https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usFebruary 4 Rural area is described as a place of comfortable life, the safety place and society regularly to collaborate. Social change happens quickly in the rural resulting in rural community of experiencing the cultural shocks. The money is supposed to be creating economic change and creating prosperity turns out to give effect to the social reality in the community. According to Simmel (Simmel 1990; Hardiman 2010; Prasetyo 2013), money is not only as an economic transaction but also is the instrument and symbols to present issues related to value in the society. Money can influence attitudes, behavior the community in socio-cultural life. Those changes in lifestyle rural community is a result of the process imitation what he sees in the community of the city. This research was conducted in Banuayu one of rural area in Ogan Komering Ulu Timur Regency Sumatera Selatan. This research use qualitative research, the data collection use observation and interview. https://ijels.com/detail/money-and-social-reality-of-society-in-the-rural-area/ Heni Ismiati https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1 IJELS-DEC-2017-37-Money and Social Reality.pdf Puger is one of the sub-districts in Jember, Indonesia, which is famous for its beaches and rich of seafood-based products. One of its common products is Sardine. Basa Sardine Sticks is an innovative product which takes the advantages of Sardine. The purpose of food innovations is to develop the economic values of Sardine and also increase Puger society’s incomes. The results of present study showed that the Basa Sardine Sticks possessed high effectiveness. This was indicated by the results of descriptive statistical analysis involving 100 respondents. The food innovation related to stickswas expected to be developed and improved for maintaining the product quality and contribute to the economy of Puger society. https://ijels.com/detail/the-innovation-of-basa-sardine-sticks-to-optimize-social-economic-on-puger-society/ Rully Putri Nirmala Puji, Indah Suci Bunga Lestari, Ilvatus Safiroh, Sri Indah Rahayu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2 IJELS-DEC-2017-39-The Innovation of Basa.pdf Violence is one of society’s biggest, most tragic problems.However the cultural constructs, kept in place and reinforced by the patriarchal societies that we live in, refuse to associate women with violence. They are never seen capable of being the aggressors, their trauma or the complete lack of it, when they become the mute spectators of violence, is hardly ever recognised and if violence is perpetrated on them, it is normalised as being the fate of their kind. In his novel, The Book of Night Women, Marlon James traces out the lives of Jamaican slave women during the period of British colonisation of the island. James attempts to narrate from the perspective of women in general and slave women in particular. He does not shy away from associating women with violence. They are seen as perpetrators, spectators and victims of violence. In The Book of Night Women, violence is not constrained by gender. The attempt of this paper is to study the female characters of the novel in the three broad categories of perpetrators, spectators and victims of violence. https://ijels.com/detail/the-true-darkness-of-the-slave-woman-portrayal-of-women-and-violence-in-marlon-james-the-book-of-night-women/ Sangeeta S. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3 IJELS-JAN-2018-1-The True Darkness.pdf This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of contextual learning-based civic education textbook to improve the learning outcomes of grade V primary school students. This study is a quasi-experiment using pretest - post-test control group design. The subjects were 40 students of grade V primary school consisting of 22 students of experimental class and 18 students of control class. The treatment of experimental class is learning by using the contextual learning-based civic education textbook for 8 meetings. The learning process in the control class is on the same material and time span, but this class is not treated. The technique of collecting the data is using a test. The test instrument consists of 25 multiple choice questions. The result of independent sample t-test showed that the value of tcount is higher than ttable (5,937>2,024). The results showed that contextual learning-based civic education textbook is effective in improving grade V elementary school students learning outcomes. Improved learning outcomes in the experimental class based on the N-Gain score (0. 708) is in high category. https://ijels.com/detail/the-use-of-contextual-learning-based-civic-education-textbook-to-increase-student-outcomes-in-grade-v-elementary-school/ Aulia Fatwa Fatona, St. Y. Slamet, Winarno https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4 IJELS-DEC-2017-32-The Use of Contextual.pdf Manju Kapur speaks, with great narrative eloquence, of the idea of independence. She was awarded the Commonwealth Writers Prize for her first novel Difficult Daughters in 1999. It has earned her very substantial success, both commercially and critically, both India and in abroad. Her novel “A Married Woman” deals with new woman protagonist. It gives us revolutionary theme, the plot centers on a woman’s obsession with love and lesbianism. Here, “new woman” is bold and modern in perspectives. She is job oriented, rebellious, educated and thoughtful. Kapur's heroines are mostly educated, aspiring individuals caged within the confines of a conservative society. Their education leads them to independent thinking for which their family and society become intolerant of them. They struggle between tradition and modernity. Kapur has taken profound insight into woman’s inner turmoil to find a place, an identity and individuality of her own in society. For centuries, women are always back staged by patriarchal world. This paper brings out the feminist views of Manju Kapur and the issues related to the inner turmoil of women in her novel. https://ijels.com/detail/towards-modernity-in-manju-kapur-s-a-married-woman/ A. Sasikala https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5 IJELS-JAN-2018-6-Towards Modernity in Manju.pdf Every business letter is written to a purpose and has its own special aim. One of the features of this article is to show how the various letters set out to achieve their aims. The article can be of special help to those who are in business and use commercial correspondence. More and more of our work today is undertaken through writing rather than in person or on the phone. As we are writing so much more these days, we depend on our writing skills to influence, persuade, encourage, collaborate, and to lead. Yesterday’s writing is passive and wordy, and it sounds really dull. It puts a distance between you and the reader. Today’s writing sounds more conversational. It’s clear and transparent. The personal context makes it more positive and interesting. We connect with the world today largely through email, websites, bllogs, texting and social media. When connecting through these channels we have only bare facts, without voice and body language. That’s why it make sense to use writing that’s as close as possible to spoken language and to make a greater connection with your reader. https://ijels.com/detail/21st-century-business-language/ Naila Gasimova, Farida Huseynova https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6 IJELS-JAN-2018-3-21st Century Business.pdf Reduplication is a morphological phenomenon which has attracted attention of many researchers in various fields of Linguistics using a number of theories for many languages of the globe. Among other African languages, Kinyarwanda and Swahili have been studied under various approaches each but few comparative studies were conducted on these two Bantu languages spoken in Rwanda and its neighbouring countries of East African region. The aim of this study is to have a look into reduplication- a word formation process, with specific focus on Kinyarwanda and Swahili. Basing on Morphology Doubling Theory (MDT), the researchers examined the similarities and differences between the two languages. Both bounded and unbounded reduplication- full and partial word levels were concerned. Descriptive analysis revealed that the two members of the same set inherently share reduplication features basically complete root, partial and/or syllabic repetition in word formation process. https://ijels.com/detail/morphological-doubling-theory-to-two-bantu-languages-reduplication-a-comparative-perspective-of-kinyarwanda-and-swahili/ Mr. Bazimaziki Gabriel, Mr. Bisamaza Emilien, Mr. Ndayishimiye Jean Léonard https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7 IJELS-DEC-2017-8-Morphological Doubling theory.pdf “It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye", (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince). This study consists of literary criticism in Eat African poetry with particular interest in Okot p’Bitek’s Song of Lawino under feminist approach. The study has explored the theme of oppression, women right violation specifically because of human nature of weaknesses coupled with wickedness geared by ignorance for self- destruction in favour of the outsider, modernity being at the heart of the problem. It has been found that Lawino’s husband, Ocol, over-civilised until he now rejected his tradition. Clementine won totally Ocol to the detriment of Lawino, a traditional woman, whose accusations to the clansmen is revealing the role of the clan in the settlement of the house conflict in African tradition. The study showed how human society is paved with temptations and traps coupled with attractions that may lead to family destruction by the outsiders depicted in the image of Clementine as a modern beautiful wife. Since Feminist theory posits that women should be free from men- the oppressors, that women can become what they want if given their right, this paper ranges among the foundation laid for human rights respect for the sake of the oppressed among different societies. https://ijels.com/detail/contemporary-human-manners-as-reflected-in-east-african-poetry-a-tri-model-characters-in-okot-p-bitek-s-song-of-lawino/ Bazimaziki Gabriel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8 IJELS-DEC-2017-18-Contemporary human manners.pdf In the digital era nowadays technological developments are expected to be optimally utilized in various sectors covering economy and business, politics to education. Development and use of multimedia in learning is one way in utilizing technology in the field of education. Utilization of technology in the field of education is closely related to technological pedagogical content knowledge and also the competence of learners as an effort to develop digital skills. Edmodo multimedia is one of the e-learning based media that is designed by raising the existence of social media for learning. https://ijels.com/detail/edmodo-multimedia-supporting-technology-for-media-learning-at-higher-education/ Rully Putri Nirmala Puji, Nurul Umamah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9 IJELS-JAN-2018-10-Edmodo Multimedia.pdf This study was an attempt to examine different areas of gender in representation of women and men in English textbooks used by the lecture in teaching SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistics) in universitas Padjadjaran written by Eva Tuckita Sari Sujatna. This study uses quantitative and qualitative method by counting the frequence calculate the frequency of occurrence of nouns, names, pronouns, and adjectives that show women and men and analyzing the use of names, nouns, pronouns and adjectives attributed to women and men. The findings revealed that the manifestation of women and men in the English textbooks was not fair. The presence of men was more highlighted than that of women in terms of names, nouns, pronouns and adjectives. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-representations-in-english-text-book-critical-discourse-analysis/ Fahimah Saifuddin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10 IJELS-JAN-2018-8-Gender Representations in English.pdf Literary learning has not been taught appreciatively to PGSD students. It is urgent and needed to be done research on the development of appreciative literary textbooks. The purpose of this study is to: (1) describe the needs of students and lecturers about thematic-integrative appreciative prose textbook, (2) to describe the development of thematic-integrative appreciative prose textbook, (3) to find the effectiveness of thematic-integrative appreciative prose textbook, and 4) describe the result of dissemination of thematic-integrative appreciative prose textbook. The type of research used in this study was a development study developed by Borg and Gall. The study was conducted through 4 steps, namely: (1) preliminary stage, (2) model development stage, (3) model testing stage, (4) dissemination stage. The research approach used in the exploration stage was descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Data analysis technique was done using interactive analysis model. Model testing was done by conducting experimental research. The results of this research were: (1) exploration stage showed that appreciative prose textbook that was used in UNS Surakarta, UMS Sukoharjo, and UNISRI Surakarta did not meet the students and lecturers’ expectation, (2) development stage of thematic-integrative appreciative prose textbook model was done through preliminary field testing; and (3) the effectiveness testing of the textbook (main field testing) found out that the value of t obtained (8.85) which was then compared with the value of t table for N = 90, α = 0.05 (1.67). Thus, t-obtained (8.85) > t-table (1.67), then the hypothesis was accepted (Ho was rejected) and the study is significant. This means that thematic-integrative appreciative prose textbook is declared effective. https://ijels.com/detail/the-development-of-appreciative-prose-textbook-through-active-learning-for-students-of-pgsd-study-program-in-surakarta-regions/ Markamah E.S., Slamet S.Y. , Rukayah, Winarni R. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11 IJELS-JAN-2018-4-The Development of Appreciative.pdf The article attempts to analyse how known Indian poetry is in Slovenian cultural space, which authors have been translated and what research has been done into it. The article finds that Indian poetry is despite differences between Slovenian and Indian cultural spaces relatively well known. The most widely read poet is Rabindranath Tagore, who strongly influenced Slovenian modernist poet Srečko Kosovel. Publications of Indian poetry are mostly limited to anthologies. https://ijels.com/detail/indian-poetry-in-slovenian-cultural-space/ Andreja Radetic https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12 IJELS-JAN-2018-14-Indian Poetry in Slovenian.pdf The ‘Third Wave’of democracy resulted in transition galore in Africa. Authoritarian governments abandoned authoritarianism fora reconstructed political society which mirrors the institutions and processes of liberal democracy. What is strange however, is the fact that most of the countries that transited to democratic rule in the region about three decades ago are not making significant progress towards consolidating their hard earned democracy. Electoral violence and some other anti-democratic practices have made the mantra of good governance a mere rhetoric, and kept democracy perpetually nascent in most of the countries in the region. But worthy of note is the reference being made to Ghana, by some observers of African politics, as a beacon of democracy in Africa. The crux of this paper therefore is to attempt a critical evaluation of Ghanaian’s democratic experience to determine the extent to which the country can be referred to as a consolidated democracy. Descriptive/qualitative method was used for data analysis. The paper discovered that Ghana indeed possesses some strikingly unique democratic experience which distinguish it from other African states. Although the countryis still struggling with some anti-democratic challenges like vote buying and executive recklessness, which if not properly addressed may erode any democratic gains recorded so far. Nevertheless, the impressive democratic credentials or the indices of democratic consolidation in the country as discovered by this research, can make one to conclude that Ghana is on the path of achieving democratic consolidation. https://ijels.com/detail/democratic-consolidation-in-africa-the-ghanaian-paradigm/ Popoola Michael Akin, Omosebi Fredrick Ade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13 IJELS-JAN-2018-12-Democratic Consolidation in Africa.pdf The current article tries to offer a general view upon homepages, and how the Internet affects people’s, especially teenagers’, private life. We are the witnesses of the irreversible shift from private life to the public one. https://ijels.com/detail/personal-homepages/ Andreea Petrache https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14 IJELS-FEB-2018-1-Personal Homepages.pdf Cicero is an important figure of philosophy in the post-Socratean tradition. He not only excels in the art of Rhetoric and oratory, but also in giving judgment on poetry to politics and keenly observing Epicurean theory of pleasure. Like his master Aristotle, his writing style is very lucid and succinct. Various interpretations of Cicero and the translations of his work as “De Republica” or the ‘Republic’ clearly place him as a man whose writings are a gem of classics. As soaked and well versed in the Greeko-Roman tradition, he also emphasized the notions of ‘ETHICS’ as a larger perspective of formulating not only the state, government and constitution, but also a fundamental and profound aspect of individual’s concern as well as of the whole society. His typical oratory and the use of the art of Rhetoric are also only and solely not inspired, but his own. He weaves the concepts about ethics in this very typical style and background. Essentially as a philosopher, assigning the role of philosophy in determining the several social codes, he particularly elaborates the idea of power, duty, justice and war. His philosophy promulgates that ‘ETHICS’ are the bases and rightfully define the society and makes it function properly. As he allocates a substantial worth to ‘Ethics’, he places them at a higher pulpit and all other areas of social life under this very title. He even sees that state and government and also constitution of any state, are part of this larger study of ‘ETHICS’. The article seeks to view Cicero’s thoughts on the above mentioned issues, and how he delineates the nature and function of a well run society, and its laws, keeping it in the frame of ‘Ethics’. It also deals with the Ciceronian concepts and ideas of constitution and government. The article also tries to search parallelism between the Ciceronian maxims and their relevance to today’s world of chaos and anarchy. https://ijels.com/detail/cicero-on-constitution-government-and-ethics/ Mubasher Mahdi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15 IJELS-JAN-2018-17-Cicero on Constitution, Government.pdf The orient has always been a forbidden fruit for the aesthetic hunger of the western mind. Countless poets, essayists, novelists, philosophers and painters have been charmed and captivated by the exotic east. It has exercised on their imagination a kind of magic spell of the serpent woman.China, being the centre of attraction has always lured people around the world. Apart from Orientalists and Indologists, a long line of creative writers and artists sought their spiritual and aesthetic sustenance from the rich cultural heritage of China. Pearl . S. Buck, an American novelist , has recorded her experiences and views about China in her novels in an excellent manner. She has spent most of her life in China , as she was taken to China at a very young age , by her missionary parents. Since childhood, China became a part of her life, thoughts, and expression. These thoughts found expression in her autobiographical work ‘ My Several Worlds’, and in the two biographies of her father and mother, ‘The Fighting Angel’ and ‘The Exile’ , and several other novels.The main theme of her novels was Chinese people and their life. She has also seriously digged at the foreign Christians, church and Christianity in her novels. She has dealt the issues like religion, culture, philosophy, man woman relationship, condition of women in China in a fantastic manner in her novels. My present Paper deals with many of the issues discussed elaborately in the novels of Pearl. S. Buck. This paper gives a glimpse of China under the rule of Empress Dowager , the defacto ruler of China and one of the most powerful women in Chinese history and her impression on western people, especially on Pearl. S. Buck. https://ijels.com/detail/pearl-s-buck-and-her-association-with-the-east/ Dr. Dipti Gupta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16 IJELS-FEB-2018-2-Pearl. S. Buck and her association.pdf The aims of this study is to describe and analyze connotative meaning of of signs in Lombok Musical Instrument (Gendang beleq). The researcher divides the data into two parts which are primery and secondary data. The primery data consists of magazines, books guide, and the data from internet and the result of interview. the method used in this study is qualitative. The main theory that the researcher used is Roland Barthes Theory. The result of this study shows that the connotative meaning of signs in Lombok Musical Instrument (Gendang Beleq) was Courageous, spirit, strength. https://ijels.com/detail/denotative-and-connotative-meaning-of-signs-in-lombok-musical-instrument-gendang-beleq/ Fahimah Saifuddin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17 IJELS-FEB-2018-6-Denotative and Connotative Meaning.pdf The purpose of writing this essay is to make an observational decision about where the future of poetry will stand due to the unprecedented development of technology and science. In this article, I tried to show how the poems got separated after the invention of printing from the early and medieval poems. In spite of using computer equipment, especially poetry writing, poetry is changing its old anatomy. There is considerable reason to think about this change that technology has a close relation with the writing of poetry. As a result, a visible change in the poems of poetry that has been used so far is a visible change. To prove the reality of my project, I have tried to illustrate the concept of change of poetry, the history of printing, the history of anthropology, language and myths. But even though this fact is still a huge change, the concept of poetry in human mind does not seem to change. https://ijels.com/detail/the-days-of-poetry-are-running-out/ Mozid Mahmud https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18 IJELS-FEB-2018-5-The days of poetry are running out.pdf This article aims to analyze the Self-quests of two transitional heroes from two great Anglo-Norman romances, Guy of Warwick, and Bevis of Hampton in terms of Gennep’s notion of the phases of Ritede Passage and Turner’s notion of liminal state. It attempts to trace the heroes’ journeys in light of Gennep’s and Turner’s terminology. The main purposein doing this this is to show that both heroes in both romances act as bridges to fuse the cultural elements between Pre-conquest and Post-conquest England in order to make the way for the birth of a new Self at individual and national levels with regard to changing dynamics of the contemporary society. It also discusses how the birth of a new Self necessitates the metaphorical deaths of the transitional heroes in both romances. This article is outlined as the introduction of the romances and the general discussion of the heroes’ Self quests in both romances in light of Gennep’s and Turner’s notions. https://ijels.com/detail/rite-of-transition-in-guy-of-warwick-and-bevis-of-hampton-the-liminal-persona-in-betwixt-and-between/ Onur Ekler https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19 IJELS-FEB-2018-7-Rite of Transition in Guy.pdf A major novelist, a short story writer, and a poet, John Updike is a distinguished writer of American literature. His work has received international criminal acclaim. As a literary artist, he has given us most powerful expression of the American racist society. His writing is personal, not subjective. It pleases his busy imagination, his sense of humor and his understanding of contradictions within every segment of human display. https://ijels.com/detail/black-activism-john-updike/ Dr. Suchitra Vashisth https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20 IJELS-FEB-2018-8-Black Activism.pdf This study aim about the errors made by the students in using degrees of comparison in adjectives. The purpose of this study was to know the dominant type of the error. Error is associated with failure in competence. To find the data of the errors in using degrees of comparison in adjectives, this study was conducted by applying descriptive quantitative. The population was the ninth grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Muara Hutaginjang in academic year 2015/2016. The total population is 88 students, so the researcher took population as sample based on Arikunto’ states. But in this study, the researcher took sample 84 students because 4 of them absent. The researcher used test for collecting the data. After collecting data, the researcher analyzed and classified the errors. The results of the data were the total of all errors is 841. The highest rate of all error types is misformation with the total of errors is 364 or 43,28% and the lowest rate of the error type is omission with 139 errors or 16,52%. Next, there are 186 or 22,11% error in misordering and 152 or 18,07% in addition. https://ijels.com/detail/the-error-of-using-degrees-of-comparison-in-adjectives/ Bonari HR Tambunan, Juandi Nababan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21 IJELS-FEB-2018-15-The Error of using Degrees.pdf Science fiction thrives on the art of crafting worlds that break away from familiar realities. This paper delves into the realm of science fiction with a focus on Ursula Le Guin’s short stories, which deeply engage with the concept of "otherness." Through themes of gender, race, and ecology, Le Guin skillfully constructs narratives that challenge and destabilize established power structures. It examines how Le Guin's stories not only amplify women's voices in science fiction but also carved out a space for them to explore their identities, aspirations, and societal roles. An exploration into Le Guin’s world of science fiction allow the ‘others’ in society to confront traditional norms, examine their desires, and redefine their place in both fictional and real-world contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/the-theme-of-otherness-in-select-short-stories-of-ursula-le-guin-s-the-fisherman-of-the-inland-sea/ Minu Alex https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22-IJELS-FEB-2019-57.pdf