https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usOctober 12 Against the deepening process of globalization, the United States launched global tariff wars and intensified its suppression of China’s development. Trade disputes and tariff frictions between the two sides persisted from 2018 to 2025. Under such circumstance, policy-driven external crises have become a key research context for corporate crisis communication discourse. This study conducts a comparative analysis of Apple and Huawei based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model. Since neither company issued official statements during the 2025 trade conflicts, this paper just analysis the text released in the initial phase of the tariff war from 2018 to 2020. The paper examines their crisis communication discourses. The research findings indicate that Huawei adopted a clear and confrontational discourse strategy, constructing an identification of "survival and development". Through emotional mobilization, historical narration and collective identity rhetoric, it linked corporate prospects to national industrial security. In contrast, Apple maintained a neutral, restrained and depoliticized stance and established an identification of "efficiency and win-win cooperation". It upheld shared interests via rational elaboration, interest balancing and data expression. The difference between the two companies stems from ownership nature, supply chain structure, market reliance and political and economic contexts. This research broadens the application of Critical Discourse Analysis in studies on crisis communication discourse triggered by policy-driven external crises, and provides references on discourse strategies for both multinational corporations and local enterprises to deal with international political risks. https://ijels.com/detail/a-comparative-study-of-crisis-communication-discourse-between-chinese-and-american-companies-under-the-tariff-war-a-case-study-of-apple-and-huawei/ Geng Xiaokun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-106202658-AComparative.pdf The intangible subjectivity of beauty creates inferiority and deep perpetual impact in the psyche of innocent child, and The Bluest Eye is the fine epitome of it. Toni Morrison's has indignantly exhibited the sobs and sighs of psychologically inflected wounds of the black family. The concept of the beauty has to be formed to establish the new and equal civil liberties in the world, which will inspire man to look at each other as human being. The novelist depicts a tormenting study of trauma rooted in dysfunctional family and domestic depression within African-American societies. The researcher focuses on how systemic racism, internalized notions of beauty, and socioeconomic marginalization inflict deep psychological wounds on individuals, particularly children. The novel reveals the emotional neglect, domestic violence, and cracked parental associations generate a cycle of despair and self-loathing. It also shows domestic spaces not as situations of protection but as arenas of sustained trauma, where inherited pain is silently transmitted across generations. By interrogating the imposed standards of white beauty and their destructive impact on Black identity. Pecola, the novel’s protagonist, has been victimized due to her blackness and ugliness. https://ijels.com/detail/traumatic-saga-of-dysfunctional-and-domestic-depression-in-toni-morrison-s-the-bluest-eye/ Dr. Dnyaneshwar Kisan Satbhai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-108202662-Traumatic.pdf Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847) and Wilkie Collins’s The Woman in White (1859–60) represent female madness through spaces of confinement and systems of institutional authority. Although the novels differ in genre and narrative technique, both question the authority through which women are classified as mentally unstable and subsequently deprived of autonomy. This article examines Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre and Anne Catherick and Laura Fairlie in The Woman in White to argue that female madness is represented not merely as an individual psychological condition but as a category produced and reinforced through patriarchal, domestic, legal, and medical structures. In Brontë’s novel, Bertha’s confinement in a concealed room on the third floor of Thornfield removes her from social visibility and limits her narrative presence, while Rochester’s account of her condition becomes the dominant explanation of her identity. Collins develops the relationship between madness and institutional power more explicitly through the asylum, where Anne Catherick is associated with insanity and Laura Fairlie is subsequently confined under Anne’s identity. This substitution exposes the vulnerability of institutional classification and demonstrates how the designation of madness can become an instrument for controlling female identity and autonomy. Drawing on feminist literary criticism, Foucauldian approaches to madness and disciplinary power, and historical perspectives on Victorian confinement, this article compares the two novels to examine how institutional and patriarchal authority regulate women’s bodies, identities, mobility, and testimony. It argues that confinement and classification operate as interconnected mechanisms of power: the classification of women as mentally unstable legitimizes their confinement, while confinement further undermines their ability to define and defend their own identities. Ultimately, both novels expose the precarious relationship between female identity, narrative authority, and institutional power in Victorian culture. https://ijels.com/detail/confined-and-classified-female-madness-and-institutional-power-in-jane-eyre-and-the-woman-in-white/ Aneeth Karunya Saj, Dr. Imtiyaz Ahmad Bhat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-10920261-Confined.pdf Meerabai (also Mirabai; c. 1498–c. 1546), a Rathore princess of Merta who was married into the Sisodia house of Mewar, is among the most widely remembered women saints of the North Indian bhakti tradition. Later hagiography presents her as a widow who refused sati, rejected the honor codes of a Rajput court, sang and danced in public temples, kept the company of sadhus across caste lines, and survived attempts on her life before vanishing into the image of Krishna at Dwarka. This article reconstructs that story with scholarly caution. Court chronicles of Merta and Mewar are almost silent on her; the earliest firm literary notice appears in Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal (c. 1600). The immense padavali sung in her name is a layered, co-authored corpus rather than a closed authorial canon (Hawley, 2005; Martin, 2023). Reading life-narrative, attributed Hindi and Rajasthani padas, and modern critical literature together, the essay argues that Meerabai’s significance lies less in a fully recoverable biography than in a durable public language of devotion that made gender, caste, and royal honor contestable in the name of Krishna. https://ijels.com/detail/breaking-the-fetters-of-family-and-shame-meerabai-krishna-bhakti-and-the-gendered-politics-of-devotion-in-sixteenth-century-rajasthan/ Vivek Chauhan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-10920264-Breaking.pdf This paper proposes an examination of two postmodernists who incorporated many existential questions in their portrayal of other-worldliness: a world torn between humans and sub-humans and other entities. While Vonnegut's larger and more profound works center on the questions of war and humanity faced with destruction, in some of his shorter works he examines other designs meant to confound humanity. Those challenges to humanity include using advanced technological means through which to control pleasure, breach privacy, inhibit thinking, and so on. Sheckley, on the other hand, puts the problems of alienation and identity-formation, or the lack thereof, at the core of his investigation. He offers alternative realities where man gets to flee from the tyranny of being alive in the world that he himself made uninhabitable. While Vonnegut swirls from past to present, or even blends flashbacks with fast-forwards such that there are no certain points from which to begin or at which to stop, Sheckley tends to be more linear, even as he inserts flashbacks here and there. Both authors, in writing short fiction, demonstrate their mastery of the form, but they approach it from different angles, albeit sharing some characteristics. Interestingly, whereas Kurt Vonnegut rose to fame for his mind-boggling visions of a possible future, Robert Sheckley remains lesser known, notwithstanding that he is an excellent futurist. https://ijels.com/detail/the-hyperreal-in-select-short-fiction-of-kurt-vonnegut-and-robert-sheckley/ Mibdah Aijaz https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-108202668-TheHyperreal.pdf Rita Indiana’s Tentacle (2015) shows the Caribbean Sea as not just a fragile ecosystem, but also as a lively space where histories, memories, and forms of nonhuman agency meet. Encompassing varied time periods and locations, the novel intertwines environmental devastation with the Caribbean’s historical and cultural patterns. The article presents a case that Tentacle’s sea is a living archive, holding traces of histories unsuited for human archives. Aclide’s movement through time and her relationship with the sacred sea anemone disrupt the conventional distinction between the human and the environment. The anemone is essential because it is more than just a passive symbol of nature it is an agent of the temporal, the ecological, and the historical that bears on the possible. The paper applies ecocritical approaches to nonhuman agency, environmental memory, and Caribbean literary studies to examine how water connects colonial history, contemporary environmental degradation, and imaginings of ecological future. The contention is put forth that Tentacle reimagines the Caribbean Sea as a repository of historical memory and as an agent in producing Caribbean identity. The novel of Indiana challenges anthropocentric understandings of history and proposes a more-than-human framework which may make sense of the ecological and historical crisis as an interconnected phenomenon. https://ijels.com/detail/the-sea-as-an-archive-memory-history-and-non-human-agency-in-rita-indiana-s-tentacle/ Thakur Anmol Patyal, Manjeet Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-10920267-TheSea.pdf This Research paper deals with a critical study of selected Indian queer literary marvels written by different Queer Writers of India, which has found its deep expression in the anthological collection “Yaraana” (1999) by Hoshang Merchant. Being gay or queer in India has always been considered and believed to be of occidental origin and has no connections with Indian society despite the fact that Homosexuality in India dates back to as early as the 2nd Century CE and is mentioned in the ancient Indian text Kamasutra and is explicitly depicted in the famous Khajuraho Temple. Most early modern queer writings were not documented due to the fear of being executed, as it was illegal and despised at the time. Queer Indians have secretly produced a lot of good writing reflecting their common lives, perceptions, feelings, pains, and pleasures. These emotions finds its expressions in both English and other Vernacular languages and the later is also translated into English by many modern and openly gay writers like Hosang Merchant, R. Raj Rao, Mahesh Dattani, Ashok Row Kavi, Vishnu Khandekar, Vikram Seth etc. Due to the queer nature of queer literature, most writings are difficult for common readers to find. Unlike the common literary genres, the LGBTQ genre came much later in the English Literary Canon. The anthological collection of gay writings from South Asia by Hoshang Merchant has made the critical study of Queer Expressions easy and possible. The anthology is a collection of 47 Queer Expressions by different Queer Writers of South Asian origin, mostly from India. Diaspora has also enriched the queer literature through their vivid expressions and shades . Love, deception, acceptance, romance, hidden lives, queer feelings and fear of being found out, sexual desire and pleasures, and unfulfilled ambitions have been beautifully woven through stories by queer writers. This provides insight into their lives and the societal conditioning impacting their lives. https://ijels.com/detail/queer-literary-expressions-in-the-select-anthological-collection-yaraana-by-hoshang-merchant-a-critical-study/ Navin Chandrakar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-108202670-Queer.pdf In recent years, metaphor research on key Chinese political discourses has attracted extensive attention, especially works represented by The Governance of China. The metaphors adopted in such works help highlight national ethos and state governing philosophies. Drawing on Lakoff’s metaphor theory and Venuti’s domestication foreignization translation theory, this study employs Nvivo15 to analyze metaphorical expressions and translation strategies in the source text and its English translation. The findings reveal that the text contains 13 main types of metaphors, and foreignization is the dominant strategy adopted in the English translation, dominated by literal translation and word for word translation. This paper aims to explore how to convey the in depth implications of the source text in cross cultural communication and facilitate the effective international communication of Chinese political discourse. https://ijels.com/detail/an-empirical-study-on-the-translation-of-political-texts-a-study-on-the-english-version-of-the-governance-of-china-from-the-perspective-of-domestication-and-foreignization/ Wang Wenjun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-108202663-AnEmpirical.pdf Ted Chiangss works have attracted widespread critical attention for their exploration of humanity and philosophical questions from the perspective of science fiction, with Story of Your Life being one of his most representative works. Among his writings, Liking What You See: A Documentary explores the complex relationship among appearance-based discrimination, social prejudice, and identity through the fictional technology of “calliagnosia.” Adopting a pseudo-documentary narrative form, the work presents the changes that occur in both social aesthetic judgment and individual psychology following technological intervention. Accordingly, this thesis situates the work within the contexts of aesthetic archetypes and the development of fictional technology, examining how the “ideal image,” as a deep-seated psychological structure, influences individual cognition and the operation of social structures. Drawing primarily on Carl Gustav Jung’s archetypal theory, this thesis analyzes the archetype of the “ideal image” in the text. The discussion focuses on three major aspects. First, it examines the formation mechanism of the “ideal image” archetype within the narrative and the process through which it is socially reinforced. Second, it investigates how calliagnosia intervenes in and deconstructs the operation of the archetype by altering cognitive pathways. https://ijels.com/detail/ideal-image-and-technical-intervention-a-study-of-liking-what-you-see-a-documentary-from-the-perspective-of-jung-archetype-theory/ Jiahe Yang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-10920266-Ideal.pdf As a pioneer economy in global pension privatization reform, Chile is currently in the transition period of deep population aging. The adaptability of the original individual account pension system to the labor market structure continues to decline, and problems such as old-age poverty and social exclusion have become increasingly prominent. Carrying out relevant country-specific research has clear practical necessity. Based on the social exclusion theory and the multi-pillar old-age security analysis framework, this paper adopts policy text analysis and data research methods, combines official Chilean statistical data and two authoritative aging survey datasets, systematically sorts out Chile's aging response policy system, and analyzes the implementation dilemmas and underlying causes of the policies. The study finds that Chile has built a four-in-one policy framework covering legal protection, pension system, elderly care services and governance support. However, it still faces dilemmas such as low public institutional trust, unbalanced elderly security structure, multidimensional social exclusion of the elderly, and significant group security gaps. The causes stem from the multiple superposition of institutional path dependence, political fragmentation, fiscal constraints and age stereotypes. This research can provide Latin American perspective experience and policy enlightenment for China to improve its aging governance system and optimize the elderly security system. https://ijels.com/detail/practices-dilemmas-and-causes-of-chile-s-population-aging-countermeasures-also-on-the-enlightenment-to-china/ Zheng Qingqing https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-108202669-Practices.pdf Chinese historical classics face prominent translation difficulties due to concise classical Chinese, culture-loaded terms and context-dependent dialogues. As the core analytical tool of Eco-translatology, three dimensional transformation requires translators to make adaptive selections from linguistic, cultural and communicative dimensions. Taking the well-known chapter “Zhang Yi Deceiving King Huai of Chu” from the “Hereditary House of Chu” of the Records of the Grand Historian as the source text, this paper conducts translation practice and case analysis. It explores how adaptive transformation strategies solve translation obstacles of ancient historical texts: restructuring run-on sentences, reconstructing rhetorical parallelism, interpreting culture-specific items associated with institutions and geography, and explicating implicit pragmatic motives in historical narration. This study finds that proper three-dimensional adaptive selection can help target-language readers acquire historical facts, perceive character traits and grasp didactic implications, so as to realize effective cross-cultural communication of Chinese historical classics. It also provides practical references for the external dissemination of Jingchu historical materials represented by Records of the Grand Historian. https://ijels.com/detail/on-the-application-of-three-dimensional-transformation-means-in-translating-historical-classics-a-case-study-of-the-hereditary-house-of-chu-of-the-records-of-the-grand-historian/ Xia Yawen, Chen Shuangyu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-109202610-onthe.pdf Contemporary Indian fiction increasingly represents women as active subjects who negotiate, challenge, and resist patriarchal structures rather than merely experiencing them as passive victims. This paper examines women's agency through violent and non-violent forms of resistance in selected contemporary Indian fictional works. It argues that resistance extends beyond physical confrontation and includes silence, refusal, education, economic independence, mobility, storytelling, writing, bodily autonomy, sexual self-determination, and collective solidarity. Through a qualitative and comparative reading of selected works by Shashi Deshpande, Manju Kapur, Anita Nair, Arundhati Roy, Bama, Meena Kandasamy, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, and Megha Majumdar, the study investigates how women negotiate gendered power within family, marriage, caste, class, sexuality, and institutional structures. Drawing upon feminist literary criticism, postcolonial feminism, theories of agency, intersectionality, and resistance, the paper conceptualises violent and non-violent resistance as interconnected rather than mutually exclusive forms of agency. It demonstrates that the meaning and consequences of women's resistance are shaped by their social and economic locations. The study concludes that contemporary Indian fiction expands the understanding of female agency by presenting resistance as a continuum of negotiation, refusal, survival, self-expression, and direct confrontation. Such representations also demonstrate that female subjectivity is produced through women's struggles to reclaim voice, body, mobility, identity, and interpretive authority. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-and-resistance-exploring-violent-and-non-violent-forms-of-women-s-agency-in-contemporary-indian-fiction/ Nivedita Patel, Ila Rathore, Jadhav Saurabh Maruti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-109202627-Gender.pdf Early reading plays a well-documented role in young children's language acquisition, cognitive development, and emotional socialisation. Within the family - the primary site of early literacy - parents act as "gatekeepers" who determine which books children encounter. Yet their choices are not purely pedagogical; they are entangled with educational anxiety, commercial marketing, children's preferences, and digital media shifts. This conceptual paper examines the multifaceted dilemmas facing Chinese families when selecting early reading materials. It identifies four parental-level obstacles: insufficient literary knowledge, developmental misjudgements, consumerist influences, and intergenerational conflicts. It then analyses structural imbalances in the children's book market, including the dominance of functional texts over aesthetic works, the prevalence of moralistic narratives, and the underrepresentation of high-quality indigenous picture books. Finally, it explores how algorithm-driven recommendations and screen-based reading further complicate selection. The analysis concludes that these dilemmas reflect a deeper tension between adult-imposed standards and children's authentic needs, calling for a more child-centred approach to content choice. https://ijels.com/detail/dilemmas-in-selecting-early-reading-content-for-young-children-a-family-perspective/ Guo Wang, Yang Sijie https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-108202665-Dilemmas.pdf