportunities to their daughters. Mukherjee’s mother was determined that her daughters’ lives would not be confined to home and family. She was the driving force behind the success of her daughters. At the age of 15 Mukherjee finished her High School and went on to a Calcutta University affiliated women’s college run by Irish nuns. After getting her B.A. degree from the University of Calcutta in 1959 and her M.A in English and Ancient Indian Culture from the University of Baroda in 1961, she came to Iowa, United States to participate in a writer’s workshop on P.E.O. (International Peace Scholarship). She planned to study there to earn her M.F.A. degree, then return to India to marry a Bengali Brahmin as per her father’s wish, as Hindu tradition forbade intercaste, inter-language, inter-ethnic marriages. Bengali tradition even discouraged emigration. To remove oneself from Bengal was to dilute true culture. But here she was drawn to a Canadian writer Clark Blaise. After a fortnight’s courtship, the couple married impulsively in a Lawyer’s office above a coffee shop. She soon realized that the bond was permanent. https://ijels.com/detail/alienation-in-the-works-of-bharti-mukherjee-with-reference-to-jasmine/ Dr. Shazia Tabassum https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8-IJELS-JAN-2019-8-Alienationinthe.pdf Women writers have made remarkable strides in the arena of literature and generously put across their aggravations, struggles, afflictions, and also their successful experiences in their writings. Of these, the immigrant women have reshaped and redefined the literature in a significant way because they suffered from the ‘twin burden’ of being immigrant and female. Among the immigrant writers Bharati Mukherjee an Indian born American and Sandra Cisneros a Mexican-American have achieved a high water mark in the literary canvass. They tell the tales of those immigrants whose stories go untold. Mukhejee’s Jasmine and Cisneros’ The House on Mango Street picture the struggle of women in an alien land, relate the cost they pay to create a perceptible existence in a strange land. The protagonists of these two novels, Jasmine and Esperanza constantly reinvents themselves, modifying their identities as their American experience goes on and as they acquire consciousness of what it means to start a new life in a new country. These two characters make me feel the strength of women, open a new horizon for me, which is why I have decided to work on this title. In my paper I am going to explore the idea of “melting pot”, identity crisis, sense of belonging, sexual abuse, Jasmine and Esparenza’s immigrant experience, their attitude towards their own community, and their determination to create a new identity and new sense of belonging to the “land of opportunity”. https://ijels.com/detail/women-in-the-land-of-melting-pot-a-comparative-study-between-bharati-mukherjee-s-jasmine-and-sandra-cisneros-esperanza/ Masuma Akhter Tamanna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9-IJELS-JAN-2019-1-Womeninthe.pdf Anne Tyler’s Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982) explores the dissolution of the family unit, and the psychological impact on its characters when they can no longer fit into the idealized Dick and Jane hetero normative family paradigm.The dinner place, the empty place that Tyler’s father Beck Tull no longer occupies, is the complex focus of Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant. In this essay, I explore how Tyler delves deep into this absence of place and space during the dinnertime ritual as a metaphor for the collapsing family, no father figure dynamic—a world where mother-woman struggles to survive. https://ijels.com/detail/the-collapse-of-american-dinner-rituals-in-anne-tyler-s-dinner-at-the-homesick-restaurant/ Mary Louisa Cappelli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10-IJELS-JAN-2019-16-TheCollapseof.pdf The paper is an attempt to study the character of Ezeulu, the protagonist of Chinua Achebe’s novel Arrow of God through the lens of Homi K. Bhabha’s concept of ‘ambivalence’. Ezeulu is the chief priest of the native Igbo religion and has a great influence on the clansmen. He is very proud of his position as “the ezeulu,” but at the same time admires the white man and his government. The coloniser attempts to use Ezeulu’s influence on the clan as a tool to further strengthen their fort. This attempt affects the personal as well as the private life of Ezeulu leading to his alienation. https://ijels.com/detail/the-ambivalent-protagonist-in-achebe-s-arrow-of-god/ Sreejith.S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11-IJELS-JAN-2019-14-TheAmbivalent.pdf The boko haram sect is waging an intractable insurgency war against the Nigeria state. This insurgency which started in 2009 has assumed a devastating dimension and seems to have overwhelmed the Nigerian armed forces. Although the current administration has consistently and regularly maintained that boko haram have been decimated and technically defeated the reality is that the sect is becoming deadlier and more daring by the day. Attacks are no longer limited to soft objects and civilians but targeted at the armed forces so as to gain military advantage. The recent sacking of a military battalion at Metele in which the army was completely and effectively annihilated by the sect bears eloquent testimony. It is therefore without equivocation that the Nigerian armed forces have no military capacity to contain and defeat boko haram. This position is further strengthened by the use of non-combatants called Civilian Joint Tasks Forceby the government. It is for these reasons that we are making a case for the use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) in the fight against boko haram. Since the 2003 war in Iraq, PMCs have become increasingly legitimate actors in modern conflicts. In fact, it is believed that the then Nigerian government surreptitiously deployed the use ofPMCs in effectively containing the boko haram in March 2015 thereby making it possible for elections to be held in the northeast of Nigeria. This article evaluates the boko haram insurgency from the view point of the failure of the Nigerian Armed Forces to curb the crises,the resort to the use of civilian joint task force and the necessity to deploy the use of PMCs as a solution to boko haram insurgency. The article concludes that PMCs have gained improved image in the world and had actually impacted positively on the Nigerian counterinsurgency effort within the short period it was deployed. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-necessity-of-private-military-companies-in-the-fight-against-insurgency-in-nigeria/ Miebaka Nabiebu, Eni Alobo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12-IJELS-JAN-2019-23-Exploringthe.pdf Mahesh Dattani is one of the most dynamic voice of modern Indian English drama. He is widely acknowledged for his innovative techniques in stagecraft. He has shown new possibilities in dramatic techniques and devices to his contemporaries and future playwrights. He writes plays in English and is the first Indian English playwright to win the prestigious National Sahitya Akademi award for his play Final Solutions and Other Plays in 1994. His play Dance Like a Man has won the Best Picture in English award, presented by the National Panorama In 1998. The Sahitya Kala Parishad selected Final Solutions (1997), Tara (2000) and Thirty Days in September (2007) directed by Arvind Gaur, as Best Productions of the Year. Dattani is a fine artist, craftsman and visionary. All his plays have immense scope for performance. The paper examines the dramatic output of Dattani and tries to locate the inherent characteristics in them, with a view to determining his thematic concerns. https://ijels.com/detail/dattani-and-his-dramatic-output-social-reality-on-stage/ Dr. Alka Jain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13-IJELS-JAN-2019-78-DattaniandHis.pdf This paper outlines the ever-lasting and never-ending issue of political morality that is substantially demonstrated in the play Julius Caesar by one of the greatest, if not the greatest, 16th century dramatist William Shakespeare. The paper’s main focus is on the interpretation of political insinuations and its efficacy on the general republic and democracy. The paper draws its strength in delineating the political motives behind all kinds of evils such as mass manipulations, verbal fallacies, and brutal murders. It tries to throw light on the author’s usage of his protagonist in manifesting to the audience, the inevitability of a person’s character influencing their political beliefs and actions. The plot could not have been better plotted by the great dramatist, which conquers the then ongoing political turbulence in the gluttony of power and also seeking its relevance in the contemporary political era. https://ijels.com/detail/analysis-of-political-morality-in-shakespeare-s-julius-caesar/ Gopal Hitesh Mehta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14-IJELS-JAN-2019-24-AnalysisofPolitical.pdf This paper investigates the style and devicesin which Allen Ginsberg evokes jazz and its aesthetics in his poetry, namely Howl to produce a modern to postmodern cultural phenomenon in the American culture. Howl exemplifies a sort of stylistic interdisciplinary and intertextuality in which Ginsberg fuses jazz musicality and techniques in its lines and stanzas. Thus, Ginsberg offers his audience a new fusion of artistic poetic experimentations with devices, techniques, and improvisation. Also, this paper tries to recollect relevant critiques relevant to postmodern aesthetic and thematic forces in the postmodern literature of Beat poets, such as Allen Ginsberg as long as he is one of the best who show such twining of jazz musicality and tempos in his masterpiece Howl. https://ijels.com/detail/jazz-aesthetics-speak-loud-in-allen-ginsberg-s-howl-a-thematic-cultural-sketch/ Marwan A. Hamdan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15-IJELS-JAN-2019-11-JazzAesthetics.pdf The paper aims to gives an in depth study of Gwendolyn brooks’ poem A song in the Front yard, from the feminist perspective; concentrating on the experience of Black women in particular during the 1960’s. Feminism is a movement beginning from the late 19th century, asking for equal rights for women in all spheres; but it is said to have concentrated on the experience of white women only. The inequity against black women wasn’t taken into deliberation. It took women like sojourner Truth and others to voice out for the blacks. Gwendolyn Brooks come in this line of black women writers who spoke for the cause of their people. Her poetry reflects the life of the black women of that time. https://ijels.com/detail/black-women-and-racism-an-in-depth-study-of-song-in-the-front-yard-by-gwendolyn-brooks/ K. K. ABITHAA https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16-IJELS-JAN-2019-9-BlackWomenand.pdf In Herzog the impulse conveyed is the sense of real sufferer hedged in by circumstances and neurotic attitude. Moses. E. Herzog calls himself ‘a prisoner of perception.’The novels deals with the story of a man who is on the verge of disaster and depicts the incidents responsible for his present state in which he is desperate “to put in perspective, clarify, to make amends”. Moses. E. Herzog a promising intellectual, a professor of cultural history, undergoes a mental crisis. Herzog is deserted, it is his sense of separation from his childhood, family world that is the root cause of his alienation.Herzog moves boldly to face the challenges of life, truth of everyday, and the final truth. In the posture of collapse detached Herzog watch the image of a “suffering Joker” https://ijels.com/detail/saul-bellow-s-herzog-a-reconciliation/ Dr. Vanshree Godbole https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17-IJELS-FEB-2019-4-SaulBellows.pdf Beings, in this context, depict epic heroes who are strange creatures in the form of humans but of different constitution and structures. In Epics, the heroes are supernatural beings who possess extra-ordinary powers and are destined to utilize such powers in salvaging their race. But most surprisingly, such beings at some point tend to abuse the use of such powers in the opposing direction thereby conforming to the notion that excess power truly intoxicates. The Epic as Abrams (81) defines it’ is a long verse narrative on a serious and elevative style and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depend the fate of a tribe, a nation or the human race’. In Africa, there are equally long narratives recounting the deeds of legendary heroes with human traits and supernatural attributes like Shaka of Zulu and Sundiata of Mali. In this essay, the researcher explores the Igbo epic, Anukili Ugama, whose hero, Anukili, equally exhibits the traits of other heroes of epic, and of which such power at some point in time of its intoxication, destroys those who it was meant to protect. This study aims to have an appraisal of the enormous power which intoxicates and backfires to the detriment of the race which is meant to be saved. It x-rays how a human being may act for or against his fellow and the problem of man’s destiny. It therefore calls for a re-appraisal of such vice and for caution in dealing with such beings wherever they might be found. It will be explored from the sociological /historical points of view. https://ijels.com/detail/the-intoxicating-and-destructive-powers-of-beings-a-study-of-igbo-epic-anukili-ugama-by-rems-umeasiegbu/ Nkechi Ezenwamadu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18-IJELS-JAN-2019-5-TheIntoxicating.pdf The business process industry, especially call centre has been responsible for the growth in job opportunities; however, working in a call centre is not always a pleasant experience. The call centre environment is often seen as a stressful one and can create burnout for the individuals who work in it. This research paper hence attempts to explore the degree of burnout in a South African Call Centre and to explore the association of mindfulness and burnout by examining a random sample of 115 Call Centre staff based in the South African telecommunications industry. Two research instruments Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were used in the study, along with a demographic questionnaire. Both these tools have been widely published and have been used within a South African context to assess the validity. The research findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of inherent mindfulness result in lower levels of burnout. In addition, the result of the research also varies within the split between call taking versus back office support staff. The findings of the research study can be utilized by the call centre industry to reduce the burnout of its employees. https://ijels.com/detail/burnout-and-mindfulness-a-study-of-south-african-employees-working-in-a-business-process-services-environment/ Dr. Rajesh Sharma, Charlene Joanne Sandstrom https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19-IJELS-JAN-2019-79-Burnoutand.pdf Beneath the lyrical fabric of Julio Cortázar’s works lies a strong mystical quest to uncover the erotic truth amidst the cacophony of socio-religious constrictions. Informed by George Bataille, I explore how Julio Cortázar’s Rayuela synthesizes lyrical images of the nude and orgasmic to unshackle human sexuality from religious traditions thereby liberating human desire to an orgasmic symphony of divine communion. https://ijels.com/detail/eroticism-mysticism-and-desire-in-julio-cort-zar-s-rayuela/ Mary Lousa Cappelli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20-IJELS-JAN-2019-80-Eroticism.pdf It’s pretty ease to say; difficult for the day. The Great Enchanter tries’s to remember – mercy, What leftear never ever say. Holy, holy now a human folly, resting rest, working works; unknowingly the life: Dirty hands feed refractorily, Makes our lives greeny. https://ijels.com/detail/a-mask/ Rejoice Rapheal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21-IJELS-FEB-2019-3-AMASK.pdf This study determined the reading comprehension level of grade 12 ABM students of Mater Dei College, Tubigon, Bohol during the school year 2018-2019 with 95 subjects comprising the entire population. Participants were mostly from rural junior high schools of northern part of Bohol. John’s Basic Reading Inventory was individually administered to each student to collect the needed data for this study. The gathered data was used to conceptualize the proposed English for Specific Purposes modules for basic English course, particularly for the senior high school ABM students. Analysis on the data gathered was anchored on the different theories of reading comprehension The findings of the reading inventory administered to the grade 12 ABM students revealed that their oral and silent reading comprehension levelwas generally on frustration level. This shows that a big percentage of students were not able to analyze the passage correctly. Hence, the students need much assistance from the teacher in analyzing the selection. https://ijels.com/detail/the-reading-comprehension-levels-of-grade-12-abm-students-an-esp-design-for-basic-english-course/ Jasmin M. Sumipo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22-IJELS-JAN-2019-82-TheReading.pdf Existentialism is a movement within continental philosophy that developed in the late 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th centuries. Existentialism is believed to be organised with Soren Kierkegaard. He said that each individual- not society or religion is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately, sincerely and authentically. Existentialism defines as the act of living based on beliefs and experiences. Soren Kierkegaard formulated the existentialism, but he never used the existentialism theory in any of his works. It is developed by Friedrich Nietzsche. The other existentialism philosophers are Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Simon de Beauvoir, Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel and Franz Kafka. Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan. In 1980, when the soviet War in Afghanistan began, Hosseini’s family sought political asylum in the United States and they become the residence of San Jose, California. He practised medicine for over ten years. After the success of his debut novel, The Kite Runner (2003), he retired from medicine to write full time. His novels are set in Afghanistan and feature an Afghan as the protagonist. He wrote three famous novels The Kite Runner (2003), A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007) and Mountains Echoed (2013). https://ijels.com/detail/exploitation-of-existentialism-in-khaled-hosseini-s-the-kite-runner/ Vashni Maria Baniel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23-IJELS-FEB-2019-14-Exploitationof.pdf The traditional ceremony of the Toba Batak community is inseparable from the word gondang. It has a broad meaning, namely as a musical ensemble, repertoire, ceremony name, a musical composition or song title, and a set of drum musical instruments, taganing and gordang. This research is descriptive, namely research that aims to describe changes in the structure of the presentation of music in traditional Toba Batak community ceremonies, where gondang has undergone a process of enculturation in western music culture. The approach used is qualitative to answer the question 'how' the presentation structure is collaborated with modern musical instruments. The results of this study indicate that gondang and modern musical instruments have become inseparable in traditional ceremonies in the Toba Batak community specifically in North Tapanuli district. Based on the results of this study, suggestions were made for the Toba Batak community in the North Tapanuli region to prioritize the structure of gondang presentation in traditional ceremonies, so that the original culture was maintained to be continued to the younger generation. https://ijels.com/detail/changes-on-structures-of-music-presentation-in-traditional-ceremony-of-toba-batak-communities/ Aprinaldi Patiaraja Simarangkir https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24-IJELS-FEB-2019-23-Changeson.pdf Toni Morrison achieved the impossible by becoming the first African – American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. She has added substantially to the body of African – American literature through both her fiction and critical essays. Her critical essays add immensely to the canon of African – American aesthetics. They enlarge on the theme of African – American woman novelist's role. They give a clear understanding of black life, society and culture. Morrison, the second of four children, was named “Chole Anthomy Wafford”. She grew up in Lorain, Ohio, during the Great Depression. Her childhood world was not dominated by Black responses to White oppression.It presents a brief sketch of Toni Morrison’s perspective on black life. The theme of her novels is analyzed. The black literary tradition is outlined. The objective of the study is specified. https://ijels.com/detail/an-analysis-of-toni-morrison-s-the-bluest-eye/ V. Hema https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25-IJELS-FEB-2019-9-AnAnalysis.pdf Franz Kafka’s au courant; “The Metamorphosis” recounts the preposterous and bizarre tale of the travelling salesman ‘GregorSamsa’ and his unanticipated transfiguration into a giant species of vermin. Kafka transforms the metaphor into a narrative with a minutely detailed bourgeois setting. The incongruous tale of GregorSamsa is embedded with multiple layers of significance and many layers have been peeled down till nowand brought before the world of literature by various scholars and amateur contemporary writers. On the veneer stratum, Kafka’s novella published in 1916, appears tobe just a tale of a travelling sales man who found himself transformed into an insect after he woke up one morning, but ruminating deeply overSamsa’s transfiguration with the two bigwigs of Marxism, Karl Marx and Engel’s economic theories, unveils an overreaching metaphor that judiciously provides the dubious story a great deal of pertinence to the structure of society. The paper however succinctly purports to explicate Franz Kafka’s novella in light of the Marxist approach. https://ijels.com/detail/explicating-kafka-s-metamorphosis-within-the-ambit-of-marxism/ Shabir Ahmad Mir https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26-IJELS-FEB-2019-16-ExplicatingKafka.pdf The teaching of English and workplace literacy skills can be dry and often very uneventful for the learners and it takes a resourceful, reflective and proactive trainer / teacher to align lessons to match the competency levels of the learners, their aspirations and also their keenness to learn. Traditional and even blended learning have seen run of the mill teaching and learning strategies till now and there is a need to fill the gaps left behind by these approaches to further ignite the passion in learners, to learn with a fire to assimilate and enrich themselves even more in their learning journey. This is not to say we need to replace the present teaching / training styles but to infuse more meat into the learning process to make it much more a fun activity than a tedious ‘get-it-over-with’ experience for all in the language learning environment wherever it may be. https://ijels.com/detail/learning-english-through-active-participation-leap/ Dr. Siva Mahendran https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27-IJELS-FEB-2019-5-LearningEnglish.pdf English is spoken as a second language by many countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Shri Lanka, Nigeria and Tanzania. In these countries English is spoken as a non-native or second language, and used for various purposes official, educational, social and interpersonal. In the countries such as Russia, Japan, Germany, France and Italy, English is used as a foreign language. A second language is one which is used for various purposes within the country while a foreign language is used. In learning a second language we will find that vocabulary is comparatively easy. However, in some countries like the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada and Australia, English is native or first language. As we listen to a person speaking our native language we hear not only what is said but also certain things about the speaker. English is first, second or foreign language. Children learn native language from a very early age to respond to sounds and tunes which their elders habitually use in talking to them. Second language is generally learnt later in life. The second language is learnt after the child has mastered the first language, his/her learning of the second language is influenced by the first language. https://ijels.com/detail/english-as-a-second-language/ Dr. Disha Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28-IJELS-FEB-2019-30-Englishas.pdf Newspaper rates a high public preference as part of the mass media to publicize accurate and balanced news items. In regards to the urgency, the language used in the mass media publication must consider the politeness principles. The notion initiated the study of Merapi Newspaper’s Pragmatics styles, of which the objective was targeted to explore the use of expressive speech politeness in Suara Publik column of Merapi Newspaper. The article adopted a Descriptive Qualitative method with the application of an interactive analysis model consisting of four procedures, which include data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion. Based on Searle’s theories on speech acts, the findings revealed eight Expressive Speech Act variations in the newspaper column, which include congratulating, thanking, expressing condolence, admiring, quipping, complaining, blaming, and criticizing. https://ijels.com/detail/expressive-speech-act-functions-in-suara-publik-column-of-merapi-newspaper/ Yekti Indriyani, Sahid Teguh Widodo, Muhammad Rohmadi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29-IJELS-FEB-2019-28-ExpressiveSpeech.pdf In this short-paper,at first, the established notions regarding the origin of the black coloured stone that is used in making most stone sculptures in the region, including during the Pāla-Sena period are problematized. Then it is shown how the processes of appropriation, assimilation and preservation with respect to art from the Indian subcontinent, especially from the region associated with modern day Bengal are not devoid of complexities. Through this we seek to understand the historiography of Pāla-Sena art, as well as the factors which play significant roles in order to give form and shape to an object of antiquity, from Bengal or from the subcontinent, as we see them today in museums all over the world. https://ijels.com/detail/reflections-on-the-material-and-making-of-an-image-in-ancient-early-medieval-northern-bengal-varendr-region-during-the-p-la-sena-period-6th-13th-c-e/ Archishman Sarker https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30-IJELS-FEB-2019-38-Reflectionson.pdf Indonesia is divided in 3 (three) regions geographically, Western Indonesia covering Sumatra, Java, and West Kalimantan; Center Indonesia covering a part of Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Bali; and Eastern Indonesia covering Maluku and Papua. Hinduism was developed firstly in Indonesia about 4–5th century, which is proved by the existence of oldest Hinduism kingdom, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimatan. This phenomenon creates a question about the ways or process of Hinduism culture goes into Indonesia and how the potention of Hinduism in influencing the islamic practice of Muslim people in Sulawesi is.This paper analyzes the influence of Hinduism culture towards islamic practice of indigenous people in Sulawesi, by using Totemisme Durkheim’s theory (1964). The theory states that to understand the role in society, the researcher have to investigate the religion in its simplest and original form that cover all essential aspects, either in sacred or profane one. Logic definition method with qualitative and simbolic approaches in historic and normative ways are used to describe the role and spreading pattern of Hinduism culture that form the Islamic existence in Sulawesi. The data of this study qualitatively describe the influence of Hinduism towards Islamic practice of every ethnic in Sulawesi, either in custom speech, daily activity, or religious ritual. https://ijels.com/detail/the-influence-of-hinduism-toward-the-islamic-practice-of-indigenous-people-in-sulawesi/ Lilik Rita Lindayani, I Nyoman Suarka, I Wayan Cika, Ni Luh Nyoman Kebayantini https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31-IJELS-FEB-2019-40-TheInfluence.pdf The core reason of this research is to ascertain the factors behind preference of Islamic banking in Pakistan. The nature of this study is quantitative and the essential objective of this study is to find out that why the preference of Islamic banks in Pakistan has increased over the time. The research design used to accomplish this result is correlation research design and the tool used to conduct this research is questionnaire. Out of the 100 respondents the full 100% replied. The ratio of female respondents to male respondents was relatively very low. The questionnaires were distributed to those individuals who were employed and had a bank account. Questionnaire responses were given on a likert scale, with response 1 as strongly disagree to response 5 for strongly disagree. The results were analyzed using basic statistics, including measures of central tendency. The findings of this research indicate various factors that account for preference of Islamic banking. The factors include reputation, Shariah compliance, customer satisfaction and service quality. This study will be supportive to those individuals who prefer opening their account in Islamic banks. By this study, the individuals can get a lot of help that what are the major factors that are considered by different individuals. https://ijels.com/detail/quantifying-the-preference-of-islamic-banking-in-pakistan/ Sadaf Mustafa, Abdur Rafay, Syed Shoeb Ahmed https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32-IJELS-FEB-2019-46-Quantifyingthe.pdf The paper is based on the issue of immigration in Adichie’s Americanah and its various racial implications in the multicultural context of America. It accordingly decodes and explains the multifaceted relationships that African immigrants have with African Americans and white Americans. The results indicate that race is still a major problem in contemporary America in spite of all the democratic laws that guarantee equality and equity between all races in America. They showed that African immigrants are sometimes discriminated on the basis of their skin color. On such basis, they are victims of stigmatization and racism on the one hand. On the other hand they are blamed and hated by African Americans for the supposed role that a minority of Africans had played during the Atlantic slave trade. The study thus revealed that immigration could negatively impact on the psychology and behavior of many African immigrants. It generally leads to assimilation, mental complexes and identity loss as seen through the character of aunt Uju and her date. However the paper concluded that Adichie’s Americanah is a novel which advocates a Homi Bhabharian Third Space of Enunciation wherein cultural and racial differences could therefore become added values of complementarity, of reinforcement and acceptance instead of stigmatization, rejection and assimilation. https://ijels.com/detail/immigration-in-the-confluence-of-racial-implications-in-african-literature-a-reading-of-adichie-s-americanah/ COULIBALY Aboubacar Sidiki, COULIBALY Zakaria https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33-IJELS-FEB-2019-22-Immigrationin.pdf Language is a means through which ideology and power is passed on from one generation to another in the society. Referencing is a way of life in all communities, things and people are named in a certain manner. People are given references that communicate certain messages to those who hold the reference and the community at large. Analysing the Gikuyu female references reveals that the references are discriminative of women and to some extent deny them power by skillfully communicating an oppressive message to the female person among the Agikuyu. This study aims at identifying and analyzing these references to show how they portray skewed power relations. This study is guided by Critical Discourse Analysis theory CDA, specifically Discourse Historical approach (DHA). The data consisted of the Agikuyu female references which were collected purposefully. The results show that many Gikuyu references on women are discriminative, and portray power and dominance over women. The references also reveal the traditional ideologies that stereotype women, reflecting the culture and belief system of the community. It also gives insights in to the fight for gender equity in this community. Those interested in power relations, identity, ideology and culture will find this paper useful. https://ijels.com/detail/ideology-identity-and-power-the-gikuyu-female-referencing-system/ Evelyn Mahero https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34-IJELS-FEB-2019-51-IdeologyIdentity.pdf In this work, we emphasize on the analysis of the effect of the black market in the Mining sector in the Central African Republic’s economy (GDP), using the relationship between mining quantity exported and the price divided into legal and illegal price. The data collected were analyzed and tested using Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The result of this work shown that legal price coefficient indicated for each increase of 1 percent in the legal Price, holding illegal price constant, the expected change in Product is predicted to be about 52%, this mean change in the legal price has a positive effecton the official production and statistically significant (t-value is 2.745165).However, change in illegal price has a negative effect on production (about 53% with t-value equal to 2.792635 of statistical significance). Regarding this work, in order to make mining sector more efficient, the Central African Republic’s government should try to develop other sectors such as agriculture and manufacture for diversifying sources of state revenue purpose. It should also increase the export earnings of the country throughout income from mining by strengthening the country's integration into the global economy but also by ensuring the socio-economic development of mining workers. https://ijels.com/detail/analysis-of-black-market-in-central-african-republic-s-mining-sector-a-multiple-regression-analysis/ Befio Paulin Epaphrodite https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35-IJELS-FEB-2019-25-AnalysisofBlack.pdf Fate of a Cockroach (1973) brilliantly portrays statelessness, policy paralysis, lethargy in taking effective decision, overpowering clutches of a self-declared cockroach King who is unable to take any decision in order to eliminate the threats coming from the ants vis-à-vis this play also showcases a struggle for survival. The cockroach’s tireless fight for freedom is inspiring for us because life is not a bed of roses; it is full of challenges and pricks. If a ruler fails to lead his nation he is not eligible for the post. Individualistic cockroaches stand in complete opposite to the ants who believe in the mantra of collective efforts. Today’s Egypt also under the presidency of Sisi desperately needs peace and stability because Sisi is accused of his authoritarian and dictatorial leadership and failed economic policy. The cockroach Queen and Samia - both appear to me as powerful female characters who are not ready to be dominated by their husbands. On the other hand, they have thrown a challenge to the phallocentric monopoly of our patriarchal society where women are pushed at the periphery and phallus is in the centre. Al-Hakim deserves our kudos because he has vividly sketched the various agathokakological entities of our life through the portrayal of lawlessness, failed state machinery, parasitic leeches who like to eat fig in galore after carrying coals to Newcastle, Self/Other, Centre/Periphery politics etc. https://ijels.com/detail/statelessness-politics-of-self-and-other-gender-battle-issue-of-species-superiority-international-politics-marginalized-voices-and-a-comparative-analysis-of-al-hakim-s-egypt-and-today-s-egypt-in-fate-of-a-cockroach/ Partha Sarathi Mandal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36-IJELS-FEB-2019-41-Statelessness.pdf Malaria remains a health problem in Indonesia. In 2017, 4.9 million people lived in malaria endemic areas, with 261,617 cases reported and 100 fatalities. In the Purworejo district, there were 276 cases in 2017. The lack of knowledge about malaria in early childhood is strongly suspected as one of the factors affecting prevention. This research aimed to measure the level of knowledge of elementary school students about malaria and determine how far the school curriculum should have malaria content. Random sampling was performed on 121 elementary school studentsfrom 24 schools,to measure knowledge of malaria and determine its inclusion in curriculum. Data was analyzed to determine the level of knowledge of malaria and the extent to which it appears in curriculum. The results of a survey of 121 (6th grade students) show that the majority (95%) had heard about malaria in general. They understand malaria as a “heat and cold” disease (87%), and transmitted by mosquitoes (98%). Nearly half of respondents (47%) had a family member who had suffered from malaria. Only 41% realized bedrest is importantto recover if infected. When verbally questioned about aspects of the Anopheles mosquito species, only 12% answered correctly. Respondents were less well informed that Anopheles is a transmitter of malaria (25%), and did not understand that the river/pond is a breeding ground for the Anopheles mosquito (5%). In all schools surveyed (100%), we found no local content related to malaria in the elementary school curriculum. Lack of knowledge about malaria is still a factor in the persistence of malaria cases. Curriculum becomes a source of knowledge forelementary school students in endemic areas. The inclusion of local content about malaria is one of the community’s behavioral factors to prevent malaria. The basic knowledgeabout Anopheles species and its ecology in early childhood is below exectations. There is no health lesson about malaria in the elementary school curriculum. Education on malaria is needed to help eliminate malaria in the long term and to ensure the sustainability of malaria control. https://ijels.com/detail/malaria-content-in-elementary-school-curriculum-in-supporting-integrated-vector-management-for-the-elimination-of-malaria-in-purworejo-district/ Mursid Raharjo Assidiq https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38-IJELS-FEB-2019-17-MalariaContent.pdf Women make up around half of India's population and are crucial to expanding the agricultural industry. We may state that women are the foundation of agriculture and related fields. As wage workers, farmers, co-farmers, farm managers, and family carers, women are vital to the agricultural industry. In addition to working in related fields like horticulture, cattle, and fishing, women also cultivate crops. According to the 2011 report by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), there is a greater proportion of women working in the agriculture industry in Asian countries as compared to other regions. Women began collecting seeds from the local plants and growing those that caught their attention regarding food, feed, fodder, fiber, and fuel. According to estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), women generate between 60 and 80 percent of the food in underdeveloped nations. The study's main goal is to examine how women participate in family and agricultural decision-making. Research indicates that women are significant contributors to the decision-making process. 39.47 percent of female agricultural laborers receive assistance from their male partners in using fertilizers, 23.70 percent in purchasing agricultural equipment, and 57.90 percent in altering crop patterns. https://ijels.com/detail/the-place-of-women-in-domestic-and-agricultural-decision-making-an-analysis-of-gochhi-village-in-jhajjar-district/ Arun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-101201914-ThePlace.pdf It is a widely accepted fact that the modern Western theatre originated largely from the ancient Greek theatre. The plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides are studied for the dramatic conventions followed even today. Aristotle, the father of literary criticism found the epitome of a ‘tragic hero’ in Oedipus. Even though there were several powerful women who played significant roles in Greek plays, Aristotle did not particularly mention a ‘hero(ine)’ in his Poetics. And the term ‘hero’ is commonly used as a gender-neutral term referring to both male and female protagonists, despite the availability of separate terms to distinguish the male and female protagonists in the dictionary. https://ijels.com/detail/antigone-and-electra-the-tragic-hero-ines-of-greek-drama/ Dr Nisha Francis Alapatt https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40-IJELS-DEC-2018-27-Antigone.pdf William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice examines the tension between justice and mercy within the strict legal framework of Venetian society. Unlike many contemporary legal or revenge dramas that focus purely on retribution, Shakespeare presents justice and mercy as complementary but often conflicting principles. Shylock embodies strict justice, demanding fulfillment of a harsh legal contract while Portia elevates mercy as a divine quality that tempers the law’s rigidity. The play’s dramatic tension arises from the interplay of these principles, complicated by religious, social and personal biases. This study argues that Shakespeare presents mercy not as weakness but as essential to true justice while showing that justice without compassion can lead to cruelty. Through a close reading of the courtroom scene, character interactions and thematic symbolism, the paper demonstrates that the resolution of the play, Portia’s legal skill and Shylock’s defeat, reveals Shakespeare’s vision of law as ethically guided rather than mechanically enforced. Ultimately, the play suggests that justice, when balanced with mercy, restores social and moral order, whereas legalism divorced from ethical reflection produces suffering. https://ijels.com/detail/justice-and-mercy-the-duality-of-law-in-shakespeare-s-the-merchant-of-venice/ Dr. Rajiv Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41-IJELS-DEC-2018-99-Justice.pdf