https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usApril 12 During his prolonged struggle against the oppressive Mughals, Hindu and Muslim nobility abandoned Banda Singh Bahadur. Banda Bahadur was one of the most notable people in the history of mediaeval India. From the very beginning, he campaigned against the Mughal empire and the intermediary zamindars. Banda Singh Bahadur and his base of support belonged to several social groupings. His army consisted of Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim fighters. Particularly sympathetic to his cause were peasants, who joined the Khalsa. The analysis of news reports of that time confirms that zamindars outside of Punjab did not collaborate with Banda, despite their own conflicts with the Mughal authorities in their own provinces. Banda Bahadur primarily led the uprising of the Bari doob Jat zamindars. In the sixth decade of the seventeenth century, the Jats displaced the Khatris as leaders of the Sikh religion. As a consequence of economic distress and harsh policies by local officials, the Jats allied with Banda to overthrow the Mughal authority. Jahandar Shah and Farrukh Siyar appointed a number of Khatris, including Suba Chand, Rattan Chand, Mohakam Singh, Bakht Mal, and others, to significant positions in the imperial services. Several other groups also help Banda in his cause like Banjaras (a class of grain merchants), even though they were besieged in a fort, the Banjaras sought to keep Banda Bahadur's troops supplied with food. Several Hindu Faquirs, Yogis, Sanyasis, and Bairagis supported Banda's cause vigorously. https://ijels.com/detail/the-rise-and-fall-of-banda-singh-bahadur-an-analysis-of-his-support-base-and-political-mobilization/ Dr. Amit, Dr. Ruchi Vats https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-112202599-TheRise.pdf In the chronicles of Indian culture and literature, Draupadi transcends her status as a mere mythical figure; she stands as a formidable emblem of women's empowerment and unyielding social defiance. This research treatise delivers a penetrating comparative dissection of the psychological metamorphosis in Draupadi's character, commencing from Sage Byasa's primordial Mahabharata, traversing Sudramuni Sarala Das's Sarala Mahabharata, and culminating in Pratibha Ray's Yajnaseni. Where Byasa's Draupadi emerges as an indomitable "Agnismbhaba" (fire-born) warrior who brazenly confronts patriarchal dominion, Sarala Das weaves her essence into the earthy fabric of Odisha's soil, rustic existence, and profound human sensitivities, bestowing a starkly realistic incarnation. In contemporary times, Dr. Pratibha Ray, through her novel Yajnaseni, elevates Draupadi to an autonomous sovereign self, wielding a feminist lens to bring society's entrenched patriarchal ethos into critical scrutiny. Across epochs, Odia literature has masterfully channelled Draupadi's archetype to portray the intricate tapestry of women's existential struggle, their awakened claim to sovereignty, and the raw contours of societal realities with remarkable subtlety. https://ijels.com/detail/dr-pad-from-sanskrit-epic-to-modern-o-i-fiction-2/ Monalisa Barik, Pratikshya Priyadarshini Nath, Bikash Kumar Pal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-102202649-D.pdf This paper studies the works of Ruskin Bond. Many critics say he is only a children's writer. But his stories show deeper psychological and cultural meaning. They talk about identity, belonging, and social life. They also express the reader's emotion and memory. This article uses different research approaches. It combines thematic, linguistic, reader response, gender, and postcolonial views. The purpose is to create a unified critical understanding. Bond creates a literary world of nature and memory. Everyday relationship helps characters find emotional security. His stories reflect postcolonial experience in a quiet way. His plots are simple and not dramatic. He depends on feeling and familiarity. Meaning develops through reader participation and spatial experience. Nature, memory, and human connection together form identity and emotional belonging in his fiction. https://ijels.com/detail/nature-memory-and-identity-in-the-fiction-of-ruskin-bond-a-critical-synthesis-of-contemporary-scholarship/ Elsiddiq Babiker Mohammad, Dr. Isam Addin Mohammed Alhassan Ismaeel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-103202613-Nature.pdf This paper explores the themes of trauma and female suffering in The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee which re tells the story of The Mahabharata from Draupadi’s point. Unlike the traditional narrative that celebrates the male heroes of the epic, Banerjee’s novel highlight the emotional and psychological struggles of a woman who is caught between the battle of selfhood and patriarchal norms. This research examines Draupadi’s life long quest for identity, agency and dignity. There is a repetition of trauma in her life, the pattern can be seen in the various incidents of her life like, her birth from fire, her pre decided destiny, her forced marriage with the 5 brothers, her humiliation in the court, her 13-year exile and the death of her loved ones on the battlefield. The incident that took place in the court, where she was disrobed and humiliated in ways no women should be can be seen as a strong symbol of gendered violence and treatment of women as property within the patriarchal structures. At the end, Draupadi emerges not only as a mere victim who suffered in the hands of the patriarchy, rather she emerges as a questioning and resilient figure. She challenges authority along with calling out the injustice that was done to her. Draupadi channels her pain and converts it into her moral strength. The feminist reading of the paper, projects Draupadi as a complex woman who is shaped by desire, anger, love, guilt, and endurance. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-themes-of-trauma-and-female-suffering-in-the-palace-of-illusions-by-chitra-banerjee/ Swastika Banerjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-102202659-Banerjee.pdf Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun remains a watershed moment in American theater, yet critical discourse surrounding its protagonist, Walter Lee Younger, often reduces his trajectory to a simplistic moral triumph. This essay moves beyond such readings by applying Greimas’s actantial model to map the structural logic underpinning Walter Lee’s transformation. Rather than charting a conventional arc of improvement, his growth is a fundamental restructuring of his relationship to the object of desire. Initially positioned as a passive receiver of his deceased father’s legacy, Walter Lee becomes ensnared by a distorted object: wealth as a proxy for dignity. This deviation destabilizes the actantial structure, reconfiguring his family as opponents and his friend Willy Harris as a false helper. Only through the crucible of betrayal and the temptation of Lindner’s bribe does Walter Lee recognize that accepting white paternalism would foreclose not only his father’s dream but also his son’s future. His final refusal constitutes not capitulation but reclamation—a conscious repossession of dignity as the authentic object. By exposing the deep structural mechanics of Walter Lee’s awakening, this essay argues that Hansberry scripts a vision of Black masculinity rooted not in material acquisition but in subjective agency and generational honor, advancing an understanding of dramatic form as a vehicle for articulating minoritarian identity formation under systemic duress. https://ijels.com/detail/an-analysis-of-walter-lee-s-growth-trajectory-based-on-the-actantial-model/ Yuru Tong https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-102202657-AnAnalysis.pdf This paper adopts van Dijk's socio-critical discourse analytical framework to interrogate the theme of alienation in Lamming's novel In the Castle of my Skin.Although the theme of alienation has been widely disscussed in literary and postcolonial studies ,there remains a lack of integrated approaches combing alienation and sociocognitive analysis , therefore in the field of critical discourse analysis ,scholars like van Dijk and van Leeuwen have developed frameworks for exploring ideologies and representations of social actors ,similarly Harts has presented cognitive models that explores how discourse structures reflect and view underlying cognitive operations and in addition to that these models are widely applied tp media discourse and political speeches but still their application to literary texts are remained underexplored and little scholars efforts has been devoted to examing alienation from a socio cognitive perspectives .therefore this study seeks to fill this gap by adopting a sociocognitive analysis framework that combine three models :van Dijk(ideological square ),Harts (construal operations ),and van Leeuwen (social actors representations). By using both qualitative and quantitative assessments of carefully selected textual extracts, the research scrutinises the construction of alienation in terms of micro-level representation in social actors, cognitive level construal operations, and macro-level ideological configurations. The results show that Lamming employs exclusionary and assimilative linguistic strategies to represent ruptured social relations and personal isolation in the colonial context. Cognitive construals are used to make alienation a tangible reality by profiling and metaphorical framing while ideological polarisation advances an anti-colonial moral vindication by framing the colonial agents negatively and positively reinforcing Black communal resilience. Consequently, alienation becomes simultaneously a symptom of colonial oppression and an element of principal resistance in the construction of post-colonial identity. https://ijels.com/detail/socio-cognitive-representation-of-alienation-lamming-s-in-the-castle-of-my-skin/ Abbas Lutfi Hussein, Suha Walid Sadaq Hussein Alzahiry https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-103202617-Socio.pdf This paper explores Rituparno Ghosh’s staging of desire that challenges established norms through the lens of body politics, queer sensibilities and spatial aesthetics that evoke desired emotions in Unishe April (1994), Arekti Premer Golpo (2010) and Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish (2012). Drawing on Michel Foucault’s theory of biopower, Judith Butler’s idea of gender performativity and Henri Lefebvre’s concept of produced space, this paper explores an in-depth analysis of visual and textual colour schemes, stage designs and props across these three films. Whereas, Unishe April features intimate domestic interiors and maternal gestures that disrupt arbitrarily decided norms and Arekti Premer Golpo focuses on the trans identity in a medical gaze and dimly lit intangible spaces, Chitrangada turns the stage of theatre into a ritualized heterotopic gender fluid space. The study also digs into how recurrent themes such as gramophone, colourful textiles and quiet hallways do linger between the public and private spheres through the frame-by-frame interpretations of key moments. The study makes an assertion that Ghosh’s presentation of visual arts creates queer enclaves inside heteronormative environments by merging spatial techniques with performative acts. In conclusion, this study showcases how Ghosh’s avant-garde aesthetic interventions portray and impact the LGBT and queer identities. https://ijels.com/detail/the-politics-of-desire-body-space-and-queerness-in-rituparno-ghosh-s-cinematic-canvas/ Vishal Chakraborty https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-102202650-ThePolitics.pdf An autobiography focuses on individual life while being firmly located in social experiences. The socio-cultural realities of the time aptly find an expression in the autobiographies written by women. Based on memory, experience and identity, women narrators reproduce the cultural modes of self-narration. Autobiographies play a significant role in bringing out cultural criticism and social change; a change in which women find their individual identity. The feminine sensibility arising due to the depiction of these memories is remarkable, presenting Indian ethos, values, and cultural background. Rapid developments in the fields of science, technology, economics and urbanization have affected modern societies immensely, both positively and negatively. Portrayal of Indian tradition, heritage, conventions, customs and festivals form an integral part of the two autobiographies written by Nayantara Sahgal: Prison and Chocolate Cake and From Fear Set Free. This depiction becomes a symbol through which the reader comes to know about her pride in the Indian ethos and respect for Indian culture. The present paper tries to prob how Sahgal’s two remarkable autobiographies invoke posterities to feel dignity and delight in age old Indian ethos and how Sahgal commemorates Indian heritage. https://ijels.com/detail/evoking-ethos-through-life-writing-interpreting-nayantara-sahgal-s-life-narratives-prison-and-chocolate-cake-and-from-fear-set-free/ Sanjana Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-102202653-Evoking.pdf This essay analyzes J.G. Ballard's The Concrete Island using the framework of psychogeography and argues that the book demonstrates the intimate relationship between development of identity and urban geographical context. Robert Maitland is placed on an abandoned freeway island in the story, which transforms this neglected part of the city into a psychological landscape that actively alters his awareness. Maitland's entrapment reveals the hidden emotional geographies of the contemporary metropolis by revealing underlying currents of violence, neglect, alienation, and emotional detachment embedded in contemporary urban planning. Rather than being a passive environment, the island is a dynamic force that destroys Maitland's social identity and reconstructs him through physical isolation and environmental pressure. The book illustrates how space itself creates, disintegrates and reinvents identity through Maitland's slow adaptation to this environment. The Concrete Island is considered in this research as a significant psychogeographical work that investigates the psychological and emotional effects of modern urban existence. https://ijels.com/detail/mapping-the-mind-psychogeography-and-identity-formation-in-j-g-ballard-s-the-concrete-island/ Greeshma.U, Dr. Stishin K Paul https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-102202656-Mapping.pdf This paper analyses the interconnected themes of displacement and reinvention in Bharati Mukherjee's Desirable Daughters (2002) by highlighting how migration transforms identity across personal, cultural, and historical dimensions. This paper situates the novel within the broader context of diaspora studies, contending that Mukherjee reconceptualises displacement not solely as a state of loss, but as an active arena for self-creation. The narrative follows Tara Bhattacharjee's transition from a conventional, upper-caste Bengali upbringing in Calcutta to an unstable yet emancipating existence in the United States. This geographical shift undermines established norms of gender, marriage, and family, prompting Tara to scrutinise the myths that previously defined her sense of belonging. The paper argues that reinvention in the novel is neither smooth nor celebratory; instead, it manifests through fragmentation, memory, and a confrontation with both past and present. Mukherjee’s complex narrative structure intertwines ancestral histories with modern diasporic experiences, illustrating the ongoing negotiation of identity between cultural memory and personal agency. Through an examination of the tensions between tradition and autonomy, as well as homeland and hostland, the study illustrates how Desirable Daughters convey displacement as a continuous process of ethical and emotional reconstruction. The novel, therefore, posits reinvention as a means of survival and a form of creative self-assertion in a transnational context. https://ijels.com/detail/narratives-of-displacement-and-reinvention-in-bharati-mukherjee-s-desirable-daughters/ Anjila, Dr. Shashi Goyal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-1022026599-Narratives.pdf The fiction of Toni Morrison offers a powerful exploration of the lived experiences of African American women shaped by histories of slavery, racial discrimination and patriarchal oppression. While resistance in literature is often associated with overt political rebellion or collective activism, Morrison frequently presents more subtle, internalized forms of defiance that emerge in everyday life. This paper examines the theme of silent resistance in three of Morrison’s most significant novels, The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Beloved. Through characters such as Claudia MacTeer, Sula Peace, Nel Wright and Sethe, Morrison demonstrates how marginalized individuals resist dominant systems of power through psychological defiance, memory, and personal autonomy. These quiet acts of resistance may appear private or invisible, yet they challenge racialized beauty standards, patriarchal expectations and the historical trauma of slavery. By foregrounding these subtle forms of agency, Morrison redefines resistance as an ongoing struggle for dignity, identity and cultural survival. https://ijels.com/detail/silent-resistance-in-toni-morrison-s-the-bluest-eye-sula-and-beloved/ Aashima Kajal, Diksha Kajal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-10220265997-Silent.pdf This paper analyses Anuradha Roy’s The Folded Earth through the critical framework of environmental humanities, delineating a conceptual transition from anthropocentrism to ecological relationality. The novel, set in the fragile yet resilient landscape of the Himalayas, shows how human lives are connected to nonhuman nature, challenging the idea that nature is merely a backdrop to human drama. The study contends that by examining the protagonist Maya's emotional isolation, grief and her gradual adaptation to her environment, Roy redefines human subjectivity as relational rather than dominant. The mountains, forests, rivers and animals are not merely aesthetic phenomena; they are also active forces that shape memory, loss, healing and moral awareness. Using eco-critical ideas, the paper shows how the text breaks down binaries such as human/nature, culture/wilderness and control/vulnerability. Roy's story implies that humility, coexistence and awareness of ecological interdependence are necessary for survival and meaning. The Folded Earth depicts environmental fragility alongside individual trauma, articulating an alternative ecological consciousness that opposes exploitative modernity and emphasises care, reciprocity and responsibility. The novel enhances contemporary Indian eco-literature by promoting a relational ethics that connects human existence to the rhythms and constraints of the natural world. https://ijels.com/detail/from-anthropocentrism-to-ecological-relationality-in-anuradha-roy-s-the-folded-earth/ Annu Narwal, Dr. Krishna Chaudhary https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-10220265996-From.pdf Omprakash Valmiki's autobiography, Joothan, is a powerful narrative that exposes the deep scars of caste discrimination in Indian society. This article aims to unveil these scars by highlighting the theme of caste discrimination as portrayed in Joothan. This study argues that Joothan functions not only as a personal memoir but also as a socio-political testimony that challenges caste-based injustice and calls for social equality. https://ijels.com/detail/unveiling-caste-discrimination-in-omprakash-valmiki-s-joothan/ Shameema Tasneem. A, Dr. Vijayalakshmi. S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-10320262-Unveiling.pdf Performance is the key factor of the play. In the magnum opus of performance, the Natyasastra, different aspects of the play are analyzed in detail. Natyasastra is a perfect example of the Indian indigenous knowledge system. Even though it deals with the fifth Veda, i.e., Natya, such a comprehensive analysis of performance cannot be seen anywhere else in the world. The structure of the play, stage, acting, and properties are explained in detail in this book.Each play can be performed in many ways and every performance is a text. Each performance interprets the text in its own way, and a director can raise the play to a higher realm and transcend the limitations of a text. Two approaches exist for a play text: textual and theatrical. Both approaches interpret the text in different ways. While the textual approach gives emphasis to the analysis of the play text, the theatrical approach emphasizes the technical elements of the play. These technical elements include acting, costume, makeup, and stage properties. The structure of the play is also very significant. Based on the structure of the play, the play text is divided into different divisions. Bharata classifies the Rasa into eight categories (Ashtarasa) and gives the corresponding Bhava that gives rise to the rasa. These are known as Sthayi Bhava or the pervading stable emotions. This book, Natyasastra, provides even minute observations on the ways of experiencing rasa, that is, the ways of enjoying a play. Natyasastra is a great contribution to the Indian indigenous knowledge system. This paper analyzes Natyasastra as an indigenous knowledge system and as a model for modern theatre performances. https://ijels.com/detail/n-tya-stra-an-indigenous-knowledge-system-and-a-model-for-modern-theatre-performances/ Dr Krishna Kumar R https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-102202654-AnIndigenous.pdf In the digital age, internet anchors have emerged as a new type of occupation, with their income scale continuously expanding. The tax collection and administration work are facing numerous dilemmas. The current tax laws do not clearly define the corresponding tax categories for new-type incomes such as tips and commissions. The involvement of platforms and brokerage companies creates complex legal relationships among multiple parties, making it difficult to fulfill withholding obligations. There is an information barrier between tax authorities and platforms, and the supervision work has been in a passive state for a long time. It is proposed that at the legislative level, the rights, responsibilities and tax-collection standards of all parties should be clarified. At the technical level, the platform data should be connected with the tax system to achieve real-time interaction of tax-related information and risk early-warning. The tax authorities should be promoted to transform from post-event supervision to in-process intervention, and the platforms should be required to strengthen compliance review responsibilities. Ultimately, a governance mechanism involving multiple parties and featuring long-term effectiveness should be established to maintain the tax order. https://ijels.com/detail/dilemmas-and-breakthroughs-in-the-collaborative-governance-of-taxation-for-internet-anchors-in-the-digital-age/ Cui Jiayan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-103202636-Dilemmas.pdf The intricate and often indefinable relationship between human beings and the natural world has received sustained critical attention under the theoretical framework of ecocriticism. This approach foregrounds not only human experiences but also the representation of the physical environment in literary texts, emphasizing their interdependence. In the twenty-first century, ecocritical discourse reflects an intensified global awareness of environmental crises, including climate change, global warming, and rising carbon emissions, all of which have accelerated ecological degradation. If such destructive trends remain unchecked, they pose a serious threat to the sustainability of modern civilization. Against this backdrop, Amitav Ghosh, recipient of the Jnanpith Award, presents in his novel The Hungry Tide a compelling narrative that interweaves human lives, ecological vulnerability, and climatic uncertainties in the fragile tidal landscape of the Sundarbans. The novel serves as a powerful literary exploration of environmental consciousness, portraying the complex dynamics between nature and marginalized communities inhabiting the deltaic region. This paper examines how human interventions, driven by ignorance, survival needs, and developmental pressures, contribute to ecological imbalance. It further analyzes whether nature and humanity are depicted as protectors or adversaries of one another, and reflects on the ethical responsibility of humankind in fostering ecological harmony, ensuring sustainable coexistence, and safeguarding the environment in the age of globalization. https://ijels.com/detail/investigating-the-human-nature-relationship-in-amitav-ghosh-s-the-hungry-tide/ Anil Kumar Singh, Dr. Afifa Bano https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-102202662-Investigating.pdf The historical roots of resource extractivism can be traced back to the colonial times when various European powers had ceaselessly plundered the human resources, predominantly in the form of slaves, and natural resources like minerals, gold, diamond, ivory, and wood mainly from the African and Asian countries, and brought them to their native lands in order to accelerate the growth of the Industrial Revolution. Extractivism, as defined by Naomi Klein in the book This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate (2014), connotes “a nonreciprocal, dominance-based relationship with the earth, one purely of taking” (Klein, 2014, p.168). She, further, adds that extractivism is “directly connected to the notion of sacrifice zones- places that, to their extractors, somehow don’t count and therefore can be poisoned, drained, or otherwise destroyed” (Klein, 2014, p.169). However, the couple of terms – “resource extractivism” and “resource curse” are closely linked, and the latter can be unequivocally called an inevitable byproduct of the former. The term “resource curse”, as theorized by Richard M. Auty in his highly acclaimed work, Sustaining Development in Mineral Economics: The Resource Curse Thesis (1993), refers to the “problem of plenty”/ “paradox of plenty”, which foregrounds that “the countries that are rich in natural resources, and whose economy is based primarily on extracting and exporting those resources, find it more difficult to develop” (Lang et al.,2013, p.61). However, in my research paper, I shall closely examine the renowned Malayalam journalist cum writer Hari Kurissery’s novel Manalazham (2015), translated into English by Santosh Alex in 2021 as Sandy Depth, through the theoretical framework of resource extractivism and “resource curse”, as they largely fit into the context of the unbridled and illegal sand excavation from agricultural fields, the thoughtless destruction of hills in the name of road construction, and the ever increasing level of air pollution owing to open brick kilns in the imaginary village called Mannida located in the present-day state of Kerala, as depicted in the novel. https://ijels.com/detail/resource-extractivism-resource-curse-and-mining-catastrophe-in-hari-kurissery-s-manalazham/ Suniti Maiti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-103202628-Resource.pdf This article reviews the application of foreignization in literary translation, explores the evolution, similarities and differences of foreignization views between the East and the West, and their implications for contemporary translators. This article summarizes the attitudes and contributions of various scholars in the history of China and the West towards foreignization, and compares the differences in the use of foreignization between China and the West. Through a review of the perspectives and applications of foreignization in both China and the West, this article reveals the important role of foreignization in conveying cultural differences and promoting cultural exchange, and provides theoretical guidance and methodological references for translators in literary translation practice. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-of-the-application-of-foreignization-in-literary-translation/ Qingdian Zhao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-103202615-AReview.pdf This study revisits the question of race in Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and challenges the long-standing view that the novel is inherently anti-racist. Racism is approached here as both personal prejudice and systemic discrimination rooted in perceived racial and ethnic differences, most often directed at marginalized groups. While some scholars regard racism as an innate human tendency, others understand it as socially produced and sustained by cultural and institutional forces. Although Huckleberry Finn is widely celebrated for its apparent critique of slavery and racial injustice, this study reconsiders such claims by asking whether Twain truly opposed slavery or simply represented its cruelty for narrative effect. It also questions whether his depiction of enslaved characters fully escapes racial bias and stereotyping. Drawing on Jacques Derrida’s concept of “double reading,” the analysis uncovers tensions and contradictions within the novel’s racial representations. Through content analysis and a descriptive-analytical approach, the study ultimately suggests that Twain’s portrayal of both enslaved people and slaveholders remains unresolved in its stance toward racial objectivity and resistance to bias. https://ijels.com/detail/representation-of-race-a-derridean-analysis-of-mark-twain-s-the-adventures-of-huckleberry-finn/ Ghulam Yahya Asghari, Abdul Jalil Kahdistani, Ali Akbar Zawuli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-103202632-Representation.pdf This study aimed to assess the single-parenting in proficiency on the English language and its relationship to academic performance in the English subject among the Junior High School students at Mauricio V. Landingin Integrated School, Sirawai District, School Division of Zamboanga del Norte, during the school year 2025-2026. There were one hundred seventy-two (172) respondents involved. It utilized survey and descriptive-correlational research methods. Weighted mean, standard deviation, and Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient (Spearman rho) were the statistical tools used with JAMOVI as the statistical software. The level of single parenting in proficiency in the English language was moderate. The students’ academic performance was very satisfactory. The levels of single parenting in proficiency in the English language, and students’ academic performance were not significantly correlated. Based on the findings and conclusions, the author recommends that the (School Heads School, Principals , Head Teachers, and department heads) use the findings of the study as a basis for the provision of technical assistance to the teachers to further improve the delivery of instruction. The English teacher would also use the findings of the study in reflecting on their teaching practice for continuous improvement. Guidance Counsellors/Advocates would use the findings of this study as a basis for crafting a values formation intervention program to help single-parent learners. https://ijels.com/detail/single-parenting-in-proficiency-on-the-english-language-predictor-of-academic-performance/ Sitti Renna P. Pulalun, Leo C. Naparota https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-10320261-Single.pdf This qualitative study examines Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper through feminist criticism to explain how the text depicts female confinement and resistance under patriarchal systems. Using close textual analysis, the study focuses on three narrative elements: characters, setting, and symbolism. Findings reveal that confinement is enforced through John’s dual authority as husband and physician, which restricts the narrator’s mobility, voice, and writing, producing physical and psychological captivity. The nursery environment further materializes control through its isolating and infantilizing features, while the wallpaper functions as a central symbol of oppressive domestic ideology. At the same time, the narrator’s secret journal, her identification with the trapped woman in the wallpaper, and her final tearing of the pattern demonstrate resistance as a gradual but disruptive assertion of agency. Overall, the study concludes that the narrator’s breakdown emerges from denied autonomy, yet her acts of defiance expose the persistence of female resistance within restrictive social structures. This study recommends exploring gender with class and mental health discourse, comparing historical confinement with modern gendered controls, and examining domestic space as discipline. https://ijels.com/detail/female-confinement-and-resistance-in-charlotte-perkin-gilman-s-the-yellow-wallpaper/ Dionah Mae B. Comillas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-103202616-Female.pdf This paper examines the role of the conditional morpheme enkil in the Malayalam quantifier aar-enkil-um, arguing that enkil functions as a covert subtrigging trigger analogous to the subjunctive mood in Catalan as described by Dayal (2009). Building on the observation that English any is acceptable with necessity modals only when subtrigged by a post-nominal phrasal modifier, we show that aar-enkil-um is grammatical in non-overtly-subtrigged necessity modal contexts because enkil itself provides the subtrigging effect. This enkil-induced subtrigging is, however, strictly modal-specific: unlike overt subtrigging, which rescues aar-um in episodic contexts, the conditional enkil does not produce a subtrigging effect in episodic sentences, and aar-enkil-um remains ungrammatical in episodic contexts even with overt post-nominal modification. This modal-specificity reveals a previously undescribed constraint on covert subtrigging and has implications for the theory of free choice indefinites cross-linguistically. https://ijels.com/detail/the-conditional-enkil-as-a-subtrigging-trigger-evidence-from-malayalam/ Ponnu Liz Malieckal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-103202620-TheConditional.pdf David Henry Hwang’s play M. Butterfly portrays the characters of Agnes and Song Liling as opposing forces that reveal the complex intersections of gender, race, and colonial power. This paper examines the contrasting roles of Agnes and Song as representations of the "real woman" and the "ideal woman", respectively. The paper also explores how their relationships with Gallimard expose the fragility of his colonial fantasies. Gallimard’s obsession with Song is rooted in his Western stereotypical view of the East as submissive, exotic, and idealized. Agnes represents the grounded reality that does not fit in such constructed fantasies. This challenges the larger colonial myth of power and dominance and emphasizes how Gallimard's illusions fall apart. By focusing on Agnes and Song as contrasting forces, this paper argues how Hwang deconstructs the racial and gendered stereotypes often projected in arts and literature, which later define cultural identities, revealing the realities hidden beneath the fantasies of colonialism. Through this lens, M. Butterfly offers a critique of the politics of gender and race in Western perceptions of the East. https://ijels.com/detail/colonial-conceptions-of-femininity-analyzing-agnes-and-song-in-david-henry-hwang-s-m-butterfly/ Leena Saravata, Dr. Bhumika Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-10320269-Colonial.pdf This paper reads M. T. Vasudevan Nair’s Randamoozham as a sustained act of demythologization centered on the character of Bhima. Moving away from the canonical Mahabharata, where Bhima appears as a figure of exaggerated strength and secondary prominence, Nair reconstructs him as a reflective, wounded, and historically situated consciousness. The study argues that the novel reconfigures the epic through a dialectical strategy: while retaining the broad civilizational frame of the Purana, it subjects the supernatural plot, divine births, avataric interventions, demonization of the “other,” and celestial closure, to rational reinterpretation. Through close textual analysis, the paper demonstrates how Bhima’s corporeality replaces mythic excess with physical labour and endurance; how his masculinity is rendered structurally subordinate within fraternal and political hierarchies; and how caste and gender ideologies shape his perception of figures such as Hidimbi, Ghatotkacha, Kunti and Draupadi. Rather than desacralizing the epic, Randamoozham restores to it psychological density and ethical ambiguity by granting voice to a figure long instrumentalized within epic memory. In doing so, Nair reclaims Bhima not as caricature of brute force, but as the epic’s most compelling witness to the burdens of power, hierarchy, and mortality. https://ijels.com/detail/epic-under-erasure-demythologizing-bhima-in-randamoozham/ Dr. Sonia Sebastian, Lt Anu Jose https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-103202611-Epicunder.pdf The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various sectors, with education emerging as a significant beneficiary. Since the introduction of ChatGPT, the potential and challenges of GAI application in education have been widely discussed (Feng et al., 2023). This literature review explores the integration of AI in English language teaching (ELT), focusing on its applications, benefits, challenges, and future directions. By synthesizing recent research, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how AI is transforming ELT, offering insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers. The review highlights the potential of AI to enhance teaching efficacy, personalize learning experiences, and address the diverse needs ofEnglish language learners. However, it also underscores the need for careful implementation to mitigate challenges such as technological dependence and data security. This paper concludes with recommendations for future research and practice, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations and cross-cultural approaches in AI-driven ELT. https://ijels.com/detail/artificial-intelligence-in-elt-l/ Wang Lingxiao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-103202618-Artificial.pdf The diasporic Indian women's fiction is a critical reflection of the gendered fact in the diaspora as dictated by the migration, cultural memory, and social expectations. This paper will discuss how marriage and sisterhood have helped in shaping the diasporic identity in For Matrimonial Purposes by Kavita Daswani and in Sister of My Heart by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. Although Daswani introduces marriage as a culturally controlled organization that organizes the lives of women in immigrant communities, Divakaruni foreshadows sisterhood and emotional connections as other places of self-determination and strength. The paper utilizes the diaspora theory and feminist criticism in the argument that even though diasporic identity is formed by displacement, it is equally formed by emotional negotiation and relations. For Matrimonial Purposes shows the strains of cultural harmony and parental domination, and marriage is shown to be a place of constraint and a place of stealthy subversion. Contrary to that, Sister of My Heart stresses women's unity, which can help women to redefine identity outside the expectations imposed by society. Collectively, the novels show that marriage and sisterhood are parallel but opposing structures upon which diasporic women are building identity. The paper comes to a conclusion that modern Indian women's fiction is a reflection of the diasporic social realities that show the active participation of women in reconstructing identity in the culturally hybrid space. https://ijels.com/detail/between-matrimony-and-sisterhood-gendered-identity-formation-in-contemporary-indian-diasporic-women-s-fiction/ Nitika Wadhwa, Dr. Apoorva Hooda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-10320267-Between.pdf Assam has a rich heritage of folktales. One such folk belief is that of the existence of Bak which although related to superstition, is part of Assamese folklore and social life. Benudhar Rajkhowa in his "Assamese Demonology" classifies the bak as a terrestrial aqueous spirit. This spirit, fond of eating fish, is believed to reside in pools and tanks, lakes which have grown old and are beginning to sink. Imran Hussain is a contemporary Assamese writer whose works embody Assam's socio-political and cultural scenario. One of Hussain’s stories, "Bak: The Water Spirit” revolves around a young boy Goroi’s search for his father. The story is based upon the mythical tale popular among the fishermen of the Kolong and Kopili rivers of Assam. This paper shall attempt to analyse how Imran Hussain has tried to retell the folk myth of Bak, the water spirit to portray certain contemporary concerns. https://ijels.com/detail/retelling-assamese-folk-myths-an-analysis-of-imran-hussain-s-short-story-bak-the-water-spirit/ Dr. Shyamolima Saikia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-102202641-Retelling.pdf This article reads Louise Erdrich's Future Home of the Living God (2017) as a critical dystopia whose speculative premise a planetary evolutionary reversal that renders human reproduction precarious, functions not as a warning about an approaching future but as a defamiliarization of a present already shaped by colonial reproductive violence. Drawing on Darko Suvin's concept of the novum and Tom Moylan's account of the critical dystopia, the article argues that the novel's central formal innovation lies in the uneven distribution of cognitive estrangement across its characters: what registers as unprecedented catastrophe for the settler world is recognisable, even continuous, for Cedar Hawk Songmaker's Ojibwe birth community on the reservation. This asymmetry is read through Kyle Powys Whyte's argument that Indigenous peoples experience ecological crisis as a sequel to already-experienced colonial apocalypse and Patrick Wolfe's formulation of settler colonialism as a structure rather than an event. The article then examines the novel's state apparatus, the Stillwater Birthing Centre, its wall of photographed dead women, the sedation at the moment of birth as an instantiation of Foucauldian biopower and Achille Mbembe's necropolitics, situating the novel's reproductive violence within the documented history of IHS sterilisation campaigns and the analysis of reproductive coercion as a technology of colonial elimination developed by Andrea Smith and Dorothy Roberts. Finally, the article reads the two registers in which the novel sustains its utopian horizon: the reservation community's survivance practices, understood through Gerald Vizenor, and Cedar's journal itself, which performs survivance through the act of writing relationship across an unresolvable uncertainty. The article argues that the novel's refusal of narrative closure is a political argument about the limits of reassurance and the durability of testimony. https://ijels.com/detail/a-structure-not-an-event-colonial-continuity-biopower-and-the-critical-dystopia-in-louise-erdrich-s-future-home-of-the-living-god/ Greeshma Raj https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-103202623-AStructure.pdf Chu Yun Liu Fang, Vibes of Chu Culture, is not only a poetic expression but also an innovative practice dedicated to the international dissemination of Jingchu culture. This paper examines the national college student innovation training program of Yangtze University, Chu Yun Liu Fang: A Bilingual Practice in the Dissemination of Jingchu Cultural Relics and Creative Products, as its research subject. Drawing on the team’s concrete practices in cultural relic promotion, cultural and creative product development, and bilingual communication, it explores innovative pathways for local university student teams to participate in the international dissemination of Jingchu culture. The research reveals that emerging communication formats, such as bilingual short videos, live-streaming e-commerce, and social media operations, are providing viable practical platforms for university students to engage in cultural going global initiatives. Leveraging their strengths in translation studies, the project team has adopted a dual-wheel drive model of content creation plus e-commerce conversion, initially exploring a sustainable development path from cultural relic revitalization and creative transformation to bilingual communication and commercial feedback. This practice not only contributes youthful energy to the transformation of Jingchu culture from a regional heritage into a cultural resource that is communicable, experiential, and consumable, but also offers a replicable practical model for university innovation and entrepreneurship projects serving local cultural dissemination. https://ijels.com/detail/chu-yun-liu-fang-a-bilingual-practice-in-the-dissemination-of-jingchu-cultural-relics-and-creative-products/ Zou Liyuan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-10320264-ChuYun.pdf The global imperative for sustainable development has increasingly influenced educational discourse and prompted scholars and practitioners to examine how green technology (GT) can be harnessed to transform pedagogical practices. Higher educational institutions worldwide are being urged to align instructional innovation with environmental responsibility and long-term ecological sustainability. This systematic review investigates the integration of GT within English language teaching (ELT) in Saudi Arabia, with particular attention to prevailing conceptual frameworks, documented practical applications, persistent challenges, and emerging future directions. A systematic literature review (SLR) literature search has been conducted across five academic databases. It adheres to the guidelines of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA, 2020). This SLR reveals that GT integration in ELT offers dual pedagogical advantage: it simultaneously enhances learners' English language proficiency and cultivates ecological literacy. Practical applications include digital platforms, project-based learning with technology, augmented reality, and AI-driven personalisation have been found to enrich ELT whilst reducing its environmental footprint. The findings contribute to the emerging discourse on English language pedagogy for sustainable development and offer actionable recommendations for researchers, educators, and policymakers in sustainable language education. https://ijels.com/detail/green-technology-and-sustainable-english-language-pedagogy-in-saudi-arabia-trends-challenges-and-future-directions/ Mohammad Torikul Islam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-103202699-Green.pdf In recent years, research on the cross-cultural dissemination of Chinese porcelain has grown significantly both in China and abroad, producing an increasing number of scholarly contributions. Cultural Representation Theory, as an important analytical perspective, is frequently employed to reveal the processes of identity construction and ideological formation underlying material culture. By reviewing studies on the development of porcelain cognition in English-speaking countries, scholars can better understand how porcelain has continuously transformed its meanings through historical trade circulation, social representation, museum exhibitions, and media discourse. Such research also helps illuminate the mechanisms of cultural interaction and cognition embedded in these processes. Based on academic studies published between 2020 and 2025, this review finds that research in English-speaking countries has gradually shifted from traditional art-historical approaches toward issues of identity, power, and cultural imagination, emphasizing the symbolic role of porcelain in shaping the image of the “Orient.” In contrast, Chinese scholarship tends to focus on cross-cultural communication and the construction of national image, exploring strategies for international communication and the cultural value of porcelain. Overall, research in English-speaking countries demonstrates stronger theoretical and critical orientations, while Chinese scholarship shows a more practice-oriented focus. These two perspectives are therefore complementary in terms of both analytical frameworks and research methods. This study not only expands the application of cultural representation theory in the field of material culture studies but also provides practical insights for the international communication of Chinese cultural products and for China’s broader cultural outreach strategy. https://ijels.com/detail/a-review-of-studies-on-the-development-of-porcelain-cognition-in-english-speaking-countries-from-the-perspective-of-cultural-representation-theory/ Songcheng Tang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-103202643-AReview.pdf This research paper explores the evolving intersection between linguistics and literature, focusing on the linguistic analysis of prose and poetry. Linguistics, as a modern science, advanced significantly with Leonard Bloomfield’s Language (1933) and later with Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures (1957), which introduced transformational-generative (TG) grammar. These theoretical developments have profoundly influenced applied linguistics, particularly in areas like language teaching and literary analysis. The intersection of these disciplines has led to both collaboration and debate; while some critics argue that scientific approaches may diminish the aesthetic essence of literature, others like Roman Jakobson, Nils Erik Enkvist and Archibald A. Hill advocate for the enriching potential of linguistic tools in literary studies. The distinction between objective linguistic analysis and subjective literary criticism is acknowledged, yet this paper posits that both perspectives offer complementary insights. TG grammar, in particular, has been successfully employed in examining literary texts by scholars such as Samuel Levin, James P. Thorne, and Richard Ohmann. This study includes analyses of Robert Frost’s poem The Road Not Taken and Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway, illustrating how linguistic frameworks reveal deeper layers of meaning. Ultimately, the paper argues that literature, being inherently linguistic, benefits significantly from systematic linguistic analysis. This interdisciplinary approach not only bridges theory and interpretation but also fosters new methodologies in literary research. Such integration enhances both pedagogical strategies and critical engagement with texts. https://ijels.com/detail/convergence-of-linguistics-and-literary-studies-analytical-perspectives-on-prose-and-poetry/ Dr. Bipin Bihari Dash https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-103202626-Convergence.pdf This paper looks at the change from humanism to posthumanism and asks a basic but important question: What does it mean to be human today? In literature and culture, this change shows that we can no longer think of human life as separate or complete on its own. Our lives are deeply connected with technology, nature, and other living beings. Traditional humanism focused on Renaissance ideas, motives, freedom, logic, and commitment. It a gives central position to human beings (anthropocentrism) for meaning. Humanism helped to save human worth and liberty, but it also inspired the faith that humans are more important than animals, nature, and the environment. Posthumanism crosses these limits. It focuses upon science, technology, feminism, and questions the faith that humans are the central point of everything. Humanism sees a fixed meaning of identity, but its opposite, posthumanism sees a changing meaning of identity and relationships. This new way of thinking inspired human beings to think about ethics, individuality, freedom, and power in a world that is influenced by technology and environmental problems. Posthumanism is more hopeful and helpful in connecting humans and nonhuman things. In the 21th century, we can say that humans and nonhuman things can live together in the future. https://ijels.com/detail/from-humanism-to-posthumanism-theoretical-shifts-in-literary-studies/ Ms. Sonpreet Kaur, Dr. Mahesh Arora https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-103202629-FromHumanism.pdf Literary representations of mental illness often challenge clinical definitions by focusing on the tension between individual distress and social regulation. Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar provides a powerful narrative of depression that resists being read as a simple psychological breakdown. Instead, it situates mental suffering within broader institutional and cultural frameworks. This paper examines Plath’s portrayal of madness not as a purely medical pathology, but as a crisis of meaning shaped by rigid social expectations and psychiatric authority. Drawing on existential psychology and the medical humanities, the study explores how Esther Greenwood’s depression emerges from an acute awareness of her limited choices rather than an inherent psychological defect. The novel’s depiction of psychiatric practices reveals how mental health systems often function as regulatory structures aimed at enforcing social conformity. Through a close reading of the fig tree metaphor and Esther’s experience with shock treatment, this paper highlights the limitations of clinical frameworks that isolate mental illness from its existential context. By framing madness as a response to structural pressures, Plath’s novel challenges the dominant biomedical narrative and views depression as a crisis of purpose. This paper argues that The Bell Jar positions literature as a critical space where psychological distress is examined beyond diagnostic categories. It concludes by emphasising the role of institutional power and narrative in shaping the lived experience of suffering. https://ijels.com/detail/cure-as-coercion-psychiatric-authority-and-the-politics-of-femininity-in-the-bell-jar/ Abhigya Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-103202619-Cureas.pdf The paper offers insight into the inner lives of female characters that underscores feminine sensibility. The diverse experiences of those characters serve as a canvas for the expression of feminine sensibility. It also examines the theme of motherhood, highlighting Jindan’s maternal instincts as well as concern for the kingdom. Despite belonging to a marginalized community, she seeks power and creates a heroic charisma that the British cannot ignore. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni appropriately segregates four stages of Jindan’s life: Girl, Bride, Queen, and Rebel which earned her the title of ‘the last queen’. Women in history suffered a lot due to profuse complexities. The portrayal of female relationships authentically exemplifies the inherent bond of sisterhood, emphasizing the importance of women standing in solidarity. https://ijels.com/detail/feminine-sensibility-in-chitra-banerjee-divakaruni-s-the-last-queen/ Chahat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-103202639-Feminine.pdf Doshi’s poems explore the climate and bodies of women who are subjected to analogous forms of violence, erosion, and silence. This research article argues that Tishani Doshi’s poetry challenges idealised images of nature and femininity, unveiling how women and the environment are abused under the hierarchy of patriarchy and capitalist structure in India. By applying the ecofeminist thought of Vandana Shiva, Val Plumwood, and Ariel Salleh, this paper presents that Doshi's treatment of nature is far more critical than mere sentimentalism. She understands the exploitation of nature to be structural and cyclical, rather than incidental. In this relation, the fortified language of Doshi’s poems is steeped with rhythm and imagery that protest the convergence of economic, gendered, and colonial violence exercised upon the land, and more significantly upon women. The positive side of this convergence, however, is that the language encapsulates layers of resistance: the memory of the oppressed and the solidarity and love of the women. Consequently, Doshi’s poems highlight that the reclamation of nature and gender justice is a simultaneous and inseparable process that requires a disintegration of the controlling logic that renders both women and nature disposable. https://ijels.com/detail/patriarchy-and-environmental-precarity-an-ecofeminist-study-of-tishani-doshi-s-poetry/ Dr. Md Nasir Hossain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-103202648-Patriarchy.pdf This article conducts an interdisciplinary study and offers a corrective to previous scholarship that has routinely overlooked the role of visual narrative in “Rip Van Winkle”. Visual narrative skills -- such as the use of color and light, ekphrasis, comic strip via phrasing, two-dimensional variable focalization -- not only elaborate, specify, and extend the characterization of the protagonists, but also act as a microcosm of social transition in 19th century America. This paper argues that Irving portrays the anxiety over transition through visual narrative in the short story. https://ijels.com/detail/anxiety-over-transition-visual-narrative-in-rip-van-winkle/ Zhang Bingqi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-103202641-Anxiety.pdf This paper critically examines the historical evolution and present dynamics of English language education in India, emphasizing the need to integrate Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) into the curriculum to create a more balanced and inclusive educational framework. The objective is to address the historical and ongoing marginalization of indigenous languages and epistemologies, a consequence of colonial policies such as Macaulay’s Minute (1835) and Wood’s Despatch (1854), which established English as the dominant medium of instruction. While English has opened economic and academic opportunities, it has also contributed to the erosion of local cultures and linguistic diversity. The gap identified lies in the overemphasis on English as the sole marker of progress and success, often at the expense of India’s rich intellectual heritage. Using a qualitative methodology, the paper analyzes historical documents, educational policies like the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2000-2001 onwards), and existing curriculum models to explore how IKS—encompassing Ayurveda, Vedic mathematics, classical arts and indigenous ecological knowledge—can be meaningfully integrated into contemporary education. The paper proposes pragmatic strategies such as bilingual/multilingual education models and interdisciplinary integration of IKS into science, mathematics and environmental studies. The outcome envisioned is a curriculum that promotes national identity, cognitive diversity and cultural pride while ensuring global competitiveness. This approach fosters students’ connection to their roots and prepares them to thrive in a pluralistic and globalized world. The future relevance of this study lies in its advocacy for curriculum reforms that respect both the global utility of English and the foundational value of India’s indigenous knowledge traditions. https://ijels.com/detail/towards-an-inclusive-curriculum-english-education-and-the-integration-of-indian-knowledge-systems/ Karuna Singh, Niraj Raj, Pragati Prasad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-103202652-Towardsan.pdf Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland tells the story of how the murder of Udayan during the Naxalite uprising-the one act of political violence-pulled the family into the psychological trauma world that shook the generations and the places. The book states that the political upheaval emotional stuff does not stay with the historical moment but it moves through silence, emotional detachment, and broken family bonds. This article claims the trauma rooted in the homeland is the main factor behind immigrant identity even after the physical relocation. It uses trauma theory to support its argument, for example, Cathy Caruth’s assertion that trauma is an experience that “returns belatedly” in new forms (4), and Marianne Hirsch’s idea of “postmemory” like the heritage of the later generations (5). The argument shows that in Lahiri's work, personal loss is set against a broader public history. Relying on qualitative textual analysis and diaspora studies, the paper finds that Gauri’s withdrawal, Subhash’s overcompensation in parenting, and Bela’s rebellious activism exemplify the emotional heritage passed down from one generation to another. The authors identify silence, exile, and emotional absence as the main instruments through which the trauma gets to be inherited. Results indicate that The Lowland serves as a literary reservoir of political memory, depicting the way violent incidents deeply ingrained in national history become recurrences in the diasporic family structures. By uncovering the mental side of the political break, Lahiri's novel, in effect, broadens our conception of how literature serves as a record, a medium, and a means of transmission for the collective trauma's legacy across the different times and spaces. https://ijels.com/detail/political-violence-and-family-legacy-trauma-transmission-in-jhumpa-lahiri-s-the-lowland/ Shiwani Phougat, Dr Manisha Luthra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-103202642-Political.pdf Globalization has intensified cultural exchanges, migrations, and transnational interactions, leading to the emergence of hybrid cultural identities. Literature provides a powerful medium through which the complexities of globalization can be examined. This article explores the process of cultural hybridization in Gun Island by Amitav Ghosh. The novel brings together folklore, migration narratives, ecological crises, and global capitalism, revealing how local traditions intersect with global forces. The study argues that cultural hybridization in the narrative emerges through the reinterpretation of myth, the movement of people across borders, and the interaction between indigenous knowledge and global modernity. The legend of the merchant Bonduki Sadagar functions as a cultural bridge linking the Sundarbans to global migration networks extending to Europe. By analyzing narrative structure, mythic symbolism, and character experiences, the article demonstrates how globalization transforms cultural identities while simultaneously preserving traditional cultural memory. The novel ultimately suggests that hybrid cultural formations are not merely consequences of globalization but also creative responses to ecological and social transformations in the contemporary world. https://ijels.com/detail/myth-migration-and-cultural-hybridity-in-a-globalized-world-reimagining-identity-in-amitav-ghosh-s-gun-island/ Tarif Sardar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-103202630-Myth.pdf World Wars have been occurred such a terrible incidents in the human history that led to a drastic change in the entire scenario of the world, whether it is social and political issues, intellectual standards, economic, religious, and mental concerns, and academic perspectives. After these milestone events, the focus of intellectuals was changed from imagination and innovative progress to existential despair. For the first time, People started to search the relevance and meaning of life instead of materialistic prosperity. The writers of this era were exploring the themes of despair, nostalgia, identity crisis, meaninglessness, alienation and existential subjects. On this foundation, the current paper will analyze the thematic presentation of post-war disillusionment and existential emptiness in the chosen short stories of Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway’s fiction portrays the psychological fragmentation and moral ambiguity of the post-war era, especially in the characters who represent alienation, loss of faith, and emotional numbness. Through the textual and thematic analysis, the research will investigate how narrative minimalism, symbolic topography, and muted dialogue are used as stylistic elements to represent inner emptiness and repressed trauma. Through an exploration of key stories such as “In Another Country,” “Hills Like White Elephants,” “Soldier’s Home,” and “The Killers,” the study examines how Hemingway portrays the fractured self, the rupture of traditional values, and the existential void that defines the post-war era and show how the aftermath of war alters the individual’s identity, interpersonal relations, literary trends and worldview. https://ijels.com/detail/post-war-disillusionment-and-human-void-in-earnest-hemingway-s-short-fiction-an-analysis/ Arti Devi Verma, Prof. Charu Mehrotra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-103202661-Post-War.pdf In The Secret History, Donna Tartt subverts the traditional mystery by revealing the killers in the opening pages. This paper explores the novel as a "whydunnit"—an inverted detective story where the true enigma is the psychological and moral decay of its characters. Centered on a group of elite classics students, the study examines how their obsession with Ancient Greek ideals and Dionysian rituals leads to a cold, Nietzschean rejection of conventional morality. Through the eyes of the unreliable narrator, Richard Papen, I argue that the murder of Bunny Corcoran is more than a cover-up; it is the tragic result of "aesthetic solipsism," where beauty is valued above human life. By integrating Freudian theory and the Aristotelian concept of hamartia, this analysis demonstrates how the pursuit of intellectual transcendence inevitably collapses into a haunting reality of guilt, paranoia, and self-destruction. https://ijels.com/detail/the-unraveling-of-moral-and-psychological-motivations-analyzing-the-secret-history/ Jessica Agnes. C https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-10320266-TheUnraveling.pdf This paper explores the complex relationship between memory, solitude, and the construction of female identity in Anita Desai’s novels Clear Light of Day and Fire on the Mountain. Focusing on the inner lives of women characters, the study examines how memory functions not merely as recollection but as a shaping force that defines identity, relationships, and emotional realities. In both novels, solitude emerges as a significant condition through which the female protagonists negotiate their sense of self, often reflecting both liberation and alienation. Through a close textual analysis, the paper highlights how Desai portrays women caught between past and present, struggling with personal trauma, familial obligations, and social expectations. The research further investigates how spaces of isolation—whether emotional or physical—become sites of introspection and self-realization. By situating these narratives within a broader feminist and psychological framework, the study argues that Desai redefines female identity as fluid, fragmented, and deeply influenced by memory and solitude. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates that Desai’s works challenge traditional representations of women by foregrounding their internal conflicts and emphasizing the nuanced processes of identity formation in modern Indian literature. https://ijels.com/detail/between-memory-and-solitude-female-identity-in-anita-desai-s-clear-light-of-day-and-fire-on-the-mountain/ Bappaditya Guha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-103202675-Between.pdf Actually, Khaled Hosseini’s ‘A Thousand Splendid Suns’ (2007) has frequently been read as a narrative of female suffering within war-torn Afghanistan. While such interpretations foreground the novel’s depiction of systemic oppression, they often understate the complexity of agency embedded in its narrative structure. This paper argues that Hosseini reconfigures female agency as a gradual, relational, and ethically grounded process rather than an overt act of resistance. Through a close reading of Mariam and Laila’s evolving relationship, the study demonstrates how domestic space becomes a contested site where power is both enforced and subverted. Drawing on postcolonial feminist thought, the analysis highlights how resilience operates not as passive endurance but as a form of narrative and moral agency. Ultimately, the novel challenges reductive representations of Afghan women by presenting resistance as embedded within care, sacrifice, and interdependence. https://ijels.com/detail/reframing-resilience-gendered-agency-and-narrative-ethics-in-khaled-hosseini-s-a-thousand-splendid-suns/ Dr. Sanjay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-103202699-Reframing.pdf Southern Appalachia has experienced a severe ecological crisis as a result of long-term deforestation and resource extraction, and it offers a clear example of the “resource curse” in the history of Western modernity. Against this background, Appalachian environmental crisis fiction develops a distinctive way of writing about trees that reveals the interweaving of capitalist violence, ecological trauma, and the ethical problems of the Anthropocene. Focusing on Ron Rash’s Serena and Barbara Kingsolver’s Flight Behavior, this essay uses close reading to examine the multiple meanings attached to trees in these works and to show the warning force and ethical value of Appalachian environmental crisis fiction in an Anthropocene context. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-tree-writing-in-twenty-first-century-southern-appalachian-environmental-crisis-fiction/ Zhi Wei Bao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-103202677-AStudy.pdf The English literary canon has long been shaped by Eurocentric, patriarchal, and caste-blind frameworks that marginalize or erase the voices of women, colonized peoples, and oppressed communities. In the contemporary digital age, artificial intelligence and algorithmic recommendation systems risk reinforcing these exclusions by privileging dominant narratives and silencing alternative voices. This paper proposes a feminist-decolonial re-examination of English literature that interrogates canonical authority, algorithmic bias, and the politics of digital visibility. By juxtaposing canonical texts with counter-narratives from postcolonial, feminist, and Dalit traditions, and by critiquing the role of algorithms in shaping literary reception, this study argues that rewriting the canon in the age of AI is both a literary and political act. The paper concludes by envisioning a plural, inclusive, and ethically responsible future for literary study. https://ijels.com/detail/rewriting-the-canon-feminist-decolonial-readings-of-english-literature-in-the-age-of-ai-and-algorithms/ Alice Ancy F https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-103202646-Rewriting.pdf In the era of capitalocene, natural resources including water and waterscapes are to be used for profit based vision. Capitalism provides access to the resources to the rich of the resources while the marginalized sections of the society face scarcity and are forced to live in inhabitable environmental conditions. In the name of materialistic progress, capitalist activities fuel the degradation of the environment. This phenomena casts severe irrevocable impacts on nature, and on the lives of "ecosystem people" destroying their interrelationship with the non-human world (Gadgil & Guha, 1995, p. 3). The perception of exceptionalism and exemptionalism nourish the causes of exploitation of the non-human world, biodiversity, ecological balance, and segregation of humans from non-human. Akkineni Kutumbarao's Telugu novel Kolleti Jadalu translated into English by Vasanth Kannabiran as Softly Dies a Lake (2020) presents water contamination and passive death of the largest freshwater lake in India. This eco-memoir echoes the exploitative deeds of the greedy and the consequences of such anthropocentric conducts. This paper shall attempt to study multifarious engagement with water by employing theoretical perspectives from the field of Blue Humanities and Ecocriticism. This paper also intent to read capitalocene's slow violence with an emphasis on how the corporate culture disrupt the interrelationship between human and non-human in Kolleru, the village beside the lake, how the degradations, contamination of the lake affects marginalized communities and nature, and how the lake influences the identities of the people. https://ijels.com/detail/capitalocene-waterscape-and-human-questions-reading-akkineni-kutumbarao-s-softly-dies-a-lake/ Rejoan Ali https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-103202646-Capitalocene.pdf This paper explores the themes of trauma, motherhood, and self-narration as portrayed in Arundhati Roy's Mother Mary Comes to Me, a memoir that traces the author’s personal and emotional story and her connection with her mother, Mary Roy. The paper aims to show how trauma in the text is not described directly but is expressed through Roy’s silence to her mother’s aggression. This research also highlights self-narration, showing how Roy uses her personal memories and reflections to narrate her story in her own voice. To understand the generational trauma imposed on Mrs Roy and then Arundhati and her brother shaping their self- perception, identity and future actions, this research draws on Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory as discussed in Unclaimed Experience. This theoretical framework allows the study to analyse how unprocessed trauma is carried across time and generations. https://ijels.com/detail/trauma-motherhood-and-self-narration-in-arundhati-roy-s-mother-mary-comes-to-me/ Srishti Mitra, Manjari Johri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-10420262-Trauma.pdf In the evolutionary trajectory of Odia poetry, the post-1980 period is regarded as a significant turning point, which literary critics have designated as "post-modernism." One of the most powerful poetic voices of this era belongs to the poet Hrushikesh Mallik. In his poetry, the consciousness of love is not merely an emotion but a vehicle of cultural resistance and the re-evaluation of life itself. This research paper endeavours to analyse the multifaceted manifestations of love across the poet’s various collections, including Dhana Saunta Jhia, Dharmapatni, Rebati, and the Sahitya Akademi Award-winning Sarijaithiba Apera. From the poet’s perspective, love embodies an indigenous bond with the soil of the village, a feminist sensibility, and, above all, an eternal quest for humanity. The very core of this study lies in how, through the deployment of postmodernist poetic techniques such as Magic Realism and Montage, he has forged an intimate connection between love, the earth, and humankind. In Mallik’s verses, love transcends mere romantic reverie; it becomes a "sublimated experience" (sublimation) that moves from melancholy toward optimism. This comprehensive examination thus grounds the lover-identity of Hrushikesh Mallik’s poetic persona in a firm philosophical foundation. https://ijels.com/detail/love-in-post-1980s-o-i-poetry-hr-ke-a-mallik/ Balaram Lenka https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-103202645-Love.pdf This research paper examines the intricate relationship between sexuality and racism in Liliane. The novel presents a deeply psychological portrait of a Black woman navigating identity formation within a socio-cultural framework shaped by racial hierarchies and patriarchal control. Through fragmented narration, shifting consciousness, and complex interpersonal relationships, Shange foregrounds the lived experiences of Black women whose sexuality is mediated by race, class, and history. This paper argues that sexual relationships in Liliane operate as both sites of oppression and resistance. By closely analyzing Liliane’s relationships, familial background, and psychological struggles, this study highlights how Shange constructs a Black feminist discourse that critiques both systemic racism and gendered subjugation while affirming female agency. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-sexual-relationships-and-racism-in-liliane-by-ntozake-shange/ Sadhana Singh Yadav, M.K. Yadav, Arun Kumar Yadav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-103202649-AStudy.pdf Sociological, historical, and anthropological studies have examined the distinctive kinship practice, the matrilineal system in Kerala, mainly from an upper-caste, Nayar-centric perspective. While diverse communities, including Thiyas, Muslims, Kurichiyas, and even the Brahmins in the Payyanur region of northern Malabar, historically followed a matrilineal system in Kerala, the kinship system was studied and understood mainly from an elite Nayar perspective. This paper, based on secondary sources, seeks to challenge the notion of an upper-caste-centric matrilineal kinship narrative by foregrounding the varied ways in which communities practiced and interpreted matriliny. Argues that the functioning and the reforms of the matrilineal kinship system were deeply shaped by caste positions, social context and economic roles. Moreover, the gendered experiences and women's position were not uniform across communities. Thus, this paper highlights that understanding of the matrilineal kinship system should be based on the plurality of social realities that constitute it. https://ijels.com/detail/matriliny-in-practice-rethinking-kinship-through-lived-realities/ Athira Sugathan, Dr Leela P.U. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-103202660-Matriliny.pdf Ecofeminism in the twenty-first century is emerging as a new discipline that has engaged scholars and activists to revisit and re-examine the relationship between humans and the natural world. It emerges as an interdisciplinary framework that links the oppression of women with the domination of nature. It argues that victimization of nature and women are similar to patriarchal, capitalist and colonialism structure by power. Emerging from the feminist and environmental movements, the theory challenges hierarchical systems and demands social justice. Therefore, the paper aims to analyze Geetanjali Shree’s work, Tomb of Sand, with an ecofeminist sensitivity. Her narratives intricately weave women’s experiences with broader socio-cultural and ecological concerns. While analyzing her work, the study engages with major ecofeminist theories, including the perspectives of Vandana Shiva. This paper draws the reader’s attention to Shree’s writing style that aligns with ecofeminist thought. The work questions how women and the environment become silent victims of capitalist and political ideology. It also interrogates the logic of domination that suppresses nature, women, and the environment. The study encourages readers to reconsider the power of belongingness and coexistence between ecology and human lives. The findings would also elaborate on gender discourse in reflection of the ecofeminist study. https://ijels.com/detail/ecological-feminist-study-of-geetanjali-shree-s-work-tomb-of-sand/ Anita Vethia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-103202678-Ecological.pdf Dalit autobiography has become one of the most important modes of modern Indian life writing because it joins personal memory with collective history. This paper offers a thematic comparison of four major Dalit autobiographies: Omprakash Valmiki’s Joothan, Sharankumar Limbale’s The Outcaste, Aravind Malagatti’s Government Brahmana, and Bama’s Karukku. The study argues that these works transform autobiography into testimony, social critique, and resistance writing. Across linguistic and regional differences, the four texts repeatedly engage with caste oppression, untouchability, poverty, labor, humiliation, educational struggle, gendered marginalization, religious contradiction, fractured identity, and the search for dignity. At the same time, each text gives these themes a distinct shape: Joothan foregrounds everyday humiliation and material deprivation; The Outcaste intensifies identity crisis and psychological fracture; Government Brahmana highlights irony, institutional contradiction, and modern caste continuities; and Karukku brings a strong Dalit feminist and spiritual critique. The paper concludes that Dalit autobiography is not only a record of suffering but also a literary form of awakening, self-assertion, and ethical resistance. https://ijels.com/detail/thematic-comparison-in-select-dalit-autobiographies-a-comparative-study-of-joothan-the-outcaste-government-brahmana-and-karukku/ Pooja Pate, Dr. Mrinal Srivastava https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-103202659-Thematic.pdf Claire Messud’s novel The Woman Upstairs (2013) presents a distinct perspective on the post-9/11 era, focusing on the hidden social anxieties and strategic silences of Americans. While not explicitly political in a conventional sense, the novel is deeply imbued with the ethics and social tensions of the time. Through the narrative of Nora Eldridge, a teacher and artist the novel captures the era's socio-political upheaval through allusions to the terror attacks and the resulting policies of otherizing. Nora’s inner self-doubt mirrors the collective anxiety of a nation that lost its sense of invulnerability. It highlights a paradoxical shift where victims and oppressors, observers and the observed, constantly swap roles, mirroring a climate characterized by fragile trust. This raises uncomfortable questions about whether we can recognize the humanity of our worst enemy and meet our obligations to those who attack us. This paper argues that the novel acts as a unique, intimate archive of the post-9/11 America, portraying a furious American identity that brings to light a core ethical responsibility. https://ijels.com/detail/the-woman-upstairs-a-struggle-for-recognition-and-a-longing-for-invisibility/ Nibedita Patel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-103202650-TheWoman.pdf The global economy is changing at an incredibly fast pace due to the influence of technology, automation, artificial intelligence, and changing socio-economic trends which have increased the mismatch between the workforce needs and educational systems. The conventional models of education that were mostly created in the industrial age economy are becoming ineffective in the preparation of people toward complex, dynamic, and technology-intensive workplaces. The paper will look at the increasing global skills gap, the rising trend of short-term vocational training and micro-credentials, as opposed to long-term higher education, and the effects of these spheres on long-term workforce sustainability. The study, based on a qualitative synthesis of the world data, policy reports, and scholarly works, examines the new skills requirements, loss of engagement with the education-to-work systems among youth, and how educational technology and artificial intelligence can transform the learning systems. The results emphasize that the change in the curricula should focus on an approach based on the capabilities instead of the content to be taught with the incorporation of technical, cognitive, and socio-emotional skills with the aid of lifelong learning frameworks. This article makes the case that vocational and short-course pathways can add to overall employability in the short term but there should not be an unbalanced focus on them because it can create a lack of highly skilled professionals and decrease the ability to innovate in the future. It ends with a call to the balanced and integrated form of education that enhances vocational flexibility with academic depth, equity and access and emerges as a way to reinforce collaboration among governments, educational institutions and employers in creating a strong, inclusive and future-ready workforce in a fast-changing global economy. https://ijels.com/detail/redefining-education-and-skills-development-for-a-future-ready-workforce-in-a-rapidly-evolving-global-economy/ Minh Duy Khiem Nguyen, Ngoc Hien Nguyen, Anh TT Dang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-10420263-Redefining.pdf Henry David Thoreau, the 19th-century American transcendentalist writer, is renowned for his independent and free way of life, as well as his concise, accurate, and critical writing. His transcendentalist masterpiece, the essay collection Walden, contains a powerful spiritual belief that Thoreau left as an invaluable and immortal spiritual treasure for future generations. In this work, Thoreau meticulously records his experiences of passing seasons and encounters with every blade of grass and tree on the banks of Walden Pond, which contain many natural archetypal images. This paper intends to explore the cross-generational enlightenment of this work from a psychoanalytic perspective, grounded in Jung's archetype theory. It first unveils the spiritual emptiness and group confusion hidden beneath materialism, and then delves into two major natural archetypal images of “water” and “sun”, and their profound implications. Emotions linked to such archetypal experiences should be linked to positive feelings, such as purification, rebirth, enlightenment and hope. The conclusion of this paper is a summary of the redemptive significance of the work for people's empty souls, which aims to provide a new perspective for understanding the spiritual dilemmas of society. https://ijels.com/detail/natural-archetypes-in-henry-david-thoreau-s-walden/ Chenyue Ding https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-104202614-Natural.pdf