https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usOctober 4 The formation of the state of Indonesia into an independent state is a joint commitment on all elements of pluralism or diversity of citizens in various aspects such as, tribe, race, culture and religion. The motto of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and Pancasila is a sacred philosophy as well as a non-negotiable guideline for the nation and state of Indonesia. With the existing diversity, it is expected that all the people of Indonesia can appreciate, obey, and maintain it, so that wholeness and harmony will be realized. The efforts to defend the state is the attitude and behavior of citizens who are imbued with his love of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia based Pancasila 1945 Constitution in ensuring the survival of the nation and state. Viewed from the historical aspect of the struggle of the nation, Indonesian society has proven itself that always participate and be united with the defense and security apparatus in defending and maintaining Indonesia's independence. The guidance of nationalism has been initiated since the national revival of 1908 which was then affirmed in 1928 with the birth of the Youth Pledge, and finally proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1945.The concept of the state defense is a moral conception that is implemented in the attitude, behavior and actions of citizens based on the love of the homeland, the awareness of the nation and the state, the belief in Pancasila as the state ideology, and the willingness to sacrifice for the nation and state of Indonesia. Thus, the guidance of state defense awareness through civic education is intended to instill national commitment, including developing values and democratic and responsible behavior as Indonesian citizens.Based on the data of the research, it was concluded that there is influence of the understanding of Pancasila Third precision toward the attitude of the state defending at SD Negeri 173266 Pantis Pahae Julu Sub-District North Tapanuli District in Academic Year 2018/2019. https://ijels.com/detail/the-influence-of-the-students-third-moral-principle-understanding-of-pancasila-on-the-nation-sacrificial-at-the-state-elementary-school-173266-pantis-sub-district-of-pahae-julu-of-north-tapanuli-in-academic-year-2018-2019/ Melina S.Si, Dra. Ida Lamtumiur Pasaribu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1-IJELS-JUL-2018-6-TheInfluence.pdf This research deals with the effect of Ice Breaking Technique in Teaching Speaking. The objective of the study was to find out whether Ice Breaking Technique significantly affect in teaching speaking. The population of the study was the tenth grade students of SMK Dharma Bhakti Siborongborong who were registered in academic year 2018/2019. The data were obtained from 56 students as samples; the researcher took the sample from 224 students of tenth grade as the population. The students were devided into two groups namely experimental group and control group. The experimental group was taught by using Ice Breaking Technique while control group was taught without Ice Breaking Technique. The instrument used in collecting data were speaking test. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. Having calculated the data it was found that t –test was higher than t- table (7, 70 >2.005) with the degree of freedom (df) 54 (28+28-2) with the t- table is 2,005 and the calculate value was 5.38. Therefore, the null hyphotesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It can be concluded that Ice Breaking Technique significantly affect in teaching speaking. https://ijels.com/detail/the-effect-of-ice-breaking-technique-in-teaching-speaking-at-the-tenth-grade-students-of-smk-dharma-bhakti-siborongborong-in-academic-year-2018-2019/ Rotua Hutasoit, Drs. Bonari Tambunan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2-IJELS-JUL-2018-7-TheEffect.pdf The role of philosophy in nation building is hardly given the recognition it deserves in the African society. In this regard, philosophers are often seen as those who see problems where none exist, rather than people who inspire critical thinking. Yet, the role of philosophy in nation building cannot be dismissed with a wave of hand. The focus of this paper is basically to establish the relevance of existentialist philosophy to national development. To this end, we situate our discourse within a particular African context. The African world view would be discussed mainly from the context of the Igbo world view. This is the crux of the whole work. To this effect, the full implication of the Afro-existential approach will unfold as the work unfolds. One branch of philosophy that has made waves in various disciplines is existentialism. This paper is therefore an attempt to establish the relevance of existentialist philosophy to national development, with a particular focus on Nigeria. It understands existentialism as a trend in philosophy that lays emphasis on man’s existence with regard to such themes as individual freedom and choice, and the individual creating meaning in a meaningless universe. In this connection, it examines the role of the Afro-existential discourse as a new approach in African philosophy. It addresses such questions as, why is Nigeria underdeveloped. Do we have to continue looking for historical forces or factors to blame? What can the philosopher and the existential discourse contribute to the development of Nigeria? It concludes that, confronted with the underdeveloped state of Nigeria, the existentialists do not overly ignore history. However, they are more concerned with the present situation and the choices that confront us as individuals. Making the right choices and taking the right steps today is therefore the way philosophers would establish their relevance through the existential discourse. https://ijels.com/detail/an-afro-existential-approach-to-the-development-of-the-nigerian-society/ Oliver Ozoemena Onah, Dr. Hyginus Chibuike Ezebuilo, Dr. Chinyere Theodora Ojiakor https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3-IJELS-AUG-2018-16-AnAfro-Existential.pdf Jhumpa Lahiri's novel The Lowland, traces the fortune of gentle fraternal bonds frayed asunder by cruel political affairs. Lahiri's description of the story events purports to show how the nonappearance of loved ones becomes secretly a presage unforgettable presence within the subliminal mind of the exaggerated characters directing their obvious actions to their own significant ways of life through which they are aggravated on. When their respective paths interweave, Lahiri proves herself to be skillful at depicting the sadness at the central part of the complicated interpersonal relationships that materializes. This report attempts to clutch the import of this work of fiction by situating the author's exclusive presence both in the position millennium Indian English literature as well as in the stuff of the story. Its logical method moves from a detailed study of the twisted plot through a network of characterisation, examination of the multiplex narration principal to a mixture of themes that have modern-day appeal. https://ijels.com/detail/jhumpa-lahiri-s-the-lowland-a-thematic-analysis/ H. Ramya, Dr. Shibila https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4-IJELS-SEP-2018-9-JhumpaLahiri.pdf The study is a sociolinguistic approach to solving security challenges and enhancing sustainable national development in Nigeria. It argues that language and society influences each other and as such language could be used to solve societal problems. In doing so, the paper x-rays the functions of language in human society as propounded by Halliday and Stubbs. It discusses the multilingual nature of Nigeria, the concept of national development as well as security challenges facing the country. The paper notes that the dominant use English language against the indigenous languages in nearly all communicative domains in Nigeria has failed the nation in its bid to overcome numerous security threats. This may not be unconnected with the low literacy level in the country. As a result, the paper recommends a tripartite language policy vis-à-vis the use of English language, the indigenous languages as well as the Nigerian Pidgin depending on the contextual demand. The paper also advocates the adoption of more indigenous languages, apart from the three major ones- Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba, for use. This will imply a revision of Nigeria’s language policy and the constitutional provisions on language. https://ijels.com/detail/a-sociolinguistic-approach-to-security-challenges-and-sustainable-national-development-in-nigeria/ Alabi Taofeek Olanrewaju https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5-IJELS-JUN-2018-2-ASociolinguistic.pdf Consumer crime is a crime that is often committed by a person or business entity intentionally or unintentionally where in theof generating greater profits, this action is contrary to criminal law so that it is threatened with criminal penalties. Consumers as the last user of an item or service feel very disadvantaged by fraudulent acts committed by the business actor (seller). Consumers are obliged to be careful and careful when buying an item or service and if consumers see any fraud committed by the business actor, consumers should make a complaint to the party determined by the government. To protect the interests of consumers in daily life of Indonesia, Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. This regulation is expected to improve the dignity of consumers, which will increase awareness, knowledge, concern, ability and develop the attitude of responsible business people. Consumers must know their rights and obligations contained in Law No. 8 of 1999. In this study, the type of research used is descriptive. Descriptive research is describing based on existing data or as clearly and in detail about consumer protection against fraud committed by sellers in the market. The problem approach used in this study is a normative approach, which is an approach in the sense of reviewing legal principles or norms and regulations relating to the issues to be discussed. This approach is intended to collect various regulations, theories and literature that are closely related to the study of the problem in question. https://ijels.com/detail/the-consumer-protection-toward-characters-done-by-seller-in-the-market/ Oktavia Purnamasari Sigalingging https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6-IJELS-SEP-2018-7-TheConsumer.pdf The reverse proof system adopted in the Act Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption as amended and supplemented by the Act Number 20 of 2001 Amendment to thye Act Number 31 of 1999 is a limited and balanced reverse verification system. This is contained in the general explanation of the Act. One of the reasons for the application of a reverse proof system into positive law in Indonesia is that Corruption is not only considered as a crime that is detrimental to certain parties but a crime that is a violation of social and economic rights and has a negative impact on many parties. If we examined from the side of the formulation, it is necessary to reconstruct or reformulate the articles that govern the reverse proof system as stated in the Act on Corruption. Reformulation needs to be done with several basic reasons. One of the reasons is, for example, the process of proceeding (criminal procedural law of corruption) only applies a reverse verification system during the trial. Therefore, through this paper, it is described how the reconstruction of the regulation of the reverse proof system of corruption in the future by using normative legal research. Construction of proof is reversed in order to investigate, investigate the corruption so there are several alternative ideas; First, on the substance of the law, which directs the formulation of the norm of burden of proof upside down with an emphasis on legislation policy in accordance with the 2003 United Nations Anti-Corruption Convention (KAK) as a characteristic of a combination of the "Common law" legal system and the "Civil Law" legal system". Second, the construction of the law enforcement structure, namely placing officials of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) all the way to the regions, especially the provincial areas. Third, construction in the culture of society, reconstructed their perspective by way of providing massive, structured, and systematic education emphasizing that corruption are extraordinary crimes. https://ijels.com/detail/the-reconstruction-of-the-reversal-of-the-burden-of-proof-verificationin-corruption-delict/ Soehartono Soemarto https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7-IJELS-SEP-2018-5-TheReconstruction.pdf The Oedipus Complex is a term used by Sigmund Freud in his theory of psychosexual stages of development to describe a boy’s feelings of sexual desire for his mother and jealousy and anger towards his father for the possession of his mother. The child considers his father as a rival for her attention and affection. The concept of the Oedipus Complex was first discovered by Freud during his self-analysis in 1897 and presented in his publications of the next decade. Oedipus complex is the greatest, the most crucial sexual conflict in Freud’s model of psychosexual development. The great master psychologist Sigmund Freud praised literary artists for their accurate observations of the subtlety and complexity of the human mind. Vijay Tendulkar is a leading Indian playwright who shows unusual insight into the complexities of human psyche and lays bare various psychological factors, imparting to his portrayals of characters an element of human authenticity. This phenomenon of Oedipus Complex is interwoven into the texture of the play The Cyclist written by Vijay Tendulkar. https://ijels.com/detail/portrayal-of-oedipal-desires-in-vijay-tendulkar-s-the-cyclist/ Dr. Shivali Bansal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8-IJELS-AUG-2018-17-PortrayalofOedipal.pdf The aim of the study is to portray that though we are in modern world. The existing of racism and female domination is still on real lives. The inequality exists between the haves and have not's. Women is always definite not only in relation to man but as dependent on man and secondary to him. The discrimination begins right from her childhood as she is treated differently. Male superiority is inculcated in her. The problem of oppressor in the African-American context is very much live, causing the frustration. Here the frustration of Women also pronounced by making them worst affected and exploited. Equality and justice for all remains a dream only, as long as oppression exists in any form. https://ijels.com/detail/oppressor-oppressed-in-african-american-culture/ S. S. Soundarya, K. Nagarathinam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9-IJELS-AUG-2018-19-OPPRESSOR.pdf It was the mission of Mahasweta Devi to learning about transformation of society through her writing. Now and again, she expressed her disgust that the new political system has failed to safeguard the interests of the weaker sections of society and it also has failed to keep their commitment to common people. https://ijels.com/detail/plea-to-the-bonded-laborers-in-mahasweta-devi-s-play-aajir/ Dr. Shikha Shukla https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10-IJELS-SEP-2018-6-Pleatothe.pdf Generally, translation means replacing a text in one language by another text in another language taking into consideration: (1) lexical elements, (2) syntactic structures, (3) semantic elements, (4) pragmatic elements, (5) literary devices and (6) cultural norms. This research is based on this claim in order to give an effective translation similar to that of the original language text. It is hypothesized that an effective translation cannot be achieved only by resorting to the mentioned elements unless the writer’s and/or speaker’s intentionality is taken into consideration. This paper aims at re-visiting the basic approaches, methods, procedures of translation, and in the light of what is reviewed, a new approach is suggested in order to help translators as well as interpreters achieve their intentions. The basic finding is that an effective translation is based on the intention of the speaker or writer and to whom he is translating. https://ijels.com/detail/translation-revisited-a-new-approach/ Dr. Misbah M. D. Al-Sulaimaan, Lubna M. Khoshaba https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11-IJELS-SEP-2018-14-Translation.pdf The study of ambiguity has been a central issue in the formulation of linguistic theory, and has been an area which serious psycholinguistic study has focused on since the past two decades. The current study deals with “Context as a Basis for Understanding Pragmatic Ambiguity with Reference to Arabic” and the methods that can be used for translating this phenomenon into Arabic taking into consideration the same effect of the SL writer. No doubt, pragmatic ambiguity is problematic since it is based on intentionality. However, it becomes more problematic when it is translated into Arabic, simply, because English and Arabic are genetically different languages. This research paper aims at (1) studying the phenomenon of pragmatic ambiguity which is the output of any other type of ambiguity such as phonetic ambiguity, phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, sentential ambiguity as well as semantic ambiguity, (2) making the context crystal clear which has an effective impact on understanding the expressions under investigation since intentionality cannot be deduced without knowing context, (3) specifying different patterns of pragmatic ambiguity in the books and articles of pragmatics, (4) translating the specified patterns into Arabic to show their realizations and whether, they will have the same effects as to that of source language or not. It is hypothesized in this research that (1) there is no formal correspondence between English and Arabic, (2) pragmatic ambiguity cannot be solved unless both context and cotext of the phenomenon in question are known, (3) all types of ambiguity cannot be interpreted unless the intention of the writer is clear which is context and cotext bound To test the validity of the above mentioned hypothesis, it is to be noted that only eight different patterns have been chosen to be translated into Arabic, (2) these expressions were translated by six assistant lecturers in the department of Translation/Cihan University/Erbil, (3) Newmarks' method of communicative translation will be adopted in the research under investigation, since it tackles the intention of the writer. The basic conclusions of this research are that, (1) all types of ambiguity are based on the intention of the writer, (2) there was no formal correspondence between both source language and target language, (3) the pragmatic ambiguity was solved by resorting to both cotext and context. https://ijels.com/detail/context-as-a-basis-for-understanding-pragmatic-ambiguity-with-reference-to-arabic/ Dr. Misbah M. D. Al-Sulaimaan, Lubna M. Khoshaba https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12-IJELS-SEP-2018-15-Context.pdf Markedness is a very comprehensive term which can be used in any discipline like phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, social sciences, among many other disciplines. As for linguistics, it means the way words, phrases, are changed, added, deleted or foregrounded, mid-grounded and backgrounded. All these changes take place in an accordance with the intentionality of the speaker whenever a certain idea should be confirmed. This research paper studies the use of “markedness theory “ in three translated versions of ten verses of the holy Bible ,namely (1) English,(2) Syriac and (3) Arabic. The main problem is that the study does not use the source language text since it is not available ; therefore, a contrastive study will be conducted to see to what extent translators used the markedness theory in their renderings. This study hypothesizes that: (1) the confirmed messages or ideas are marked, and (2) the translators are aware of the marked elements. The main conclusions the study arrived at are: (1)the three versions: English, Syriac and Arabic were the output of communicative translations in that structurally speaking differences among the three versions are recognizable, and (2) confirmation of certain key-words which convey the gist of the verse has been marked and considered by the translators mainly by foregrounding and sometimes by midgrounding and backgrounding. https://ijels.com/detail/markedness-theory-in-the-holy-bible-with-reference-to-english-syriac-and-arabic-translations/ Lubna M. Khoshaba https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13-IJELS-SEP-2018-16-Markedness.pdf The occurrence of absurdity in art cannot be neglected for there are hidden beauties, purposive and interesting ideas that could be extracted from such kind of absurdity. Some groups are extremely denouncing a work of art. People today begin to confuse that art has become a victim of delusional thought. This paper will investigate the origin of art, its nature, role and purpose and standards of art to affirm the present condition where absurdity occurs. The banishing of art is found unreasonable that exhibits the impossibility of abandonment. The delusional thought of deprived individuals from exercising freedom of artistic impulse is found absurd. The masses then are confined to such dogmatic thoughts that consequently lead individuals to become victims of absurd will. This is the source of severe illness of this present society. https://ijels.com/detail/critical-analysis-on-a-work-of-art-toward-pragmatic-perspective-and-supremacy/ Patrick Neil M. Santiago https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14-IJELS-SEP-2018-11-CriticalAnalysis.pdf The oral communicative competence of freshman students was determined by their linguistic and sociolinguistic proficiency. This was measured in the way students demonstrated their facility of the English language through their accurate production of sounds (phonetic skill) and in lending more meaning to the utterance through intonation patterns. Convergent skill in oral production and use of grammar, vocabulary, and rhetoric created the impression of oral communicative competence. The facility for oral communication was influenced by social and cultural factors in the home, the environment, and the school. The study had shown that students who had no training or limited training in reading and in classroom interaction developed into less English proficient students. The type of school from which one graduated, the income of parents whose income afforded or deprived exposure of children to English reading materials, and the absence of a highly skilled teacher in communication influenced greatly affected the outcome of a highly skilled communicator. Intervention measures started with a methodical study of the weaknesses of the English Program in the College. The designed program should depart radically from the traditional and remediation approaches but must put meaning into a longitudinal and progressive development of language skills in all year levels in all courses across disciplines. Appropriate and consistent monitoring, evaluation and review ensured the success of the program. https://ijels.com/detail/oral-communicative-competence-of-filipino-college-students-levels-correlates-and-characteristics/ Dr. Allan Paul D. Sandigan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15-IJELS-JUL-2018-14-OralCommunicative.pdf Critics of the 1960s and 1970s have largely interpreted Wordsworth’s Tintern Abbey as projecting a Romantic poet “Cartesian /Kantian / Hegelian in his thinking, concerned more with imagination than with nature or history” (Richard Gravil 36). Their critical verdict is that Wordsworth, in the poem, has been looking “for transcendence through Romantic inwardness” (Thomas Brennan 14). Since the 1980s, however, there have been historicizings of Wordsworth. New historicism, with its materialist strain, provides a fundamentally contradictory conception of the persona’s self :rather than a transcendental, the person’s self is thought of as empirical and defined by what Jerome McGann calls The Romantic Ideology,” as a “false consciousness” (91). McGann cites Tintern Abbey as example to sustain his charge. He argues, according to Leon Waldoff, thatthe poem displace[s] and elide[s] specific social, economic, and political problems and discontents, as well as historical facts that serve as a background for thepoems (bad harvests, poverty, war, the French Revolution, and transientsand beggars). To the extent that the poems posit or recommend atranscendent or transhistorical (spiritual, religious, or psychological) solution to human problems, they are illusory. (4) This “illusory” tendency, according to McGann in The Romantic Ideology, is nowhere more pronounced than Tintern Abbey, at the end of which “we are left only with the initial scene’s simplest natural forms” (80). Marjorie Levinson further builds on McGann’s ruling on Wordsworth’s disregard of his empirical poetic self to elision and exclusion. In Wordsworth’s Great Period Poems: Four Essays, she defines the consciousness of the poetic self the persona of Tintern Abbey by its “blindness which assumes autonomy of the psyche, its happy detachment from the social fact of being” (48). Like McGann, she scrutinizes the absences in Tintern Abbey with a spotlight on the elision of the indigence of the poor populations around the abbey. She takes the elision as sacrificing his sensitivity to communal and the collective for the sake of idealizing the landscape for adapting it into a “devotion” that is individual and private (29). Her adverse verdict goes one step ahead of McGann when she, according to Eric Yu, hauls up Wordsworth “for ‘apostasy’, betrayal of his earlier radical ideals and withdrawals into consoling selfhood” (132). Alan Liu echoes McGann and Levinson when he asserts that “what is there in a poem is precisely what is not there: all the history that has been displaced, erased, suppressed, elided, overlooked, overwritten, omitted, obscured, expunged, repudiated, excluded, annihilated, and denied” (556). https://ijels.com/detail/trauma-of-modernity-in-wordsworth-s-tintern-abbey/ Vijay Kumar Datta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16-IJELS-SEP-2018-8-TraumaofModernity.pdf This study examines students' attitudes towards studying kurdology course at university level in Duhok. Attitude is considered as a necessary component in language learning. Therefore, a positive attitude is considered as one of the important factors that have an impact on language learning. By providing insight into the attitudes students towards learning Kurdish, It contributes to the teaching of Kurdish as a foreign language. The main purpose of this research is to reveal students’ attitudes towards learning Kurdish and find out how to make their attitudes positive. Language educators who know how to develop positive attitudes in students will be able to conduct interesting and effective classroom activities; get them to be more successful in learning Kurdish. The researcher used a questionnaire to obtain data about the learners’ attitudes and analyse them. 112 students from different universities in Duhok participated in this study. The findings shows that there is positive relationship between emotional, behavioural and cognitive attitudes towards learning Kurdish language, however the highest value was for behavioural attitudes. https://ijels.com/detail/students-attitudes-towards-kurdology-course/ Jegr Najeb Abdulrazaq https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17-IJELS-SEP-2018-19-Students.pdf This research study used both the qualitative and quantitative research designs to investigate the problems encountered by the mobile teachers in Tandag City Division. This study specifically aimed to: (1) describe the mobile teacher’ socio-demographic and professional profile;(2)investigate their teaching performance; and (3) discover the problems they encountered in the implementation of the program. The data revealed that most of the mobile teachers assigned in the far-flung barangays of Tandag City are male teachers. Five of them are permanent and only one is contractual. Majority of them are graduates of Bachelor in Elementary Education and they are beginning teachers. The data reveal that they need more training and seminars on the pedagogy of Alternative Learning System and other related topics.In terms of teaching performance, they have a very satisfactory rating in the three indicators namely: personal attribute, competence and professional development. Four problems emerged: lack of instructional materials; delayed release of allowances; absence of permanent learning center and other facilities; and, irregular attendance of ALS students. They also complained the lack of support from local officials and their huge class size. https://ijels.com/detail/problems-encountered-by-mobile-teachers-assigned-in-tandag-city-division-surigao-del-sur-a-case-study/ Jondy M. Arpilleda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18-IJELS-SEP-2018-24-ProblemsEncountered.pdf Wole Soyinka’s play Death and King’s Horseman reflects the cultural conflict between the African and Western worlds. The play is based on an actual event that took place in 1946 when British colonial authorities prevented the customary ritual suicide from taking place. In Yoruba society the community is more important than the individual. It was also their tradition for the first horseman to commit suicide after the king’s death. When the realization of this tradition is prevented by the white authorities, the horseman’s son, who had received a European education commits suicide in place of his father. Building on Frantz Fanon’s theories, my aim in this article is to challenge universal assumptions concerning right and wrong which may have different connotations for black and white culture. https://ijels.com/detail/western-cultural-beliefs-in-wole-soyinka-s-death-and-king-s-horseman/ T. Gnanasekaran https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19-IJELS-SEP-2018-20-WesternCultural.pdf Bharati Mukherjee was an Indian diasporic writer. Though she migrated to USA, her roots have always been in India, associated with the culture and tradition of the native country. As an expatriate writer her works project the cultural displacement faced by the immigrants and the impact that is left on them. Her novels project the different situations the migrated characters face, problems they overcome, the adjustments they make and the feeling of isolation. The present paper discusses the impact of cultural displacement on the main protagonist Dimple das gupta in the novel Wife written by Bharati Mukherjee and published in the year 1975.My objective is to project the problem faced by the first generation of immigrants by studying the character Dimple das gupta and the impact of cultural displacement on the immigrants by using the tools of psycho-analytical theory. Application of Psycho- analytical theory to literary texts helps the readers to study the characters and find out the reasons for different behaviours .According to Sigmund Freud it is clash of id, ego and superego which are the three parts of the human psyche that makes transformation of personalities that result in different behaviors’. If people experience these type of psychological clashes they do not come under normal personality. As the founder of psychiatry Sigmund Freud mentioned the functioning of the mind at various levels in terms of psychology and neurology. The main protagonist Dimple das gupta lives in a fantasy world and makes dream as source of her living in the native country and in the alien country. Her dream takes a violent turn because of the suppressed desires and makes her a negative character. One of the reasons being the cultural displacement. She dreams a beautiful life and a good husband but when her dreams are shattered she kills her husband. She turns out to be a different personality altogether who cannot find happiness in her marriage either in Calcutta or in USA. https://ijels.com/detail/culturally-displaced-identity-of-the-protagonist-in-the-novel-wife/ Dr. Shirisha Deshpande https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20-IJELS-SEP-2018-18-CulturallyDisplaced.pdf Indonesia is a country that upholds the law based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. It will develop and advance if the community also cooperates with the government in creating a safe and prosperous society, of course by placing legal knowledge on the target. But sometimes many who abuse the law only personal and group interests, so the law seems unfair and impartial. In development, legal science is often aligned with other sciences, including political science, implementation, sometimes it leads to negative things, so that a lot of political cases are eventually dragged down by the law, very sad, but the reality that happened today in this country. This beloved Indonesian Republic. The Problem of the study is: "What social impacts occur if the law is juxtaposed with politics?" The Research method used in this study is the normative legal research method with the legislative approach (sculpture approach) and the case approach (case approach). Based on the results of the study, the authors draw the conclusion that of course with legal harassment for certain purposes it is very unpredictable because it can damage the sense of brotherhood among fellow Indonesians. https://ijels.com/detail/social-media-abuse-that-defends-particular-parties-reviewed-from-law-of-ite-number-11-in-2008-concerning-electronic-information-and-transaction/ Dina Mariana Situmeang, Mantel Siringoringo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21-IJELS-OCT-2018-2-SocialMedia.pdf There’s no other element or stimulus man can devise to avoid facing his final end. Absurdity occurs by depriving one’s happiness and limiting his potentials. Man deeply fettered in his invented fancy and ecstasy leading him to become victim of both self and preachers. This paper investigated the root of anxiety, way of healing it, process into ecstasy, and man’s contribution to the world that appears absurdity. The deluded fancy of man’s ecstasy despised his own self, and this makes him absurd. At the end, man was deprived of happiness and a chance to expand his potentials due to deception caused by the prey that made him blinded. The will of extreme preachers to new generation does not contribute to the masses but rather reshape people to be impotent and dull. https://ijels.com/detail/critical-analysis-on-death-from-deluded-fancy-to-desired-ecstasy/ Patrick Neil M. Santiago https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22-IJELS-OCT-2018-3-CriticalAnalysis.pdf The aim of the study is to portray that Magical realism acts an important factor because of its alternative belief system. Women are the crucial part of society, since their life depends upon someone else to run their life, they are fictional worlds and hence the Women Writers make him to enter into “real” world. Some familiar writers like Garcia Marquez’s Macondo were one among them. It is said that the Magic comes naturally, as a simple, everyday occurrence. Magical realism is about mixing up things like ordinary with extraordinary, Fantasy with reality, reel with real. Hence Magical realism engages belief systems. It sets Magical events in realistic contexts about ‘Real’ and how it is exposed. It undermines our limitations we accept with or without any explanations. Hence Magical realist fiction is not “either/or but “both at once”. https://ijels.com/detail/magical-realism-and-myth-in-divakaruni-s-novels/ Soundarya S S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23-IJELS-SEP-2018-25-MagicalRealism.pdf Service providers are increasingly paying attention to internal marketing and human resources. The role of internal marketing is the satisfaction of employees, their performance, and their ability to work in foreign markets. Studies show that the relationship between employee satisfaction and average management is moderate. In addition, the relationship between employees is also moderate in relation to safety and work performance assessments, working hours and safety, satisfaction and management. https://ijels.com/detail/domestic-hotel-marketing-analysis-current-status/ I. Batkhishig, Ts. Amarjargal, Z. Nermaa, L. Enkhtuya. D, Ts. Altantuya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24-IJELS-SEP-2018-21-DomesticHotel.pdf The purpose of this research is to know whether students’ understanding of the simple past tense could be increased by discovery learning. This research was conducted at VII grade students of SMP Negeri 4 Doloksanggul in Academic Year 2017/218.which consisted of 36 students as respondent. This research used Classroom Action Research (CAR) method in solving the students’ problem in understanding of the simple past tense. The researcher used the Kurt Lewin’s model that consists of four phases, planning, acting, observing and reflecting. There are two kinds of data in this research, namely quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data can be derived from the test result. Besides, the qualitative data can be derived from the observation, interview and field notes. In analyzing the data, the researcher used descriptive analysis and statistic analysis to know the result of the implementation the Classroom Action Research (CAR) to the students. The result of this study showed that the students’ progress during teaching and learning process using discovery learning to increase the students’ understanding of the simple past tense was good. It was proved by three data results, first, from the observation result, it showed that the students were more motivated, active and interested in learning simple past tense in the classroom. Second, from interview result, it could be seen that students’ skill in understanding of the simple past tense has improved than before in which suitable with interview result with the English teacher. Last, from the test result. It consisted of three tests, namely pretest, posttest 1 and posttest 2. There was found 22.78 point of improvement of students’ mean score after using discovery learning. The mean score of the pre-test was 48.19. There were only 8.33% of the whole students who could pass Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM). Then the mean score of posttest 1 was 59.86. The percentage of students was 33.33% who could get the score above Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM). Next, the mean score of posttest 2 was 70.97. In this test, there were 77.78% students who got the score above Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM). https://ijels.com/detail/increasing-students-understanding-of-the-simple-past-tense-using-discovery-learning-at-vii-grade-students-of-smp-negeri-4-doloksanggul-in-academic-year-2017-218/ Holmes Rajagukguk M.Hum, Dia Sinta Gultom https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25-IJELS-OCT-2018-12-Increasing.pdf The paper is an attempt to study Chinua Achebe’s Arrow of God through the lens ofHomi K. Bhabha’s concept of ‘mimicry.’African Trilogy is a significant picture of African people and the history of how they are lured into a new culture. We see in the trilogy an evolution of mimic men ¬– how the native man evolves into an imitator. There are a lot of representations of mimic men available in the trilogy and they can be categorized into various phases of evolution of “mimic man” according to their ambivalence and hybridity level of their contemporary culture and society. The paper concentrates mainly on the characters of Arrow of God like Oduche and Unachukwu as they represent the universal condition and behaviour of mimic men. https://ijels.com/detail/mimicry-in-achebe-s-arrow-of-god/ Sreejith.S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26-IJELS-SEP-2018-23-Mimicry.pdf The present research paper attempts to bring feminist perspective in the work of the famous novelist Nugui Wa Thiong’o. It studies the nature of woman in one of his novels Petal of Blood. It deals with the geographical background of Kenya and the impact of British colonialism. It alsoanalysis the feminist aspects of the novel and the women characters in Petals of Blood are the victims of the patriarchal structure of the African society. Through Ngugi’s novel Petals of Blood, the reader comes across the fact that a woman can be a mother, politician, socialist, educator and provider of the family at the same time. Women like Nyakinyua and Wanja struggle hard against colonialism. They strongly desire to curb oppression and exploitation of Kenyan society. Ngugi shows British colonialism becoming responsible for the destruction of Kikuyu- Kenyan society. He strongly believes in women’s natural abilities and qualities. Most of his protagonists are women and they play roles in the struggle against oppression and exploitation. They try to break patriarchal barriers and bring changes in their society to liberate themselves. Nugui shows the nature of woman, he also throws the light on the positive and negative aspects of women in Kenyan society. Nugui doesn’t ignore the impact of colonialism on the society in general and women in particular in his novels”. Nyakinyua brings out the state of women and the plight of the poor. Thus, Petals of blood deals with the exploitation of the African women on the basis of race, class and gender. https://ijels.com/detail/a-feminist-perspective-in-ngugi-wa-thiong-s-novel-petal-of-blood/ Ahmad Jasim Mohammad Alazzawi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27-IJELS-OCT-2018-17-AFeministPerspective.pdf Theater in India as its very ancient origin. The earliest form of classical theater of India was the Sanskrit theater. Modern Indian theater developed during the period of colonial rule under the British Empire. In order to restrict the use of the theater the British government imposed dramatic Performance act. But after independence the use of theater flourished and gradually kept on improving. Accordingly the new narrative style and techniques also developed. Theaters across all over India evolved and embellished with different names in different regions. Among the many forms of Indian folk theatre. Bhavai is a popular folk theatre form of Gujarat, Bhaona and AnkiyaNats have been practicing in Assam .Jatra has been popular in Bengal . Another folk theatre form popular in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh is Swang, which is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented. Yakshagana is a very popular theatre art in Karnataka. Kathakali is a form of dance-drama, characteristic of Kerala. The various dramatist since early 19th century to the modern era have been experimenting on dramaturgy and hence improvising the narrative techniques since independence. In this paper I have specially discussed Mahesh Dattani’s technical craftsmanship, their skillful enactment on stage, how it becomes effective with his stage directions.Dattani’s plays are crafted meticulously and the dramatic tensions are carefully built up. Most of his plays have the feministic aspects and the gender biased issues of today’s society. https://ijels.com/detail/theatres-in-india-after-independence-with-special-reference-to-mahesh-dattani-s-works/ Dr. Shobha Kumari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28-IJELS-SEP-2018-22-TheatresinIndia.pdf Learners' cognitive, metacognitive, individual differences and demographic characteristics have been found having profound impact on their linguistic performance. This study has tried to observe two such factors namely motivation and attitude of the learners and their impact on the learners’ proficiency. An adapted version of AMTB and a TEEP test have been used to statistically measure the level of motivation and attitude of the learners for learning English and the correlation between these two learner factors and their language performance. The study has found that learners’ overall motivation level is average though instrumental motivation outscores integrative motivation and they have a mixed attitude towards learning English. Neither motivation nor attitude is significantly correlated with learners’ proficiency. https://ijels.com/detail/attitude-and-motivation-for-learning-english-and-their-impact-on-performance-a-study-on-engineering-students-of-jessore-university-of-science-and-technology/ Md. Abdullah Al Mamun, Md. Munibur Rahman, Fariha-Tuz-Zahra Chowdhury https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29-IJELS-OCT-2018-4-AttitudeandMotivation.pdf The art of masking and masquerading formed a known institution in Igbo society, which constitutes only males members. The institution was religious in nature thus, its influence in the maintenance of peace and order in the community. In addition, the institution was associated with law enforcement; whereby the masquerade could walk up to an individual and expose his/her secrete ills even while performing. These acts often serve as corrective measures, as nobody wants to be exposed publicly; hence its effectiveness in ensuring that traditional norms and values were kept. On the other hand, the art of wall and body painting which is known as Uli traditional painting was practised by only women in Igbo society. Apart from the mere purpose of decorating walls and female bodies for traditional ceremonies, it was also used for training of the girl child, who looks forward to womanhood in order to be part of the decorative team. These two institutions flourished during the pre-colonial era and are both gradually going into extinction. It is against this background that this paper proposes an examination of culture and leadership in pre-colonial Igbo society. It intends to show that there is a strong tie between art and leadership during the pre-colonial era, as well as x-ray the effect of civilization on traditional art institutions. https://ijels.com/detail/the-institution-of-masking-wall-and-body-painting-in-traditional-igbo-society/ Ndubuisi Chinyere https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30-IJELS-OCT-2018-6-TheInstitution.pdf The major objective of the United Nations organization is to foster world peace and security. Asides this, the global body is also concerned with the creation of the enabling environment which will guarantee international socio-economic prosperity for all humans. Hence, the UNO developed the Sustainable Development Goals in September 2015. The agenda was meant to put the whole world on a more prosperous and sustainable path so as to make positive changes for both people and the planet. However, a perennial threat to the realization of this goal in the developing countries, and in Nigeria particularly, is the scourge of insurgency which has grown significantly in sophistication. The continuous terror attacks by Boko Haram insurgent group in Nigerian only confirms the ineffectiveness of the counter-insurgency strategy being used by the government. The research discovered that Boko Haram incessant terror strike shave been threatening almost all the basic issues that constitute the SDGs such as eradication of poverty and hunger, good health, quality education, clean water and sanitation and economic growth among others and made their achievement a mere illusion. Hence, the research proposed that in addition to military approach, a comprehensive strategy such as; addressing the conditions that gave rise to insurgency, application of intelligence, good governance and international cooperation would be required to guarantee sustainable counter-insurgency and pave the way for the achievement of the SDGs in Nigeria. The study adopted analytical and descriptive research design for data collection and analysis. https://ijels.com/detail/dissecting-the-nexus-between-sustainable-counter-insurgency-and-sustainable-development-goals-putting-nigeria-in-the-context/ Popoola Michael A., Omosebi Fredrick Adeola https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31-IJELS-OCT-2018-18-Dissectingthe.pdf Boko Haram is a brutal and rapacious Islamic insurgency group which began in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northern Nigeria around 2002 and has been declared as an international terrorist organization and described as having links with a dreaded terrorist group, the Al Queda by the United States of America. The group is adverse to Western influence and education in the northern part of Nigeria, seeks to introduce Sharia law and wants to replace government rule in order to establish a Caliphate within the northern region. In an attempt to undermine the government, Boko Haram is employing all forms of guerrilla tactics to unleashhorrific and indiscriminate violence on innocent civilians. As their atrocious attacks increase, the situation in Nigeria continues to worsen with growing numbers of victims resulting in continued destruction of the social, cultural and economic infrastructure. Despite efforts by the Nigerian government to restrain the insurgent group, Boko Haram has transformed into a transcontinental danger, thereby creating more concern for the international community. This work evaluates the operational means and methods being adopted by the insurgents, the impact of their activities in Nigeria and its implications on the human and humanitarian rights of Nigerians. The paper concludes by recommending among others the need for government to focus fundamentally on addressing the underlying socio-political and economic triggers of domestic violence. https://ijels.com/detail/the-asymmetric-nature-of-boko-haram-insurgency-and-its-implications-on-human-rights-and-international-humanitarian-law/ Eni E. Alobo, John Inaku, Roland O.Ipuole https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32-IJELS-OCT-2018-25-TheAsymmetric.pdf The article refers to the historical process of struggle for education undertaken by the Aymara communities in the Puno region (Peru). The objective is to visualize the main facts and moments of vindication and identifies the challenges and hopes, which still demand at present. In the results, the struggle to read and write has been identified in the first place; second, the conquest of the school by the communities; and in the third part the impertinence of education or the decontextualization of the school is visualized. The methodology used was ethnography, exploring events in the struggle for the education of the communities, providing descriptive data about the media, contexts and the participants involved in the historical process. It has identified actors such as the State, the community and the school, and the main aspects, social, political, economic and environmental, linked to the daily activities of agriculture and livestock. Capitalism has understood education as a commodity. The challenges and hopes are the demand and the permanent struggle for an education of relevance and contextualized, which could be assumed by the State with equity and justice in educational policy decisions. https://ijels.com/detail/fight-for-the-education-of-the-aymara-communities-of-puno-peru/ Vicente Alanoca Arocutipa, Cesario Ticona Alanoca https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33-IJELS-OCT-2018-40-Fightforthe.pdf The objectives of this study were: 1)to describe superstitious attitude and behaviors; 2)to examine level of superstitious beliefs of Thais; and 3) to compare mean differences between people with different origins (Bangkok and upcountry). Twenty-five MBA students were asked to complete the superstitious beliefs scale measurement for data collection. This scale measurement was newly developed based on the information about Thai superstitious beliefs retrieved on the Internet. The reliability of coefficient was conducted to ensure the quality of scale measurement. The alpha score of 0.916 indicated a high internal consistency of the measure. The results of this study showed that the total mean score of superstitious beliefs was at a high level. In addition, the findings also found no statistically significant differences in level of superstitious beliefs between participants who were from different origins (Bangkok and upcountry). Discussions, limitations, and recommendations for further studies were also conferred. https://ijels.com/detail/if-you-don-t-believe-it-don-t-disrespect-it-superstitious-beliefs-of-thais/ Dr. Chaiyaset Promsri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34-IJELS-OCT-2018-33-IfYouDontBelieve.pdf This article is devoted to the translation of archaeologists in the text of “Baburname”. The problems that reflecting in the translation of archaic words and their methods of solving. The information was given about the archaic words marked the original text is a pragmatic factor. https://ijels.com/detail/reflection-the-archaisms-in-translations-of-baburname/ Khoshimova Dildora Madaminovna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35-IJELS-OCT-2018-27-ReflectiontheArchaisms.pdf The increasing number of foreigners to the Shabab numbers mirrors a global dilemma in the fight against terrorism. Radicalization is no longer a preserve for the Islam or the Somalis alone in the 21st Century. Overtly, it is apparent that the process of radicalization has a taken new twists and turns because of the new and surprising numbers of Britons and Americans that have Joined Shabab fighters. Nuruddin in his imperfect trilogy of Knots, Cross, Links and Hiding portray succinctly the nature of global terrorism. The postcolonial theory as envisioned in Said’s Orientalism is an intentional and bold investigation on the colonized cultures. However, the theory does not just analyze the culture of the orient but also the power contestation that exists between the Oriental and the Occident world. The global market marked with a skewed economic contestation has created a distinct gap between the rich and the poor. We posit that the current global dimension of terrorism is a reaction to marginalization and oppression of a section of the community and that Nurrudin in Knots, Cross, Links and Hiding creates a platform for a literary interrogation of global terrorism. https://ijels.com/detail/representation-of-global-terrorism-in-nuruddin-s-imperfect-trilogy-of-hiding-knots-links-and-cross/ Mutai Eric, Kirigia Eliud https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36-IJELS-OCT-2018-34-Representationof.pdf The values instilled in students by their families in various domains of life (e.g. moral, social) are critical since they will influence their contribution as community members.The study examined students' moral, political, recreational, religious, and social values. Additionally, the survey examined students' attitudes toward family work.This study surveyed 125 business administration students (composed of 42 male and 83 female) of Nueva Ecija University of Science Technology.The present study examines the family values among students. Family moral values were the most important value that a family can teach and practice to their children. Aside from the morals, family also gives importance to social, work, religious, recreational, and political values, respectively. Many families do not have a formal definition of their basic values. Students' personal values and morals are shaped by their family values, which helps determine who they are and how they navigate society. When parents demonstrate the importance of family values, their children are given the framework and boundaries they need to discover their own place within those values and morals. Modify those ideals as the students grow older in order to make them distinctive as they evolve and develop into values-driven adults. Students learn to express themselves, grow from their mistakes, problem-solve, and develop all of the abilities and skills that enable them become effective members of the community through values-based family life. https://ijels.com/detail/an-evaluation-on-the-practices-of-family-values-among-students-of-college-of-management-and-business-technology/ Mary Chris Austria, Geena Baltazar Hipolito https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-10220226-AnEvaluation.pdf The development of modern theatre in India may be attributed to a change in the political set up in India. Post-Independence Indian theatre and drama got a new footing with the new found cultural confidence. The year 1972 turned out to be a landmark for the Indian vernacular theatre when Vijay Tendulkar’s Marathi play ‘GHASHIRAM KOTWAL’ made waves by its brilliant use of traditional folk forms in modern contemporary theatre. ‘GHASHIRAM KOTWAL’ has been in the controversy since its very inception. It was staged in 1972 but soon it was banned for its anti-Brahmin stance and the distortion of facts about great historical figure who played a key role in Maratha polity. The play reveals how the state is ruled by a defunct descendent of glorious Shivaji. The ruler is Peshwa but he is governing the state through his chancellor, Nana Phadnavis, who is cunning and crafty and knows no scruples. The people under his rule groan for want of freedom in speech and movement and honourable way of living. Ghashiram Kotwal grows up under the patronage of such a lecherous crafty man. He is ruthless and tyrant and prosecutes all-innocent as well as defaulters. Actually, Ghashiram Kotwal was harshly treated on his arrival to Poona with the intention of getting suitable employment to support his family and so, the spirit of vindictiveness never leaves him. Undoubtedly, ‘GHASHIRAM KOTWAL’ is a biting satire on contemporary society, police administration and power politics. It portrays the falling standards, degradation of society, the mannerism as well as the conduct of the citizens. The paper I propose to write brings forth this issue of corruption that is running rampant on all levels in this play and the police administration is no exception. As a matter of fact, the dramatist, Vijay Tendulkar, has brought under his focus the political and police administrations and their faulty ways of working as it is today or may be an extension of the yesteryears. https://ijels.com/detail/tendulkar-s-ghashiram-kotwal-an-illustration-of-socio-political-opportunism/ Dr. Suprita Jha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38-Tendulkar.pdf This article rigorously examines the radical intellectual and activist oeuvre of Arundhati Roy as a sustained critique of global capitalism, imperialism, and environmental destruction in contemporary India. Traversing both her fiction—The God of Small Things (1997) and The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017)—and her robust non-fiction collections, including The Algebra of Infinite Justice(2001), Capitalism: A Ghost Story (2014), and The End of Imagination (1998), the paper situates Roy at the intersection of postcolonial, eco-critical, and anti-imperialist literary traditions. Through close reading and critical synthesis, the essay explores how Roy exposes the collusion between neoliberal market dynamics, military force, and environmental devastation, and how she re-theorises resistance through polyphonic narrative, ethical engagement, and planetary solidarity. The argument asserts that Roy’s corpus functions as both a challenge and an alternative to twenty-first century empire, making her a unique political writer whose moral interventions hold continued global significance https://ijels.com/detail/resisting-the-empire-arundhati-roy-s-political-and-ecological-critique-of-global-capitalism-and-neo-imperialism/ B. K. Mohan Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39-IJELS-OCT-2018-87-Resisting.pdf