https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usJune 3 The works of Toni Morrison to a great extent mirror the history of Afro-Americans. As a main figure of the Afro-American Renaissance, Miss Morrison makes Re-accentuation of slavery from past into present. She has made use of fiction writing as a method for remaking the past of slavery in American society. The basic thought implanted in the narrative of fiction by Morrisonis the position of black community in the white American community in the present era as well as in the past. Her writing is totally dedicated and given to black peopleand is a steady attempt to place things in the correct way and setting for them.Morrison’s Beloved (1987) manages past as a storyline of the ownership of the most tangible reality of human presence as well as the most intellectual of human connections.It spotlights the dialogic inclinations of memory of the past of slavery and its inventive ability to construct and reconstruct the implication of past of slavery. https://ijels.com/detail/encyclopedia-of-bondage-re-accentuation-of-the-past-of-slavery-in-morrison-s-beloved/ Muhammad Ehsan, Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Zohaib Khalil, Asima Ashraf https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1 IJELS-MAY-2017-3-Encyclopedia of Bondage.pdf The forces of culture commodification, cultural synchronisation and modernisation have been shaping, nay, disfiguring traditional cultural events staged in Africa. In a bid to modernise and render local cultures more appealing to a western/westernised public of tourists, many African states – particularly their tourism planners – have developed the tendency of copying and superimposing foreign/western concepts to local cultural displays. This paper illustrates this phenomenon using the Calabar Festival and Calabar Carnival (two popular cultural events staged in the Nigeria’s South-eastern city of Calabar) as a case study. Using critical observations and secondary sources, this paper argues that for some years now, “controversial” and immodest forms of foreign cultures (particularly, nudity, pornography and lack of morality among others) have progressively disfigured the Calabar Festival and Carnival Calabar. The traditional conservative touch which used to characterise various aspects of these events has progressively been jettisoned in favour of westernisation (masked with modernisation or glamorisation of culture). While modernist Nigerians view such a growing influence of western/foreign cultures on the Calabar Festival and Carnival Calabar as an index of the inevitable dynamism of local cultures; conservative Nigerians uncompromisingly sound alarmist and rightly interpret such a phenomenon as a subtle disfiguration, erosion nay, disappearance of local cultures. https://ijels.com/detail/nigerianess-versus-foreigness-in-the-calabar-festival-and-carnival-calabar/ Endong, Floribert Patrick C. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2 IJELS-APR-2017-4-Nigerianess versus Foreigness in the Calabar.pdf Masculinity is a set of qualities, characteristics and roles generally considered typical of, or appropriate to a man. This research investigated and analyzed how a Nigerian female novelist depicts masculinity in her selected novel. This is with a view to appraising the representations of different aspects of masculinity, particularly in terms of the sexist notions of power, sexuality, emotion and poverty. Feminism and Masculinism are used as the theoretical frameworks due to their relevance to the interpretation of the selected text. The Nigerian novel purposively selected is AkachiAdimora-Ezeigbo’sThe Last of the Strong Ones. The contours of manliness take on an intriguing stereotypical and sexist complexity in the selected novel, as they are replete with stereotypical sexist virtues and rigidly differentiated roles ascribed to a man, including assertiveness, strength, sexuality, authority, virility, possessiveness, protectiveness, and insensitivity. The forms of masculinity that recur in the novel include hegemonic, dependent, ambivalent, collapsed and liberated. Abazu is “collapsed”, while Iheme is “ambivalent”. The male characters have their individual masculine idiosyncrasies, and the female characters have their distinguishing own gender roles. The complexities of male roles therefore confirm the pluralistic and slippery nature of masculinity. https://ijels.com/detail/masculinity-the-male-in-the-hands-of-female-writers-a-study-of-akachi-adimora-ezeigbo-s-the-last-of-the-strong-ones/ Tobalase Adegbite O., Aikabeli Lucky O. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3 IJELS-APR-2017-6-Masculinity The Male in the Hands of Female.pdf This paper examines the challenges of Tiv Youths’development in contemporary society and attempts a socio-political-cum-economic analysis of the way forward. The paper made use of secondary sources of data to get the required information for its analysis. Thus, content analysis of existing literature relevant to the issues under consideration was employed to get the findings. Meanwhile, David Easton’s Systems Theory was used as a theoretical framework of analysis. The major findings of this paper are that the youths of any society are often referred to as future leaders of that society; the society therefore is bound to have challenges in a nearest future if the youths of that society are faced with challenges that are not carefully solved. It also means that a society is not properly secured if the welfare of the youths who are considered the bedrock of that society is not properly taken into consideration. Among the challenges facing the development of Tiv youths in contemporary society have been pointed out to include political violence and disempowerment of the youths in Tiv land; refusal to help the younger ones by the Tiv Elites; traditional practices and the “Iyuhe” syndrome amongst the Tivs; emergence of ‘house-help’ phenomenon and the resultant challenges; lack of interest in education on the part of the youths in modern day Tiv society; materialism and the challenges of Tiv youths’ development in contemporary society; laziness and lack of entrepreneur skills as challenges; early marriage and the challenges of Tiv youths’ development; lack of interest in Girl-child education among the Tiv and the challenges; bad company or relations and the challenges of Tiv youths, etc.We recommend here, amongst other things, that the reverse of the problems identified as challenges of youths’ development in contemporary Tiv society be the case for enhanced progress and development of not only the Tiv youths but Tivethnic nationality and Nigeria at large. https://ijels.com/detail/the-challenges-of-tiv-youths-development-in-contemporary-society-a-socio-political-cum-economic-analysis/ Simon Aondohemba Shaapera https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4 IJELS-APR-2017-5-The Challenges of Tiv Youths Development.pdf Teamwork between teachers and school administrators is of paramount importance for the achievement of organizational goals as a school. This quantitative research examined the factors affecting teamwork between school administrators and teachers. The study population was a purposeful sample of 33 respondents comprising of 28 teachers and 5 school administrators in three secondary schools in one district. Focus Group Discussions were used to elicit the views of the teachers. The researcher used semi-structured interviews to collect data from the school administrators. Participant observations were utilized to consolidate findings from the focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. The study established that lack of teamwork results from gossiping, jealous, poor communication, mistrust, lack of respect, egocentrism, policies which are not user friendly and lack of transparency. This lack of teamwork was also discovered to bring challenges like witch hunting, hatred, and lack of cooperation, student indiscipline, and jeopardization of school programs, frustration, and demotivation of teachers, disgruntlements, and delay in implementation of policies and spreading of malicious gossip. Recommendations from this research were that staff development workshops on teamwork be held for teachers and school administrators, a two way communication channel between teachers and school administrators be embraced and truth and reconciliation forums for the two parties concerned be created. Policy makers were recommended to review their policies and adopt user-friendly ones which cultivate teamwork between teachers and school administrators. https://ijels.com/detail/facts-and-fallacies-on-teamwork-between-school-administrators-and-teachers-in-secondary-schools-in-mutasa-district-of-manicaland-province-zimbabwe/ Gombakomba, J., Oyedele, V., Chikwature W., Oyedele O. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5 IJELS-MAR-2017-16-Facts and Fallacies on Teamwork between School.pdf Reading is not only how to read a piece of literature, a book, a story …etc., but it is also how to acquire the meaning and the implications through reading. It’s the role of parents and pre-school teachers to help the child acquire good habits to be ready to master the reading skills. This paper aims to review the three types of reading models. It is also intended to explore the different types of reading strategies and the different approaches that are used in teaching these strategies. Then more focus will be over-highlighted on how to deal with reading comprehension difficulties. These points are supported by certain activities that would be beneficial for stakeholders, teachers and learners of English as a second language. One should be aware of what kind of texts he/she is offering to his/her learners. Texts should be authentic or simplified according to the students’ levels, ages and needs. https://ijels.com/detail/reading-models-a-review-of-the-current-literature/ Dr. Osama Abu Baha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6 IJELS-MAY-2017-4-Reading Models A Review of the Current Literature.pdf It was a pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed. The opening words of Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 are at once eerie and bellicose, setting the tone for the chaotic, dystopian society that constitutes the narrative landscape of the novel, and hinting at the change that will color the novel. Indeed, from these opening lines, we can clearly see that transformation—psychic and societal—is the central theme and operative concept in the novel. https://ijels.com/detail/transformational-quest-in-ray-bradbury-s-fahrenheit-451/ David Pendery https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7 IJELS-MAR-2017-14-Transformational Quest in Ray.pdf Kupe Muanenguba Division (KMD) can be termed as an ecotourism cornucopia because of her richness in floral and faunal biodiversity, juxtaposed with beautiful terrain and lakes as well as a wonderful cultural mix. The main objective of this study was to identify and assess the ecotourism potentials in the division so as to create awareness to nationals and foreign tourists on what this division is endowed with. Data for this study consisted of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources of data collection included on-the-spot observation, interviews and the use of camera. The Geographic Positioning System (GPS) was also used to map out the ecotourism potentials and tourism infrastructures in KMD. Secondary sources of data collected included literature from published and unpublished sources such as: text books, articles, journals, reports of research organizations and theses. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used in the administration of the questionnaires. Results revealed that KMD is endowed with rich ecotourism potentials that are still lying unharnessed meanwhile others are not even known to all and sundry. The study has recommended amongst others that the Cameroon government should involve the indigenous people (by employing them and taking their own opinions into account) in the protection and conservation of the natural resources and involve them in all ecotourism activities. https://ijels.com/detail/an-assessment-of-ecotourism-potentials-in-kupe-muanenguba-division-south-west-region-cameroon/ Balgah Sounders N., Nfor Frederick https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8 IJELS-JUN-2017-4-An Assessment of Ecotourism Potentials in Kupe.pdf The present study focused on the effects of teachers’ personality on general English Test (GET) achievement among Iranian EFL senior high school students. This study was conducted with the help of 30 male English teachers and 60 male students as its participants. At first, thirty teachers were non-randomly selected among 50 EFL teachers. A questionnaire of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (1998) was given to the English teachers of a district of Ahvaz as the population of the study to determine the extroverted and introverted ones. The questionnaire determined 15 teachers were introverted and 15 were extroverted among the research population. It should be noted that fifteen high schools of Ahvaz were non-randomly selected (i.e., from each High school two English teachers and four students) to collect the required data. Moreover, the students’ English achievement scores on the first GET test and the second one at the beginning and at the end of the fall semester in 2014 were collected. Data were analyzed through SPSS software, version 17 regarding the questionnaire and students’ scores in both exams. The results of the descriptive, Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed test showed that the students with extroverted teachers are more significantly outperformed the students with introverted teachers (p https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-teachers-personality-on-senior-high-school-efl-learners-general-english-achievement/ Ehsan Namazian Dost, Nabiallah Khash Hafshejani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9 IJELS-JUN-2017-8-The Impact of Teachers’ Personality on Senior.pdf This paper provides a glimpse into the dynamic world of agriculture marketing, emphasizing the need for stakeholders to address challenges and seize opportunities while embracing innovative solutions. To ensure food security and sustainable economic growth, it is imperative to continue exploring and implementing strategies that enhance the efficiency, inclusivity, and resilience of agriculture marketing systems. This research paper is relies mainly on secondary data sources for its investigation. The necessary secondary data will primarily be gathered from scholarly repositories, official records, literary publications, periodicals, government reports, the Economic Survey of India, the Agriculture Census, and similar reputable references. The various tools were also used like percentage, pie charts and tables for clear understanding. https://ijels.com/detail/from-farmer-to-consumer-agricultural-marketing-and-management-system-in-india/ Sunita Chhaba, Pooja Choudhary https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10 IJELS-JUN-2017-87-From.pdf