https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usOctober 11 Toni Morrison, a renowned African American woman author, depicts the predicament of black subaltern women in her writings. African American women's situation was poignant, as they were subjugated by the patriarchal culture. Because of male and white dominance and oppression they were unable to develop their own identity in the society. They have plenty of aspirations, but they never have a place to showcase them. Their hard work and ability are never supported, and society and their community often suppressed their voice. The African American women experienced a variety of conflicting emotions, including hope and gloom, love and dislike, marital turmoil, and male chauvinism. ‘The Bluest Eye’ deals with class conflict, racism, sexism, gender difficulties, and identity crises. Morrison's main theme focus is the struggle of women in African American society. She also feels that it is crucial for people in black culture to recognize their principles and find their own identity in society. https://ijels.com/detail/subaltern-african-american-female-silenced-voice-in-tony-morrison-s-the-bluest-eye/ Shipra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-108202581-Subaltern.pdf We are Displaced is an anthropological and cosmological literary magnum opus where Malala Yousafzai perlustrates the ineffable quiddity of her past in the Swat Valley and the substitution into a state of devastation due to the socio-cultural and eco-political ramifications of the Taliban movement as a captivating and disenchanting threat. She investigates her text for lampooning all the fundamentalist groups that impose a set of restrictive and supremacist beliefs against the willingness of the Pakistani woman in terms of rights and psychological growth. All of these fluctuations get more intense with devastating and unprecedented events of nature as they get reified and interpreted as a mode of divine punishment due to the refusal to adhere to the extremist rulings. In fact, it's a call for de-homogenizing the Islamic doctrine by castrating and befuddling the economy of equal societal existence between men and women. This point investigates a bilateral trauma that can be addressed from a postcolonial and feminist theoretical approximation as we realize the onslaught of both imperialism and patriarchy in their material and immaterial dynamicity. The fundamentalism which is provoked by the Taliban movement is a real condemnation and disorientation for the regular equanimity of three inter-reflexive sectors that stand as a constructionist quilt behind whatever nation's proliferation, and which are: education, media and environment. The cursus through which the author embarks is one of revision and replacement of discursiveness as it is a causal-effect of a long historical fight which gets obfuscated by the nullity of different anarchist, subjectivist, individualist and hierarchist beliefs. Then, this Pakistani author attempts to create a counter-narrative that intentionally embodies a metaleptic self-reflexivity in the name of equalizing ethical exchange and dialogic extension with the reader. In other terms, the author exposes an epistemological quest that scrutinizes the shift from safety to threat by considering reconciliation as a kaleidoscopic medium through which peace will progress from the inside spirit to the outside land. https://ijels.com/detail/reconciliation-as-a-postcolonial-gambit-against-the-epidemiology-of-imperialism-in-malala-yousafzai-s-we-are-displaced/ Kawtar Ettour https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-108202564-Reconciliation.pdf Hauntology is a term coined by Jacques Derrida which refers to cultural elements of past haunting the present. Its association with dystopian fiction seems more organic. However, this paper argues that utopian and optimistic themes of solar-punk fiction often hint at a connection to the past. This paper attempts a hauntological reading of Bucky Chamber’s A Psalm for the Wild-Built. It juxtaposes the theoretical term referring to a cultural concept into a work of fiction. It also analyses how such juxtaposition can be a fulfilling way of reading a solar-punk text. https://ijels.com/detail/juxtaposing-hauntology-in-solar-punk-ideals-of-bucky-chamber-s-a-psalm-for-the-wild-built/ Dr. Ajay B. Chhuchhar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-108202569-Juxtaposing.pdf Archetypal theory, rooted in Carl Jung’s psychology and extended by Northrop Frye’s literary criticism, examines universal figures and narrative patterns that recur across literature. When applied to women’s writing, archetypal criticism reveals how female characters are framed within cultural scripts such as the mother, the daughter, the goddess, and the seeker. Manju Kapur’s Difficult Daughters and Githa Hariharan’s The Thousand Faces of Night both engage deeply with these archetypes, portraying women who seek autonomy while being constrained by patriarchal structures. This paper applies archetypal theory to these novels to explore how their female protagonists both inherit and resist symbolic roles, showing how archetypes function as both oppressive patterns and sites of re-visioning. https://ijels.com/detail/archetypal-study-of-female-identity-in-manju-kapur-s-difficult-daughters-and-githa-hariharan-s-the-thousand-faces-of-night/ Vinaya Peter https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-108202565-Archetypal.pdf This article investigates how participatory digital fandom redefines the concept of cult film within contemporary Chinese cinema, using two contrasting yet highly influential film franchises as case studies: Tiny Times (2013–2015) and Wolf Warrior (2015–2017). Employing discourse analysis of fan interactions on social media and close textual analysis of the films themselves, this study examines how online fan practices convert mainstream films into cult texts. Despite their distinct ideological positions—one emphasising aspirational neoliberal consumerism, the other showcasing assertive nationalism—both franchises are subjected to similar paracinematic rituals by online communities. Fans appropriate, critique, and ironically celebrate these films, thus creating a new form of digital cult status distinct from traditional Western definitions centred on marginality and subversion. This paper argues that digital participatory cultures, supported by social media platforms, reshape cult cinema into an expansive, ritualised practice that merges consumerist and nationalist discourses. The findings challenge established Anglophone-centric cult film theories by highlighting the role of digital platforms and fan-generated content in redefining cinematic value and audience engagement in China's evolving media landscape. This analysis contributes to global cult-film scholarship by showing how digital platforms shape cinematic reception beyond Western contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/luxury-dreams-patriotic-memes-digital-fandom-and-chinese-cult-cinema/ Qi Liu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-108202583-Luxury.pdf This paper explores the intersection of spiritual despair and femininity in Graham Greene’s fiction, specifically focusing on the marginalization and lack of redemptive agency among female characters. Drawing upon Greene’s major works, including The Heart of the Matter, Brighton Rock, and The End of the Affair, the study demonstrates how women’s spiritual suffering is frequently rendered subordinate to male narrative arcs, often reduced to symbolic elements of sacrifice, temptation, or victimhood. Through close textual analysis and engagement with feminist and theological criticism, the paper uncovers how Greene’s portrayal of women aligns with broader patriarchal frameworks found in mid-twentieth-century English literature, wherein feminine spiritual experience is depicted as passive, voiceless, and rarely afforded the complexity of moral transformation or autonomy. Philosophers such as Simone de Beauvoir and theologians like Elizabeth Johnson provide critical tools for examining how literary and religious traditions have constructed gendered hierarchies of suffering and salvation. By examining the absence of redemptive agency in Greene’s female characters, this paper underscores the need for feminist revisions of the literary canon and spiritual narratives. The research argues that Greene’s fiction, while renowned for its psychological realism and moral ambiguity, ultimately perpetuates the absence of female spiritual redemption, prompting a call for more inclusive and transformative models of feminine agency in literature. https://ijels.com/detail/spiritual-despair-and-femininity-the-absence-of-redemptive-agency-in-graham-greene-s-women/ Dharmendra Kumar Rana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-108202580-Spiritual.pdf The Chinese National Silk Museum stands as one of China's cultural landmarks, attracting numerous domestic and foreign visitors for exploration and learning. This study aims to provide a comprehensive research perspective on the translation of silk relics by showcasing the choices translators may make during the translation process. It has summarized the linguistic characteristics of silk exhibition texts, explored the types of translation techniques applicable to English texts under the Adaptation Theory, and identified issues and solutions in silk translation. The goal is to offer a certain degree of reference and guidance for future research in artifact translation. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-on-the-foreign-publicity-translation-of-chinese-silk-culture-from-the-perspective-of-linguistic-adaptation-theory-a-case-study-of-c-e-translation-of-exhibits-in-china-national-silk-museum/ Li Jiayi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-108202552-AStudy.pdf This study examines the relationship between determination and fulfilment in women’s personal and professional lives through Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s ‘The Palace of Illusions’. Reimagining Draupadi’s story, the narrative highlights her struggles with societal expectations, power, and ambition, reflecting modern women’s challenges in balancing career, growth, and responsibility. Focusing on dharma (duty), Shakti (feminine power), and autonomy, the analysis argues that ancient Indian wisdom offers strategies for resilience, integrity, and work-life balance. Instead of emphasizing suffering, the study reveals women’s inner potential, showing how Panchali’s determination inspires contemporary women to integrate traditional values with leadership, success, and personal fulfilment. https://ijels.com/detail/balancing-determination-for-attaining-personal-and-professional-fulfilments-of-women-with-reference-to-chitra-banerjee-s-the-palace-of-illusions/ Dr. Upender Gundala, Dr. P. V. Rajlakshmi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-108202568-Balancing.pdf Olive Kitteridge, the third masterpiece by contemporary American writer Elizabeth Strout, won the Pulitzer Prize in 2009 for its exquisitely detailed depiction of the daily lives of small-town residents. Against the backdrop of the increasingly prominent trend of global aging, the portrayal of the elderly in this book appropriately carries real-world implications. This paper uses narrative gerontology theory to analyze the loneliness experience of the elderly and its narrative presentation in the novel. In terms of narrative, the author uses the shift between an omniscient perspective and an internal perspective, combined with the characters’ inner monologues and dialogues, to deeply bind the theme of loneliness with the physical and psychological experiences of aging. This highlights the role of “Narratives of Life” in narrative gerontology in constructing the existential meaning of the elderly, revealing the universality and complexity of loneliness among the elderly in modern society. https://ijels.com/detail/twilight-tide-narrative-of-aging-in-olive-kitteridge/ Ma Chaofan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-108202579-Twilight.pdf The Israel-Palestine conflict emerges as one of the long-lasting and most divisive wars of the contemporary age, which is defined by continuing cycles of bloodshed, territorial disputes, and ingrained historical grudges. Amidst this intricate terrain, the Palestine resistance movement has surfaced as a pivotal agent championing equity, autonomy, and release for the Palestinian people. This study examines scriptotherapy as a form of resistance by analyzing Hala Alyan’s Salt Houses in depth, tracking the deep patterns of intergenerational trauma and evaluating how writing becomes a location for negotiating identity and sustaining the Palestinian narrative. Moreover, the text provides a comprehensive overview of the state of Palestinian literature after the Al-Nakba conflict and the emergence of novel memoirs that became recognized as life stories. The study promotes a greater awareness of the human cost of the conflict and the aspirations for dignity and self-determination that drive the Palestinian struggle by elevating Palestinian voices and experiences. https://ijels.com/detail/scriptotherapy-as-resistance-tracing-generational-trauma-in-hala-alyan-s-salt-houses/ Hunufa Nasir https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-10920254-Scriptotherapy.pdf Tennessee Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie (1944) shows a family stuck between family duties and personal dreams. Today, many people face the same struggle: choosing between helping their family and finding their own happiness. The rapidly shifting social fabric, marked by individualism and the decline of collective identity resonate even more deeply with the play’s themes. In our life also, we often find ourselves playing certain roles or types. This play (Tennessee Williams’ ‘The Glass Menagerie’) also shows us their truth: each character is not just an individual, but also a “type” that represents bigger ideas. Moreover, this paper looks at how the play’s characters show this shift from “we” (family, society and togetherness) to “me” (individual needs and dreams) also how it exemplify the modern struggle between duty and self-assertion. https://ijels.com/detail/living-the-self-a-mirror-of-modern-life-in-the-glass-menagerie/ Shivani Pawar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-109202512-Living.pdf Salman Rushdie’s works often blend fact and fiction in a masterful way. By doing so, Rushdie’s magical realist texts present the contradictions of contemporary India and Indianness. Rushdie’s status as an immigrant to Britain but writing about the Indian sub-continent allows him to posit himself as both an ‘insider’ and an ‘outsider’ of both cultures. Rushdie’s hybrid identity as an Indian, now migrated to Britain, very well suits the technique of magic realism in order to raise voice for those who are marginalized because of their language, religion, caste, gender and nationality. This research paper attempts to analyze Salman Rushdie’s use of magic realist technique in his novel Shame. By using this technique, Rushdie successfully blurs the boundary between fact and fiction. This technique enables him to question the dominance of patriarchy, corruption and power and at the same time put a resistance to them. There are several magical elements in the novel which make it incredible. But, the setting of the novel strongly resembles modern-day Pakistan. Thus, the blending of magic and history makes the novel a true example of magic realist novel. https://ijels.com/detail/magic-realism-in-salman-rushdie-s-shame/ Dr. Nabarun Ghosh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-108202576-Magic.pdf The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) has long shaped the country’s literary traditions, influencing storytelling structures, linguistic diversity, and stylistic choices. This paper explores how Salman Rushdie and Shashi Tharoor incorporate magic, myth, and multilingualism into their works, reflecting the epistemological and narrative frameworks of IKS. Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children and Tharoor’s The RiotandThe Great Indian Novelserve as primary texts, analyzed through the lens of oral traditions, intertextuality, mythological allegories, and code-switching. The study highlights how Rushdie’s magical realism and Tharoor’s historical intertextuality parallel ancient Indian storytelling, where myth and history intertwine seamlessly. Additionally, their extensive use of Indian languages, Sanskritized English, and cultural symbolism demonstrates the deep-rooted impact of IKS on their linguistic and stylistic innovations. By examining their narrative techniques, this paper argues that Rushdie and Tharoor do not merely write in English but rather "Indianize" the language, preserving indigenous literary traditions within global discourse. https://ijels.com/detail/magic-myth-and-multilinguilism-the-echo-of-the-indian-knowledge-system-in-the-language-and-style-of-salman-rushdie-and-shashi-tharoor/ Feroza Khatoon https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-109202521-Magic.pdf Robert Browning is celebrated not only for his refinement of the dramatic monologue, which unveils the complexity of human psychology, but also as a poet of art who explores the role of art in life. For him, art and life are inseparable, forming a union through which humanity pursues the infinite. This infinity rests on the idea of “perfection in imperfection”: only by confronting imperfection with passion can human life approach the divine. In “My Last Duchess” (1842), “The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed’s Church” (1845), and “Andrea del Sarto” (1855), Browning dramatizes characters whose attachment to art is reduced to materialism or vanity, exposing the limits of their finite existence. Their finitude is mirrored in the form of the dramatic monologue, underscoring isolation and rigidity. By revisiting the Renaissance—a moment of artistic and humanistic liberation—Browning articulates his philosophy of art and life, perfection and imperfection, the finite and the infinite. https://ijels.com/detail/unattainable-infinity-the-divorce-between-art-and-life-in-robert-browning-s-three-renaissance-poems/ Yifan Wang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-108202582-Unattainable.pdf Carol Ann Duffy’s poem “The Dolphins” dramatizes the plight of marine life constrained within human-made enclosures. Written in the first-person plural, the poem grants dolphins a voice to articulate their alienation, captivity, and displacement from their ecological habitat. This paper examines “The Dolphins” through the dual theoretical lenses of anthropocene and eco-criticism, situating Duffy’s poetic voice as a form of ecological resistance against human domination and exploitation of non-human species. The aquarium here becomes a metaphorical and literal emblem of the anthropocene: a site where human intervention reshapes ecological existence into spectacle, consumption, and confinement. Drawing upon eco-critical thinkers such as Cheryll Glotfelty, Lawrence Buell, and Timothy Clark, as well as scholarship on animal studies and green poetics, the paper argues that Duffy’s dolphins function as submerged witnesses to the violence of the anthropocene. Through a close textual analysis of the poem, this essay demonstrates how Duffy’s dolphins resist erasure by articulating memory, loss, and ecological consciousness within their imprisoned waters, transforming poetic form into a site of resistance against ecological degradation. https://ijels.com/detail/anthropocene-aquariums-eco-critical-resistance-in-the-confined-voices-of-duffy-s-the-dolphins/ Prosenjit Adhikary https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-10920252-Anthropocene.pdf Chinese animated films are increasingly visible on the global stage, yet their cross-cultural communication depends heavily on effective subtitle translation. This study examines the English subtitles of the 2025 animated film Nobody......................... https://ijels.com/detail/subtitling-chinese-animated-films-under-functional-equivalence-a-case-study-of-nobody/ Wang Xuyuan, Chen Shuangyu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-108202573-Subtitling.pdf By means of literature review and logical analysis, this study explores the value and strategies of ice and snow sports culture construction for its high-quality development. Ice and snow sports culture endows high-quality development with core driving capacity by shaping value identity, activating industrial innovation, and enhancing international popularity. However, at present, there are problems such as lack of public awareness, single communication form, and fragmented industrial development. Strategies such as in-depth excavation of connotation, innovation of communication mode, promotion of integration of industry and culture, and improvement of policy support are proposed to create a positive cycle between culture and development and boost the high-level development of China's ice and snow sports. https://ijels.com/detail/research-on-the-value-of-ice-and-snow-sports-culture-construction-to-its-high-quality-development-and-its-promotion-strategies/ Jintao You, Guanqiang Yang, Jiaqi Song https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-109202513-Research.pdf Since the implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy in 2021, remarkable achievements have been made in the standardized management of off-campus training institutions in China. Law-based governance has become a key path to regulating the development of off-campus training institutions. However, at present, the legal supervision of off-campus training in our country still faces many difficulties. In specific governance, various difficulties in the legalized supervision of off-campus training can be overcome from four aspects: collaborative supervision between educational supervision and educational administrative law enforcement, establishing a “responsibility - interest - system” framework for the supervision and governance of off-campus training, improving the legal and regulatory system for off-campus training, and giving full play to the regulatory and guiding role of industry associations, to ensure the sound operation of off-campus training institutions. https://ijels.com/detail/the-predicament-and-countermeasures-of-legal-supervision-of-off-campus-training-under-the-double-reduction-policy/ Wei Yuhan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-10920257-ThePredicament.pdf Luce Irigaray’s essay “When the Goods Get Together”, included in This Sex Which Is Not One (1977), performs a trenchant and imaginative critique of the ways patriarchal discourse, whether anthropological, psychoanalytic, or economic, reduces women to objects of circulation and thereby forecloses alternative modes of desire and community. Through a deliberately satirical scenario in which women (the “goods”) attempt to speak among themselves, Irigaray exposes the structural necessity of women’s silence for the reproduction of male alliances and homosocial bonds. She braids Lévi-Straussian kinship theory, Marx’s critique of commodity fetishism, Freud’s pathologizing of female sexuality, and Lacanian accounts of the symbolic, and she twists these inherited frameworks with mimicry and parody so as to reveal their absurdity and exclusions. Crucially, Irigaray does not only unmask; she gestures toward a utopian economy of plenitude, a community of women characterized by reciprocity, embodied speech, and material connectedness beyond circuits of scarcity and exchange. This essay situates “When the Goods Get Together” within feminist theoretical developments, tracing how Irigaray’s method anticipates debates by Judith Butler, Eve Sedgwick, and later feminist ethicists, while also considering critical objections about essentialism. Ultimately, the piece argues that Irigaray’s parodic dismantling of patriarchal exchange remains a powerful provocation for rethinking subjectivity, relationality, and feminist praxis. https://ijels.com/detail/when-the-goods-get-together-luce-irigaray-and-the-critique-of-exchange-desire-and-female-subjectivity/ Dr. Girija Suri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-109202522-When.pdf This paper explores how Kocharethi, the first tribal novel in Malayalam by Narayan an Araya tribal man, participates in a cultural dialogue through its English translation by Catherine Thankamma. As a narrative rooted in the lived experiences, oral traditions, and ecological consciousness of the Malayar tribal community in Kerala, the text offers a unique insight into indigenous worldviews. The study examines how the act of translation becomes a site of cultural negotiation, mediating between marginalized tribal voices and the mainstream literary discourse. Drawing on postcolonial translation theory and cultural studies, the paper undertakes a close textual analysis of key elements like language, idioms, customs, and narrative style to trace the tensions between fidelity to tribal specificity and the imperatives of accessibility. While the translation enables wider visibility and recognition for tribal literature, it also involves inevitable shifts, losses, and transformations. The paper argues that Kocharethi in translation functions as a dialogic space, where tribal identity is both asserted and adapted. Ultimately, the study affirms the potential of translation not merely as a linguistic exercise but as a powerful tool for intercultural understanding and literary inclusion in India’s pluralistic narrative landscape. https://ijels.com/detail/tribal-voices-in-translation-negotiating-cultural-spaces-in-narayan-s-kocharethi/ Suresh Kurapati https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-109202515-Tribal.pdf Introduction of courses on literatures of the marginalised in colleges and universities is a significant step in the democratisation process of the country. These courses facilitate discussion on the socio-political conditions of the marginalised people in the country and enables learners to reflect on their own social position and the role of power in constructing hierarchies in the society. Following the insights of Paulo Freire, the study examines the effectiveness of the courses in developing a critical pedagogy in which a new social consciousness is formed. The study problematises the absence of texts of Ambedkar in the curriculum and argues that the education process has not developed an inclusive system and privileged groups control the decision making in the Universities. The study foregrounds the need of placing Ambedkar thoughts at the centre of a liberating education system. https://ijels.com/detail/refiguring-the-other-a-critique-on-the-politics-of-teaching-literatures-of-the-marginalised/ Mr. Abdul Samad K, Dr. Basheer Kotta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-109202542-Refiguring.pdf Mizoram is the hilly, southernmost state of India’s North East. The Mizo are a people who in all they do, think or believe, like to celebrate and commemorate, or simply mark their experience in song. With the introduction of writing, many of these survive today in the written form and are considered the earliest Mizo poetry. Colonial interventions compelled rapid cultural, political, and social changes on the people of these hills. While writing is generally associated with civilization and progress, the project of literacy cannot be divorced from the imperialist agenda that brought literacy to oral communities. It also meant that their past was rendered invalid; for lack of any written archival record, they were considered a people with no history. This paper will attempt to explore how songs offer a space for memory and remembering, and allow access to the past that history writing has not. https://ijels.com/detail/the-poetics-of-understanding-mizo-pasts/ Lalrinawmi Colvom Lulam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-109202514-ThePoetics.pdf This paper explores the acquisition of English and Spanish among Moroccan tourism professionals (waiters, tour guides, vendors, etc.) in popular tourist destinations like Chefchaouen and Marrakech. It examines the apparent paradox of high fluency levels in these languages despite limited formal language learning opportunities. Many individuals within this workforce demonstrate impressive communicative competence, suggesting the presence of effective, yet informal, acquisition strategies. This research investigates these strategies through semi-structured interviews with tourism professionals in the selected cities. The interviews aim to uncover the innovative and often self-directed techniques employed by these individuals, including exposure to authentic language through interactions with tourists, utilization of media and technology, and engagement in self-study practices. By focusing on the lived experiences and learning practices of these individuals, this study seeks to understand the dynamics of informal language acquisition in a real-world context. The findings shed light on the effectiveness of non-formal language learning pathways and contribute to a deeper understanding of how individuals can achieve fluency in a second or third language outside of traditional educational settings. Ultimately, this research aims to inform pedagogical approaches and potentially empower other language learners by highlighting the power of informal learning in achieving communicative competence. https://ijels.com/detail/informal-language-acquisition-among-moroccan-tourism-professionals-a-case-study-of-chefchaouen-and-marrakech/ Ikrame Chibani, Khalil Hsoune https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-109202518-Informal.pdf This paper attempts to present the history of the partition of Bengal and the literature produced on the theme of the Bengal partition. It presents the stories of the transformation of the socio-political scenario of Bengal province before partition, conflicts between various political and religious sections and the migration that took place because of the partition of the province. It would bring an account of the Hindu-Muslim relationship before partition and the lack of trust due to various political developments among the communities. The paper will also deal with the larger politics of India concerning the Bengal province and the reaction of various political agents in the province. Bengal province witnessed a movement for 'Sovereign Bengal' led by Sharat Bose, Sohrawardy, and others; the paper will briefly study this movement. The paper will introduce literary works written on the theme of the partition of Bengal by Bengali writers both in Bengali and English. It would also provide a brief study of films in the Bengali language on the theme of the partition of Bengal. https://ijels.com/detail/the-partition-of-bengal-history-migration-and-literary-reflections/ Dr. Mamud Hassan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-109202511-ThePartition.pdf This article explores the concept of Rhizome and maps the various heterogeneous assemblages it can initiate when used as a perspective in Posthuman discussions. Neal Stephen’s cyberpunk novel Snow Crash uses intensive qualities like movements, affects, scans and lines as a virtual potential to define the real world. By tracing these qualities in the language of the novel and exploring its affect in the reader a posthuman way of binding the human-non-human and in human is possible. https://ijels.com/detail/mapping-posthuman-rhizomes-and-assemblages-in-the-spatial-distribution-of-neal-stephenson-s-snow-crash/ Dr. Reny Skaria https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-10920256-Mapping.pdf This paper presents a critical examination of Indira Goswami’s novel, The Moth-Eaten Howdah of a Tusker, reevaluating its portrayal of cultural decay and social transformation in 20th-century Assam. Departing from a traditional thematic reading, this study argues that the novel functions as a complex commentary on the dialectic between inherited tradition and revolutionary change. The fall of the feudal Adhikar family and the crumbling Vaishnavite Sattra are analyzed not merely as allegories of decline, but as sites where ideological and material contradictions are fiercely negotiated. Drawing on theoretical insights from postcolonialism and subaltern studies, this analysis interrogates how Goswami's narrative unsettles colonial and indigenous power structures. The paper delves into the gendered oppression embodied by the tragic figure of Giribala, whose subtle acts of resistance and eventual demise reveal the systemic violence of patriarchal orthodoxy. Concurrently, it examines the character of Indranath as a failed liberal humanist, whose tragic end exposes the pitfalls of both ossified tradition and uncritical revolutionary fervor. Ultimately, the paper will examine how Goswami’s work transcends a simple elegy for a bygone era, presenting instead a nuanced critique of modernity and a compelling case for a more ethically grounded path toward social evolution. https://ijels.com/detail/widowhood-orthodoxy-and-the-crisis-of-modernity-re-reading-goswami-s-the-moth-eaten-howdah-of-a-tusker/ Akangkshya Sarma, Dr. Mukuta Borah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-109202525-Widowhood.pdf Foreign language anxiety is still one of the biggest emotional barriers in learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). In the past, translation exercises have been assumed to be cognitively challenging tasks, but more recent studies show that, if designed with care, certain translation tasks can be used to alleviate the anxiety of learners and to promote psychological safety in language classrooms. This research analyzes the ways in which selective translation exercises could help to alleviate the anxiety of EFL learners while also improving learners’ language skills. By conducting a broad analysis of the literature and analysing several hare and qualitative studies, this work investigates learners’ emotional reactions to various forms of translation work and attempts to define the translation exercise features that encourage low anxiety. The research shows that learners’ anxiety is decreased substantially, alongside more positive emotional responses towards the target language, while performing certain culturally and contextually bound translation tasks, particularly when used with group work. This work offers suggestions to teachers on the use of translation exercises designed to decrease anxiety and improve learner emotional responses in EFL classrooms, ultimately seeking to improve the language teaching and learning in EFL context which lacks emotional and psychological considerations. https://ijels.com/detail/affective-dimensions-of-translation-tasks-reducing-anxiety-in-efl-learning/ Fatima Zahra Alaoui Mrani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-109202524-Affective.pdf This paper examines the persistent tradition of advocacy for social change in Indian English novels across historical periods—from pre-independence to the twenty-first century. It argues that the Indian English novel has consistently functioned as a vehicle for social critique, bearing witness to caste oppression, gender discrimination, Partition violence, authoritarianism during the Emergency, and the inequalities of globalization. Texts by Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao, R. K. Narayan, Khushwant Singh, Kamala Markandaya, Bhabani Bhattacharya, Salman Rushdie, Nayantara Sahgal, Rohinton Mistry, Anita Desai, Shashi Deshpande, Arundhati Roy, Amitav Ghosh, Aravind Adiga, Kiran Desai, Meena Kandasamy, Jhumpa Lahiri, Vikram Seth, Manu Joseph, and Anuradha Roy, among others, are analyzed for their advocacy potential. Through realism, satire, allegory, polyphony, and ecological narrative, these novels intervene in public discourse, expanding readers’ ethical horizons and pressing for reforms in caste, gender, environment, democracy, and economic justice. https://ijels.com/detail/advocacy-for-social-change-in-indian-english-novels/ Dr. Krushna Chandra Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-109202528-Advocacy.pdf D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers (1913) is frequently read as a novel about human psychology, sexuality, and relationships. Yet, an equally vital aspect of the text is its ecological dimension. Writing during the industrial transformation of Nottinghamshire, Lawrence positioned nature as a force of healing and spiritual vitality, in stark contrast to the grim, dehumanizing landscapes of coal mines and factories. This paper reinterprets Sons and Lovers through the Eco critical frameworks of Greg Garrard and Timothy Morton. Garrard’s concepts of “pastoral” and “pollution” illuminate Lawrence’s portrayal of nature as refuge and industry as decay, while Morton’s critique of “nature” as an aestheticized, cultural construct complicates Lawrence’s idealization of the countryside. By close reading Lawrence’s descriptions of flowers, landscapes, and industrial spaces, this study demonstrates how the novel articulates both an ecological protest against industrial capitalism and a deeply ambivalent, culturally mediated vision of “nature.” Ultimately, Lawrence’s ecological imagination anticipates contemporary concerns with climate crisis, urban alienation, and the psychological need for ecological belonging. https://ijels.com/detail/ecocriticism-and-the-human-psyche-in-d-h-lawrence-s-sons-and-lovers/ Haaniya Irfan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-109202519-Ecocriticism.pdf This study examines the intricate nexus encompassing climate change, gender parity and the specific involvements of Indigenous women within the sphere of worldwide environmental advocacy. Embracing an intersectional analytical framework, this study focuses on the nuanced vulnerabilities and distinctive contribution of Indigenous women amidst environmental adversities. It portrays the multifaceted interconnections between sociocultural determinants, gender dynamics and environmental exigencies, thereby elucidating the nuanced impacts on Indigenous women. Within this paradigm, this study seeks to elucidate the perspectives that bridge the divergence between climate mitigation efforts and gender inclusivity. It evaluates the frameworks and policies endeavouring to discern areas where environmental endeavours can exhibit greater inclusivity and responsiveness to the requisites of Indigenous women. With a multidisciplinary methodology, amalgamating environmental science, social justice and gender studies, the study aims to provide a comprehensive comprehension of the intricate relationships that exist between these areas. This study contributes to the discourse on sustainable development by propounding inclusive strategies that afford agency to Indigenous women as pivotal stakeholders in the global environmental landscape. This study endeavours to facilitate the formulation of more efficacious, equitable and enduring resolutions to address the exigencies posed by climate change. https://ijels.com/detail/towards-inclusive-sustainability-exploring-the-intersectionality-of-climate-change-gender-equity-and-indigenous-women-in-global-environmental-advocacy/ Hemalatha S, Mathangi S, Dr. R Archana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-109202531-Towards.pdf This essay offers a comprehensive reading of Bertolt Brecht’s A Short Organum for the Theatre (1949), situating it within twentieth-century performance theory, Marxist aesthetics, and contemporary reception. It argues that Brecht’s program is not reducible to stylistic novelties but constitutes an integrated pedagogy that aligns theatrical form with critical social inquiry. Through devices such as the Verfremdungseffekt, Gestus, episodic dramaturgy, and didactic song, Brecht sought to transform spectators from passive consumers of illusion into active analysts of social relations. The essay demonstrates how Brecht reconfigured acting, music, and staging to produce historically literate publics. The discussion also highlights debates on Brecht’s legacy, including feminist and postcolonial critiques, and underscores the continued relevance of his project for addressing contemporary crises of media, democracy, and public reasoning. https://ijels.com/detail/brecht-s-theatre-for-the-scientific-age-a-critical-reading-of-a-short-organum-for-the-theatre-1949/ Dr. Girija Suri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-109202550-Brecht.pdf This study analyzed the criteria utilized by the different K9 providers in selecting puppies for training to optimize the production of proficient explosive detection dogs. Using a mixed-method research design, specifically concurrent triangulation, the research explored the different criteria used by various K9 providers in selecting puppies. Data were collected through guided survey-interview questions. Results showed that most K9 providers in the Philippines selected puppies aged 3-5 months, and both male and female puppies were equally chosen. Although medium-sized breeds are preferred, the results revealed that Labrador Retrieves and Belgian Malinois are the most preferred breeds. Regarding general health, K9 providers place importance on the skin and coat and the nervous system. Moreover, completely immunized puppies are preferred. Among the behavioral factors considered, trainability emerged as the most highly valued. Meanwhile, K9 providers consistently conduct subtests under the environmental tests, along with reward focus and persistence, search test, and sudden appearance subtests. Breeding is the top choice for obtaining puppies; however, procurement is also widely used. K9 providers face various challenges during the selection process, including health concerns, the availability of quality puppies, the selection system and cost. However, despite these challenges, the current practices of K9 providers achieve notable success rates. This study recommends standardizing puppy selection criteria with a scoring system, strengthening breeding programs to produce healthy working lines, and improving the selection process through collaboration between private and government K9 providers. Future research should explore the connection between selection criteria and the success rates of explosive detection dogs. https://ijels.com/detail/optimizing-the-production-of-proficient-explosive-detection-dogs-an-analysis-of-the-criteria-in-selecting-puppies-for-training/ Ma. Bonissa A. Ole https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-109202564-Optimizing.pdf This paper argues that Shrilal Shukla's Raag Darbari (1968) represents a uniquely Indian literary form—a "postcolonial satirical tragedy"—that successfully combines realistic social analysis with a classical dramatic structure. By examining the novel through the complementary lenses of Indian literary realism and Aristotelian dramatic theory, we can understand how it achieves both potent political critique and sophisticated literary artistry. The novel functions simultaneously as social documentation, offering a satirical exposure of the rural corruption and failing moral values that characterized the post-Independence era, and as an aesthetic artifact that employs classical principles to create structural coherence. As a work of Indian realism, Raag Darbari critiques the collapse of nationalist idealism and the disintegration of the Nehruvian vision. Through its protagonist, Rangnath—an educated urbanite whose idyllic vision is crushed by harsh reality—the novel captures the helplessness of the individual facing a corrupt system. Concurrently, the narrative adheres to an Aristotelian framework. Rangnath’s journey mirrors that of a tragic hero, culminating in a moment of anagnorisis: a critical discovery of his own powerlessness. The novel skillfully modifies Aristotelian principles, substituting tragic pity with a "satirical catharsis" achieved through bitter laughter. This application of a Western framework to a postcolonial text creates what Homi Bhabha terms a "third space," where different traditions creatively synthesize. Ultimately, this dual approach enables Shukla to bear witness to a collective crisis while achieving aesthetic sophistication, making Raag Darbari a cornerstone work of postcolonial satirical realism. https://ijels.com/detail/satirical-realism-and-classical-dramatic-structure-a-dual-framework-analysis-of-shrilal-shukla-s-raag-darbari/ Diwakar Gautam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-109202536-Satirical.pdf This study employs conversation analysis to examine two authentic cases of institutional identity fraud, specifically telecom fraud involving impersonation of police officers and customer service. By transcribing and analyzing the discourse between the fraudster and the victims, this study explores the practices of the fraudster's identity construction in the different phases of institutional identity fraud. We demonstrate that the fraudster achieves explicit identity construction by directly clarifying the identity, or by performing identity verification in the beginning part of the fraud call. During the fraudulent phone call, the fraudsters use authoritative discourse and comprehension-check questions for identity construction during the fraudulent process. https://ijels.com/detail/a-conversation-analysis-study-on-identity-construction-in-fraudulent-phone-call/ Li Jiaxin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-109202533-AConversation.pdf The Renaissance, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, marked a profound cultural and intellectual transformation in Europe that continues to shape global literary traditions. This study examines the impact of Renaissance humanism on the development of literature by analyzing its influence on poetry, prose, and drama, as well as its intersections with visual culture and global exchange. Through a qualitative and interdisciplinary approach informed by cultural studies and new historicism, the paper situates Renaissance literature within its socio-political and artistic contexts, highlighting the role of patronage, artistic experimentation, and colonial encounters. The findings reveal that the Renaissance was not a homogeneous “rebirth” but a contested and dynamic process, simultaneously preserving classical ideals and creating new forms of literary modernity. This study contributes to international scholarship by reframing the Renaissance as both a European and a global phenomenon, whose legacy endures in modern literary and cultural thought. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-the-renaissance-on-the-development-of-literature-period-14th-17th/ Purvie Singh, Ashok Singh Rao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-109202540-TheImpact.pdf This research paper explores the interplay of folklore, ancient Indian literary sources, and epic narratives in contemporary Bodo poetry, highlighting how these elements have shaped contemporary Bodo literature. Bodo poets have creatively adapted and reinterpreted folklore and mythological references to address modern existential realities and cultural identity. By examining the works of key poets such as Samar Brahma Choudhury, Prasenjit Brahma, and Charan Narzary, the paper illustrates the ways in which these writers draw from rich traditional narratives, integrating them with Western poetic influences to create a unique literary expression. The study emphasizes the transformation in themes, prosody, and religious perspectives in Bodo poetry, underscoring its dynamic evolution and the poets' role in blending indigenous genius with external cultural elements. Through detailed analysis, the paper asserts the importance of originality and assimilation in literature, showcasing how contemporary Bodo poets articulate their ontological experiences and contemporary issues by harnessing the power of folklore and ancient literary traditions. https://ijels.com/detail/exploration-of-folkloric-elements-ancient-indian-literary-sources-and-epic-narratives-in-contemporary-bodo-poetry/ Pranab Jyoti Narzary https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-109202529-Exploration.pdf This paper explores Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis as a Lacanian allegory of desire, focusing on the themes of identity, the unattainable object of desire (objet petit a), and the necessity of exclusion within the symbolic order. By analyzing Gregor Samsa’s transformation into an insect, the study highlights how Kafka’s narrative exemplifies Lacan’s concept of the subject's fragmented identity and the inherent lack that structures human existence. Gregor’s metamorphosis symbolizes the impossibility of fulfilling desire, as his physical transformation mirrors his internal dissonance and inability to reconcile his desires with societal expectations. Furthermore, the paper examines how Gregor’s eventual death serves as a manifestation of Lacan’s theory of exclusion, where the family’s survival and the stability of the symbolic order are ensured through the expulsion of the “real” — Gregor’s monstrous form. Ultimately, The Metamorphosis reinforces Lacan’s assertion that identity is never stable and that desire remains an elusive, unfulfilled pursuit that shapes and destabilizes the human subject. https://ijels.com/detail/desire-lack-and-the-objet-petit-a-gregor-samsa-s-transformation-and-the-lacanian-dialectic-of-desire/ Abduladheem Khalaf Jasim, N. Solomon Benny https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-109202572-Desire.pdf The quality of mechanical English translation directly affects the accurate transmission of technical information and the effectiveness of cross-cultural cooperation. Based on the Transformative Translation theory, this paper adopts a mixed research method, integrating perspectives from linguistics, translation studies, and mechanical engineering (an interdisciplinary field) to construct a closed-loop research framework of "theoretical derivation-corpus analysis-strategy construction", aiming to study the language strategies of professional English in mechanical engineering and explore the application of Transformative Translation theory in mechanical English translation. The findings show that the flexibility and purposiveness of Transformative Translation Theory are highly consistent with the needs of mechanical English translation; moreover, the application of seven transformative translation methods (addition, deletion, editing, narration, condensation, integration, and alteration) can effectively solve the problems of verbosity and low readability caused by traditional full translation, providing more practical translation experience for other translators. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-on-translation-strategies-of-mechanical-english-from-the-perspective-of-transformative-translation-a-case-study-of-english-for-mechanical-engineering/ Zhiwei Sun, Mingxia Liu, Jing Wang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-109202557-AStudy.pdf Mahasweta Devi's Mother of 1084 (Hajar Churashir Ma, 1974) is a strong narrative that explores motherhood that mixes political criticism with personal pain. The narrative of Sujata, a mother confronting the brutal demise of her son Brati, a Naxalite insurgent, unfolds in Bengal during the 1970s amidst the Naxalite insurrection. This study examines the notion of motherhood in the text, emphasising how Devi redefines it beyond traditional stereotypes to embody resistance, trauma, and self-actualisation. It studies how Sujata, the protagonist of the novel, changed from being an outcast in a patriarchal home to a symbol of subaltern agency who fights against social norms and systematic oppression from a feminist and postcolonial point of view. The novel also talks about how politics, gender, class, and being a mother are all connected. Devi's main focus is her criticism of state violence and the middle-class family. This study highlights the transformative and evolution of motherhood as a site of dissent and reconstruction of identity. https://ijels.com/detail/the-evolution-of-a-mother-exploring-the-subjectivity-of-sujata-in-mahasweta-devi-s-mother-1084/ Nilofar Yasmin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-109202543-TheEvolution.pdf This study moves away from simply listing technological features and argues that smart guided systems are undergoing a fundamental shift in how they function—evolving from being "tools" to becoming "environments." By tracing a three-stage process driven by AI, we show how these systems have developed: starting as automated tools focused on efficient information delivery, then becoming interactive assistants that try to understand user intent, and finally emerging as immersive environments embedded in physical space. We further suggest that future progress should concentrate more on tackling ethical challenges and experiences of alienation brought by advanced intelligence, rather than only pushing for better technology. This paper provides a new way of understanding how smart guided systems are changing and raises important questions for the industry’s sustainable development. https://ijels.com/detail/the-paradigm-shift-in-smart-guides-how-advancing-ai-is-reshaping-the-industry-s-future/ Xia Yongjie, Chu Chunyan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-109202532-TheParadigm.pdf This paper examines the intricate role of symbolism in Rohinton Mistry’s A Fine Balance, situating the novel within the broader context of postcolonial Indian literature. Mistry employs recurring symbols—threads, the sewing machine, trains, chess, hair, and bodily scars—to illuminate the precarious balance between survival and despair during India’s Emergency period (1975–77). These symbols are not mere aesthetic devices but function as cultural signifiers that articulate the violence of caste, class oppression, and state authoritarianism while also gesturing toward resilience and dignity. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from Barthes’s semiotics, Frye’s archetypal criticism, Jungian psychology, and postcolonial thinkers such as Said, Bhabha, and Spivak, this study interprets Mistry’s symbolism as a narrative strategy that bridges personal trauma with historical reality. The analysis reveals how Mistry transforms objects and motifs into vehicles of social critique, demonstrating literature’s capacity to embody resistance and humanism. Ultimately, the novel’s symbolic architecture underscores its central concern: the fragile equilibrium between suffering and endurance in the face of systemic injustice. https://ijels.com/detail/symbolism-and-the-politics-of-survival-in-rohinton-mistry-s-a-fine-balance/ Ms. Sukhwinder Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-109202559-Symbolism.pdf Dalit writings have become a central venue of resistance within Indian literature, placing a significant emphasis on the experiences of marginalised communities often overlooked in mainstream discourse. Although there is increasing attention to the experiences of Dalit women, previous scholarship has tended to focus on one of caste, class, or gender to the exclusion of the others. This gap inhibits a deeper appreciation of the nature of oppression that is experienced among Dalit women. In this paper, the problem is tackled through the intersectional postcolonial feminist approach to the analysis of the memoir written by Gidla. The main aim is to discuss the role of Ants Among Elephants in reflecting the superimposed systems of marginalisation and prove that literary testimony is a counter-history. In its methodology, the study follows a qualitative design incorporating both close textual reading and contextual interpretation. The information comprises chosen narrative fragments that describe deprivation, discrimination, and resistance. These were coded thematically under the categories of class, caste, and gender, and analysed through the lens of intersectional theory. It can be observed in the findings that the oppression of Dalit women is a phenomenon that cannot be understood using specific categories, but only simultaneously. The research is also significant in Dalit and feminist literature criticism because it addresses fragmented intellectual writings, implying that life writing is not only a literary genre but also a form of political resistance within both Dalit and feminist contexts. Recommendations encompass areas such as broadening comparative studies on memoirs by Dalit women, transnational reception, and intersectional approaches in the field of South Asian literature. https://ijels.com/detail/class-caste-and-gender-in-sujatha-gidla-s-ants-among-elephants-an-intersectional-feminist-reading/ Dr. Raed Nafea Farhan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-1092025599-Class.pdf Women empowerment is central to building an inclusive and just society. While equality ensures that women receive the same opportunities as men, equity addresses the diverse challenges and circumstances women face. Among the key drivers of empowerment are self-confidence, self-respect, respect for others, financial independence, boldness, honesty, ethical living, continuous self-improvement, nurturing love (Anbu), helping others, and lifelong learning. These elements collectively enable women to overcome societal barriers, make principled decisions, and achieve personal and professional growth. This article emphasizes that true empowerment requires both equality and equity, complemented by psychological, ethical, social, and economic pillars. Recommendations are provided for integrating self-development programs, financial literacy initiatives, and value-based education to promote holistic women’s empowerment in India. https://ijels.com/detail/self-confidence-self-respect-and-financial-independence-pillars-of-women-s-empowerment-in-india/ G. Winmathi Marimuthu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-109202573-Self-Confidence.pdf Becky Chambers’s Monk and Robot duology, A Psalm for the Wild-Built (2021) and A Prayer for the Crown-Shy (2022), presents a quiet but radical reimagining of human-machine relationships. Set in the ecologically balanced world of Panga, where sentient robots have long withdrawn from human society, the story follows a tea monk named Dex and a returning robot, Mosscap, on a shared journey prompted by the question: “What do people need?”. Rather than dramatizing technological power or conflict, Chambers crafts a narrative rooted in attentive companionship and a quiet ethics of care. This article argues that the series models a posthuman ethic based not on transcendence or utility, but on relational subjectivity and co-becoming. Drawing on Rosi Braidotti’s The Posthuman and Donna Haraway’s The Companion Species Manifesto, the article examines how Dex and Mosscap’s evolving bond disrupts anthropocentric narratives and offers an alternative vision of care. By interpreting Mosscap not merely as a machine but as a companion species, akin to Haraway’s ethically entangled cyborgs, the article explores how speculative fiction can generate new modes of ethical imagination. Chambers’s work suggests that kinship and understanding arise not from shared essence or total comprehension, but from the act of moving alongside one another with openness, humility, and sustained attention. https://ijels.com/detail/what-do-people-need-in-panga-posthuman-ethics-and-companionship-in-becky-chambers-s-monk-and-robot-duology/ Aparna. M https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-109202539-WhatDo.pdf In an era of increasing cultural interconnectedness, the negotiation between inherited identity and external influence has become a defining aspect of modern social experience. While often associated with contemporary globalization, the tensions of cross-cultural infiltration—alongside its accompanying identity crises and alienation from heritage—are not new phenomena. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, though set within the seemingly insular world of the early nineteenth-century English gentry, offers a subtle yet rich exploration of these dynamics. This paper examines the novel through the lens of cultural infiltration, focusing on how Mr. Darcy’s intrusion into the provincial life of the Bennets challenges both Elizabeth Bennet’s self-perception and her ties to her familial heritage. The analysis positions Darcy not merely as a romantic figure but as a symbolic representative of an external cultural order that disrupts local values, precipitating an identity crisis and a gradual distancing from inherited customs. Using theoretical perspectives from cultural studies, particularly concepts of hybridity, identity negotiation, and heritage alienation, the paper draws parallels between Austen’s narrative and present-day experiences of globalization and intercultural encounters. It contends that Austen’s work demonstrates how cultural intrusion—while potentially destabilizing—can also become a catalyst for transformation, fostering the creation of hybrid identities that reconcile pride in heritage with openness to the new. https://ijels.com/detail/shifting-grounds-infiltrated-identities-and-fading-roots-in-pride-and-prejudice/ Saloni Parmar, Dr Guni Vats https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-109202545-ShiftingGrounds.pdf In Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day, a system of metaphors built around objects such as silverware, corridors, and banquet halls constructs a paradox of existence in which the butler Stevens dissolves his humanity in the pursuit of professional dignity. Silverware, as the material embodiment of the butler’s spirit, and the sacred ritual of its polishing—alongside the meticulous spatial order of corridors and other domestic spaces—together weave a disciplinary network of professional myth. This transforms Stevens’s sense of self-worth into a mechanical gleam and order akin to that of objects. Yet as silverware becomes historical evidence of Nazi complicity, and as the spatial order of Darlington Hall is restructured by an American businessman, both elements metaphorically expose the hollowness of professional dignity. The rise and fall of this system of metaphors not only deconstructs the emotional void Stevens conceals beneath the identity of the “great butler,” but also reflects the crisis of British cultural identity in the postcolonial era. When silverware is reduced to a historical relic and spaces of power are reshaped by the new world order, the individual’s adherence to "English dignity" becomes, like a drooping curtain, the last fig leaf of a fading empire. https://ijels.com/detail/silverware-and-space-the-construction-and-deconstruction-of-the-butler-figure-through-object-metaphors-in-the-remains-of-the-day/ Bai Wei https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-109202562-Silverware.pdf Emily Dickinson’s “A Bird Came Down the Walk” is a deceptively simple lyric that reflects complex moral, psychological and social themes. This study employs an interdisciplinary approach combining textual analysis, historical contextualization, Freudian psychoanalysis and comparative literature to explore the poem’s multiple dimensions. Through the Puritan lens the poem reveals ethical and spiritual concerns highlighting the tension between human morality and the natural world. Psychoanalytic interpretation positions the bird as a symbol of instinct (id) and the speaker as the ego mediating curiosity, fear and empathy. Additionally, a comparative reading with African American literature including the works of Douglass, Ellison and Angelou uncovers symbolic resonances around freedom, autonomy and respectful coexistence. By synthesizing these perspectives, this research demonstrates that Dickinson’s brief lyric engages with broader human experiences-fear, compassion and ethical responsibility, while reflecting enduring cultural and psychological concerns. The study contributes to Dickinson scholarship by revealing how a single poem can bridge personal reflection, moral inquiry and social commentary offering insights relevant to both literary analysis and broader cultural understanding. https://ijels.com/detail/multiple-dimensions-of-emily-dickinson-s-a-bird-came-down-the-walk-a-study-of-puritan-influence-psychoanalysis-and-racial-acceptance-in-american-literature/ Jangle Lalita, Mitkari S.B https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-109202556-Multiple.pdf This article offers a dual-perspective reading of George Saunders' short story "Sticks" (1995/2018) by combining Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) with Lacanian psychoanalysis. The study identifies a dominant metaphorical pattern whereby emotions are conceptualised as physical weights that must be externalised. The father’s ritualistic behaviour of decorating a metallic pole in the yard frame joy, guilt, grief and love as tangible burdens offloaded through acts of dragging, suspending and fastening. Through Lacan’s distinction between symptom and sinthome, the father’s idiosyncratic relationship to the pole is interpreted not as a symptomatic expression of repressed desire, but as a sinthomatic practice, a singular knotting of the imaginary, the symbolic and the real that sustains his psychic survival. In this light, "Sticks" emerges as a focused depiction of a sinthome based on the metaphorical conceptualisation of emotions as weights. https://ijels.com/detail/the-metaphorical-conceptualisation-of-emotions-as-weights-and-the-identification-of-a-sinthome-in-george-saunders-sticks/ Dr. Mehdi Morchid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-109202569-TheMetaphorical.pdf What if a lie could be funny, a broken promise to be clever, and a criminal to be kind? In the world of modern Indian folktales, especially those produced after 2000s by platforms like Karadi Tales and Tulika Books, animated storytelling reimagines wrongdoing in playful and emotionally complex ways. This article explores how such visual narratives frame criminality not as a fixed moral failure, but as a site of humour, cleverness and even wonder. Rather than offering clear moral lessons, these folktales position the child as an active moral interpreter, invited to navigate shifting perspectives and emotional cues. Focusing on two animated stories, The Lion’s Feast (2006) and Paati’s Beats (2018) this analysis examines moments of mischief, deception, and ethical ambiguity without clear resolution. What counts as a crime - and who is the criminal - often depends on narrative framing and viewer response. In parallel, it draws on Narrative Positioning Theory (Davies and Harre 1990; Kayi Aydar 2019) to explore how children are invited to take up roles such as hero, trickster, or bystander. Ultimately, this study attempts to show how animated folktales encourage children to think about justice, not as a rulebook, but as a story to feel their way through. https://ijels.com/detail/who-broke-the-rule-emotion-ethics-and-the-play-of-criminality-in-contemporary-indian-folktales-for-children/ Sreelakshmi R, Prof B. J. Geetha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-109202534-WhoBroke.pdf With the rapid development of modern science and technology and the acceleration of digital transformation in society, the era of big data has brought convenience as well as new crimes, and information crimes have become the focus. With the convenience of digitalization, the collection, processing and use of personal information are extensive and in-depth, and information interaction and exposure increase, and criminals illegally use it to infringe on personal and national interests. In the data age, the category of citizens' personal information is huge and the connotation is expanding, and the criminal behavior is diversified, which is difficult for the traditional criminal law protection model to cope with. We should further classify citizens' personal information, coordinate the relationship between criminal law and pre-law, and try to bring new criminal acts into criminal law regulation in order to build a perfect protection system. https://ijels.com/detail/research-on-the-hierarchical-protection-path-of-citizens-personal-information-in-the-data-age-by-criminal-law/ Chen Jiankai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-109202576-Researchon.pdf Enhancing English teaching is always a top priority for the Vietnamese government. Decision No. 1400/Q-TTg on Approving the Project “Foreign Language Learning and Teaching in the National Education System period 2008 and 2020”, as a result, is a national policy that mandates the use of ICT in ELT nationwide. This study, therefore, aims to explore how a particular town in Vietnam has complied with the national demand through its ICT policies in ELT. An interpretivist qualitative design was adopted for this study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations of 16 teachers of English, and analysis was guided by Fullan’s Educational Change Theory (2015) and Rogers’s Diffusion of Innovations Theory (2003). The results revealed many hindering factors burdening public schools and teachers at the local level, including poor infrastructure, inadequate training for teachers, and a lack of technical support. The findings of this study can be used as a guideline for minimizing obstacles in future improvements in ICT-related policy. https://ijels.com/detail/challenges-of-ict-policy-implementation-in-elt-a-case-study-in-a-vietnamese-province/ Vu Hung Le https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-109202597-Challenges.pdf War often reduces people into empty shells, indelibly draining them of their hope and will to live. Yet at times it also gives rise to narratives of relentless courage and optimism in the form of individuals who simply refuse to give into its appalling atrocities. Ibrahim Nurri the protagonist of Christy Lefteri’s The Beekeeper of Aleppo is one such extraordinary individual. Deprived of practically everything that makes life worth living by the Syrian civil war, and condemned to become a fleeing refugee, Nuri nevertheless insists on fighting against all odds with the avowed objective of retaining life and hope. The paper marks an attempt to appraise his character through the research lens of the American psychologist Martin Seligman’s concept of positive psychology, particularly his PERMA model of well-being. The ultimate goal is to set forth how Nuri’s unconquerable resilience is at its core shaped and inspired by essentially the elements that make up Seligman’s well-being theory. https://ijels.com/detail/positive-psychology-in-christy-lefteri-s-the-beekeeper-of-aleppo/ Dr. V. Vijayalayan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-109202560-Positive.pdf With the rapid development of international Chinese education, enhancing learner engagement and motivation in beginner-level Chinese classes has become a major focus. Based on Embodied Cognition Theory and the concept of game-based learning, this study proposes a systematic framework for constructing a “Classroom Game Activity Database” for beginner Chinese teaching. It designs 24 games covering listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills, integrating pre-class warm-up, new content presentation, review, and consolidation stages. Through modular database design and scientific game classification, this research not only improves resource accessibility for teachers but also provides practical, engaging, and goal-oriented classroom activities. The paper highlights principles of database construction, scientific approaches to game design, and application of an incentive mechanism, while introducing an “Experience-Reflection-Transfer” model for classroom integration. Findings suggest that the designed game activities effectively enhance learner motivation, improve communicative competence, and promote classroom interaction, offering innovative models and practical references for Chinese language teaching. https://ijels.com/detail/game-based-instructional-design-for-beginner-chinese-constructing-a-classroom-game-activity-database/ Trieu Khiet Loi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-109202553-Game.pdf This research paper intends to examine the complexity of female characters in five selected novels of William Somerset Maugham and their evolution against their historical, social, and psychological contexts. The prominent themes of personal freedom vs struggle behind perfection, survival vs stability from inner strength, feminine consciousness of working women, self-prioritization vs others’ wellbeing, and superficiality to reality, have been uncovered by comparing the motives and characters of the female characters of "Cakesand Ale," "The Painted Veil," "Of Human Bondage," "Liza of Lambeth," and "The Razor's Edge.” The results highlight how the evolution of female characters are correlated with Maslow’s need hierarchy and how the complex interaction among characters shed light on the expression of female emotional needs in defiance against the accepted Victorian moral codes. The paper notes through textual analysis that the social pressures prompted evolution of these female characters between different stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Despite being stereotyped, these female characters exhibit an unfathomable resilience and an incomparable survival instinct inviting a re-definition of femininity. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-societal-expectations-among-characters-in-the-novels-of-somerset-maugham-feminine-attributes/ Ms. Sujata Sinha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-11020258-TheImpact.pdf Taking the cultural phenomenon that Le Monde of France selected Su Shi as the "Millennium hero" as the breakthrough point, combined with James Carey's theory of communication ceremony, this paper systematically analyzes the international communication status and practice path of "Dongpo culture" from the dual perspectives of symbol construction and symbol interaction. The study found that: in the international communication, there are differences in the symbolic meaning of Dongpo culture between China and the West - the western media focus on Su Shi's "free soul" as a literary hero, while China's mainstream media endow it with the symbolic meaning of confidence in Chinese culture through themes such as poetry, festivals, food, etc., to report the development of historical sites and IP brand construction of cultural tourism in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and transform Dongpo culture into a concrete cultural landscape and urban spiritual symbol; International social media, on the other hand, promotes Dongpo culture to break through the barriers of context and form a global "top stream" phenomenon with the strategies of image narration, cross-cultural theme reconstruction and emotional resonance. The research further reveals the dilemma of the international communication of Dongpo culture, and puts forward the optimization strategies of constructing the Multi-Agent Coordination Mechanism, the decentralized communication path and technology empowerment. It provides a theoretical and practical reference for the global dissemination of Chinese cultural symbols, highlighting its role as a cultural link in the construction of a community of shared future for mankind. https://ijels.com/detail/the-generation-and-mutual-learning-of-global-symbols-ritual-practice-and-community-imagination-of-the-international-communication-of-dongpo-culture/ Chen Jiliang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-11020255-Thegeneration.pdf This study examines the complex portrayal of women’s mental health and the treatment of mental illness in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”, based on the principles of medical humanities. The study contextualizes the protagonist’s struggle in the social and medical landscapes of the late 19th century. The story unfolds against the backdrop of prevailing gender norms and the rise of the medical profession, particularly the controversial “rest cure” for women. Analyzing the Imprisonment of the main character in a room decorated with yellow wallpaper, the study reveals the layers of meaning and symbolism. From the lens of medical humanities, the study sheds light on gender bias in diagnosis, the ethical dimensions of medical procedures, and the impact on caregivers, especially the dual role of the protagonist’s husband as both physician and husband. Additionally, the study links historical attitudes toward women and mental health to contemporary debates about mental health stigma, gender bias in medical diagnosis, and patient narratives. This research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the intersection of medicine, gender and social expectations. It provides insight into the issues of women in relation to historical health care settings and responds to the health care debates of today. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-women-s-mental-health-in-the-yellow-wallpaper-a-medical-humanities-perspective/ Sweena Sweetlin .A , Vidhyavassni .M https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-109202546-Exploring.pdf This research work aims at describing the way with which « loan blends » and « Code mixing » are used as one of the strategies, among other ones, Ngugi Wa Thiong’o in Matigari (1987) and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in Americanah (2013) refer to so as to valorize and promote their mother tongues. Despite the huge linguistic diversity of the African continent, most of literary works are still written in foreign languages. Facing this issue, there is a good reason for which people can get worry on the threatening depreciation of indigenous African languages. To boost a better analysis of bilingualism effects in literary works under study, this research focuses on key notions and theories some linguists like Hoffmann and Holmes have worked on. Indeed, the study mainly focuses on loanblends and Code Mixing/Code switching. From the results obtained, it has been discovered that some African writers like Ngugi Wa Thiong’o and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie definitely use a variety of strategies – including loanblends and code mixing – to valorize their local language leading thus to the preservation of the cultural identity of the African continent. https://ijels.com/detail/analysing-loan-blends-and-code-mixing-as-main-strategies-to-promote-african-languages-promotion-in-americanah-and-matigari/ Sènami-Fifa Blandine Araba, Charles Dossou Ligan, Abossèdé Paulette Okpeicha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-109202566-Analysing.pdf This paper discusses the effect of extreme weather especially rains resulting to floods on male migration. Directly and indirectly many socio-economic situations emerge in areas of Ganga basin due to this extremity of weather. People in this region face floods in monsoons and respectively droughts in the next summer which affect their livelihood and well being. Due to continuous recurrence of this situation agriculture is no more beneficial for them, not even for survival. So men are migrating towards cities for better job and livelihood. But this extreme weather situation, a by-product of climate change affects the men and women in different ways. Men migrate from villages and women remain at home. Absences of male countrrparts push women to take part in agriculture activities as cultivators or agriculture labours. In other words climate change affects the women adversely because now women work in agriculture with household activities. Due to this change women are participating more compare to male and this situation is known feminization of agriculture which is happening in Ganga basin region of Bhojpur district of Bihar. Various other socio economic changes are happening due to this climate change like changing form of agriculture land, crop pattern, and changing farmers’ role. Finally this paper concludes different potential policies to minimise the affect of climate change and tackle with emerging situations. https://ijels.com/detail/climate-change-and-male-migration-in-ganges-river-basin-of-bhojpur-district-of-bihar-climate-adoption-and-feminization-of-agriculture/ Amrit Lal Jaiswal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-109202554-Climate.pdf The word "phonetics" is notoriously difficult to pin down since, right from the start, this subfield of linguistics has dealt with two distinct but related concepts: phonemes and speech sounds. To put it simply, phonology is the scientific study of phonemes. There are three points of contact between phonology and phonetics. To begin, phonetics is a tool for characterizing unique traits. Additionally, numerous phonological patterns can be explained by phonetics. Some have referred to these two interfaces as phonology's "substantive grounding." Lastly, phonological representation is put into practice by phonetics. This interface suggests some areas that should be investigated in both disciplines: In the overlap theory, no one's identity is lost; just as land and water are distinct, so too are phonetics and phonology. A cognitive representation of language-specific information is the "output" of the phonological module, which is the specification that interfaces with phonetics. In contrast, the exemplar theory posits that when we compare new information with instances we already know, we tend to group things into preexisting categories. https://ijels.com/detail/the-phonetics-phonology-interface-and-overlap-a-brief-article-review/ Ina’am Abdul-Jabbar Abdul-Kadhim https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-109202568-ThePhonetics.pdf This study examines My Beloved Charioteer by Shashi Deshpande from the perspective of emotional stagnation and how it affects single parenthood. The article explores the connection between widowed mother Aarti and her daughter Priti, highlighting how unresolved grief may lead to a never-ending cycle of emotional paralysis. The significance of familial support in attaining emotional emancipation is demonstrated by the grandmother Ajji's pivotal role in interrupting this cycle through intervention and instruction. The article highlights how loss affects generations and how self-realization and familial ties can lead to healing and fresh starts. https://ijels.com/detail/breaking-the-cycle-of-stagnation-grief-of-single-motherhood-and-emotional-healing-in-shashi-deshpande-s-my-beloved-charioteer/ C. Lalmalsawmtluangi, Dr. Rafat Khanam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-110202521-Breaking.pdf One of the most powerful mediums for influencing audiences is thought to be cinema & filmography. India is the world's largest producer of feature films with a sizable international following, how any matter is portrayed in Bollywood, Tollywood, Kollywood etc with films and documentaries is especially unavoidable. Examining how disability is portrayed in movies is important because it influences how the public perceives, visualizes, and stereotypes people with physical disabilities in real life. The medical model of instructions, which inspects disability as a functional limitation, is the foundation of the dominant viewpoint on disability socially and psychologically. According to this set of norms, people with disabilities face a natural disadvantage in competitive social situations, which calls for medical intervention. On the other hand, the social model emphasises the inclusion and acceptance of people having disabilities within society and offers a contemporary alternative. According to this, society should remove the obstacles that limit disabled people's options. The purpose of this study is to examine how physically disabled characters are portrayed and told in current Indian cinematics. According to earlier research, Indian cinematic viewpoints have a tendency to depict characters with disabilities in a way that is complicated, fractured, dependent, and pitying in general though there were certain exceptions to it. However, it appears that the representation of disabled characters in films has changed since the inclusion of disability rights & bills to the mainstream dices. https://ijels.com/detail/from-margin-to-mainstream-reeling-disability-in-the-cinematography-of-india/ Sushovan Mishra, Dr. Brahmananda Padra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-108202524-FromMargin.pdf Communities frequently hold on to their traditional and cultural traditions for centuries. Some habits are good for everyone, but others are bad for some groups, including women. One such practice that serves to suppress women's sexuality and maintain patriarchal power is female genital mutilation (FGM). Societal standards that uphold gender-based violence and place a premium on male gratification give rise to this behavior. Cultural justifications for female genital mutilation (FGM) abound, but at its core, FGM is a patriarchal society's attempt to maintain control over women's bodies and sexuality—a practice that has broader implications for gender power politics and reinforces male domination. Some African American women authors rise to the forefront, bringing Black women's attention to the truths of their traditions and helping them realize their own self-worth and identity via literature. Black women's emancipation is made possible by these authors' drawing attention to issues confronting their community. Alice Walker is a well-known author and activist who has used her platform to fight for the equality and freedom of oppressed women. The horrific practice of female genital mutilation is examined in Alice Walker's Possessing the Secret of Joy in this article. The author demonstrates the anguish that African women endure as a result of engaging in ritual mutilation for the enjoyment of males in the name of tradition. Walker highlights the need of challenging and abandoning such practices in the name of tradition and culture via the character of Tashi, who undergoes female genital mutilation. Through an analysis of Alice Walker's Possessing the Secret of Joy, this article seeks to delve into the pain that African women have suffered for the sake of cultural preservation. https://ijels.com/detail/female-genital-mutilation-as-a-cultural-practice-controlling-women-s-sexuality-a-study-of-alice-walker-s-possessing-the-secret-of-joy/ Shubham Chavan R., Dr. Stella Steven https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-11020257-Female.pdf Background: Dadaism was a political art movement which developed during the first world war, lasting from 1916 to 1924. The movement’s first centre was in Zurich, Switzerland, when later other establishments came up in Berlin, Paris, London and New York. The movement adopted a philosophy of nonsense, rejection of meaning and protest against the war, which was expressed through mediums like performance art, filmmaking, and poetry. Objective: To analyse the methods by which Dadaism was able to question the established practices of art making and the acceptance of political actions and war. To understand the different parts of Dadaism, and the extent to which they were successfully able to do the aforementioned. Methodology: This essay uses critical theories about culture, art, and politics, and analyses different forms of art making equipped by Dadaism through their lens. The methodology used for this essay is a combination of secondary literature review and critical data analysis. https://ijels.com/detail/understanding-the-grammar-of-protest-and-subversion-through-the-lens-of-dadaism/ Apal Jain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-11220237-Understanding.pdf This paper examines Elif Shafak’s The Forty Rules of Love (2009) through Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of suspicion and faith. Ricoeur conceives interpretation as a dialectic: suspicion unmasks hidden ideologies, distortions, and unconscious motives, while faith seeks to restore meaning, trust, and openness to the text. Shafak’s novel, which interlaces the story of Ella, a disillusioned American housewife, with the thirteenth-century friendship between Rumi and Shams of Tabriz, illustrates this dynamic. Ella’s skepticism toward love, religion, and convention reflects the suspicious stance, questioning cultural norms and personal illusions. Yet, the Sufi teachings embodied in Shams and Rumi cultivate faith, offering renewal through love, transcendence, and spiritual transformation. Reading the novel through Ricoeur thus highlights how literature operates as both critique and affirmation, deconstructing rigid ideologies while reconstructing meaning. The novel affirms Ricoeur’s claim that genuine understanding emerges in the tension between suspicion and faith, making space for identity, hope, and love. https://ijels.com/detail/the-hermeneutics-of-love-ricoeurian-reading-of-elif-shafak-s-the-forty-rules-of-love/ Muhsina CK https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-110202527-TheHermeneutics.pdf This paper interrogates the spectral entanglements of memory, ecological degradation, and subaltern subjectivity in Mari Selvaraj’s cinema, positioning his films as potent interventions in Tamil Nadu’s cultural and political landscapes. Drawing on postcolonial ecocriticism (Nixon’s Slow Violence, 2011; DeLoughrey & Handley’s Postcolonial Ecologies, 2011), subaltern studies (Spivak’s Can the Subaltern Speak?, 1988; Guha’s Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency, 1983), and multidirectional memory theory (Rothberg’s Multidirectional Memory, 2009), it explores how Selvaraj constructs “haunted ecologies”—spaces where environmental destruction and caste violence produce geographies of dispossession and amnesia. These resonate with Avery Gordon’s notion of haunting as a sociopolitical condition (Ghostly Matters, 1997), where repressed histories persist spectrally.Through close analysis of Pariyerum Perumal, Karnan, and Vazhai, the paper shows how Selvaraj’s landscapes—rivers, ruins, fields—become living archives of caste atrocity and resistance. His films frame caste as both social and ecological, echoing Anupama Rao’s The Caste Question (2009) and David Mosse’s The Rule of Water (2003). Disrupting linear historiography and nationalist imaginaries, Selvaraj’s cinema offers a counter-cartography of memory grounded in Dalit epistemologies.By employing nonlinear and cyclical temporalities, his films enact a radical politics of remembrance where reclaiming subaltern landscapes aligns with justice, dignity, and ecological wholeness—contributing to a postcolonial aesthetic imperative to reimagine futures through unresolved past specters. https://ijels.com/detail/haunted-ecologies-memory-displacement-and-subaltern-landscapes-in-mari-selvaraj-s-cinema/ Mathivadhani M S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-11020259-Haunted.pdf This study, Rethinking Identity and Crisis: Representations of Young Adult Subjectivities in the Fiction of Selected Ugandan Women Writers, explores how Ugandan female authors negotiate identity, crisis, and selfhood through the lens of youth experience. Focusing on the works of Barbara Kimenye and Mary Karooro Okurut, this examination explores how these writers depict the evolving subjectivities of young adults within shifting sociocultural, political, and gendered contexts. The purpose is to investigate how young protagonists embody and contest tensions between tradition and modernity, individual freedom and communal obligation, and patriarchy and self-determination. Using textual and thematic analysis and drawing on postcolonial feminist and identity theories, the research interprets narrative strategies, character development, and themes of crisis and transformation. Close reading of selected novels reveals how gender, class, and cultural displacement intersect in the shaping of the perceptions of young adult characters. The findings show that both Kimenye and Okurut reimagine youth identity as a site of negotiation and resilience. Their narratives challenge colonial and patriarchal prescriptions of femininity and adulthood, portraying young adult characters who navigate inequality through resistance, self-assertion, and moral renewal. The study argues that crisis, rather than being destructive, becomes a generative force for redefining belonging, agency, and cultural continuity. Although limited to two authors, the research offers new insights into the symbolic economies of youth and gender in Ugandan literature. It contributes to African feminist criticism, Ugandan cultural studies, and youth identity scholarship by highlighting how women writers envision new forms of selfhood amid crisis and change. https://ijels.com/detail/rethinking-identity-and-crisis-representations-of-young-adult-subjectivities-in-the-fiction-of-selected-ugandan-women-writers/ Alice Jossy Kyobutungi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-110202524-Rethinking.pdf This paper explores the interrelation of disability, normativity and narrative through a theoretical analysis of three diverse texts: Salman Rushdie’s The Moor’s Last Sigh, Salma’s short story “Toilets” and Rabindranath Tagore’s “Subha”. Anchored in Lennard J. Davis’s theory of Normalcy, the paper examines how the normal body is historically constructed and socially enforced. Through Bakhtin’s theory of the Grotesque, The Moor’s Last Sigh is analysed as a site of resistance to corporeal conformity. Salma’s "Toilets" and Tagore’s "Subha" are both evaluated from feminist theories and disability frameworks of emotional and physical marginalisation. Together, readings underscore the immediacy of reframing disability beyond pathology—cultural and political understanding of embodiment. https://ijels.com/detail/bodies-in-rebellion-subverting-the-normative-constructs-of-disability-silence-and-marginalisation-in-south-asian-literature/ Sidra Salafi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-110202529-Bodiesin.pdf This paper aims at analysing the conflict between caste hierarchy and socio-economic growth studying Prof. Shyamlal’s autobiography Untold Story of a Bhangi Vice-Chancellor, this paper elaborately discusses the problems a low caste faces and the power he asserts to fight back caste hierarchy. The paper looks at three main ideas: First, how his caste identity shaped his thoughts and actions. Second, how he used his position as Vice-Chancellor to bring real change and support Dalit and tribal people. Third, how his belief in education matched Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s view that education can help Dalits fight oppression. Together, these ideas show that an individual effort and education can help disruption of caste hegemony, but true social change needs bigger reforms in society and institutions. Prof. Shyamlal’s work to hire Dalit staff, fix unfair practices, and inspire his community reflects Ambedkar’s vision. But his story also shows his limitation because a deep caste-based discrimination did not end completely. This paper argues that while leaders like him can bring hope and change, real equality needs lasting support from institutions and society. This paper employs textual analysis as a research method for the study. https://ijels.com/detail/caste-identity-educational-mobility-and-institutional-change-a-case-study-of-prof-shyamlal-s-autobiography-untold-story-of-a-bhangi-vice-chancellor/ Dr. Santosh Kumar Sonker, Himachand Khobragade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/68IJELS-110202531-CasteIdentity.pdf Tanzanian-British author Abdulrazak Gurnah is the Nobel Prize in Literature laureate of 2021. To date, he has published ten novels, including Paradise (1994), By the Sea (2002), and Afterlives (2020), which primarily depict the living conditions of people in African colonies, focusing on issues such as identity, gender oppression, and racial conflict. His representative work Paradise, through the coming-of-age journey of a debt slave boy from German East Africa, just portrays the plight of The Other under the intertwined influences of tradition, patriarchy, and colonial systems. This study takes Gurnah’s Paradise as the research object, combining Sartre’s theory of The Other with the perspective of animal metaphors. Through close textual analysis, it ultimately selects three pairs of highly symbolic animal images, which are “wolf and wolf-people”, “crocodile and goat”, and “pigeon and dog”, to systematically analyze their metaphorical connections with the individual, gender, and race Other. Further investigation reveals that commodity trade and slavery serves as primary causes for the physical and spiritual alienation of these Others. Within the macro-historical context of colonialism, the colonized were traded as commodities and tamed like livestock, ultimately losing freedom and dignity, thereby being transformed from humans into objects and beasts. This study thus aims to enrich the current academic research in interpreting animal metaphors in Paradise, offering fresh perspectives for examining social discrimination rooted in gender and race and so on. By prompting readers to reflect on related real-world issues, it advocates for the construction of a more diverse and inclusive society. https://ijels.com/detail/the-alienation-of-the-other-a-study-of-animal-metaphors-in-gurnah-s-paradise/ Duan Haisuan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/69IJELS-109202558-TheAlienation.pdf This research paper explores the crisis of morality in post-liberalization Indian action cinema, examining how law, corruption, and violence are aestheticized to reflect the psychological and ethical disintegration of neoliberal India. By close readings of Force (2011), Satyamev Jayate (2018), Udta Punjab (2016), Shaitan (2011), and Dev.D (2009), the research investigates how the spectacle of crime and justice in cinema reflects the contradictions of contemporary governance and desire. The argument here is that films substitute moral order with spectacle, subjecting law to performance and corruption to catharsis. Referencing Lalitha Gopalan's theory of cinematic interruption, Ashish Rajadhyaksha's cultural interpretation of post-liberalization India, and Ravi Vasudevan's idea of The Melodramatic Public, the research finds that Indian action cinema is now a cultural repository of anxiety. It is a reflection of a society where the distinction between enforcer and offender, legality and crime, breaks down into moral complexity—a mirror to India's neoliberal mind. https://ijels.com/detail/spectacle-corruption-and-catharsis-the-crisis-of-morality-and-the-neoliberal-psyche-in-contemporary-indian-action-films/ Dr. Prasanta Ghoshal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/70IJELS-110202535-Spectacle.pdf This paper explores Samuel Beckett’s absurdist masterpiece, Waiting for Godot 1953, through an existential lens, focusing on the interplay between Nihilism and the human condition. The play portrays Vladimir and Estragon. Two characters perpetually waiting for the enigmatic Godot whose arrival holds the promise of meaning or salvation. However, Godot’s constant absence and the play’s cyclical structure evoke a sense of futility and the potential meaninglessness of existence. Their wait seems pointless, reflecting a nihilistic view where life has no inherent meaning or grand purpose. By depicting the characters' struggle with nihilism and the absurd, Beckett challenges us to confront the absurdity of life in which modern literature delves. This paper will focus on the modern theories, Existentialism and Nihilism, and how the play embodies core existential themes and the struggle of the main characters to confront with their freedom and responsibility to create their own meaning in a different world. By exploring nihilism and existential themes, the paper sheds light on Waiting for Godot as a profound exploration of human search for meaning in a potentially meaningless universe. https://ijels.com/detail/nihilism-absurdity-and-waiting-for-godot-an-existential-approach/ Tawhida Akhter, Suad Abdullaziz Al- Kadery https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/71IJELS-110202510-Nihilism.pdf The theme of forced marriage in Rabindranath Tagore's short stories Subha and The Wife's Letter shall be analyzed on the backdrop of a feminist perspective. The paper seeks to explore the manner in which the narratives represent the emotional and psychological consequences that women suffer in forced marriages and, thereby further underlines the systemic oppression engineered by patriarchal norms. In Subha, the protagonist's silence signified that women's voices were silenced and, therefore, heard less. On the other hand, in The Wife's Letter, the struggle with the demands and expectations of society by Mrinal manifests strong autonomy. Themes concerning consent, autonomy, and gender dynamics are analyzed through feminist literary criticism, thus providing new insights into the portrayal of oppressive practices through Tagore's works. Findings of the study, rather dehumanize the forced marriages, and at the same time, gives the transformative potential of women's agency in resisting such patriarchal structures. Therefore, this research contributes to the feminist literary criticism discourse and gives a flavor of why Tagore's works endure so well as an answer to issues within contemporary society about gender inequality and women's rights. Through a close analysis of these stories, the study suggests that there be social reforms towards women's liberation and dignity. https://ijels.com/detail/traces-of-force-marriage-a-feminist-critique-of-rabindranath-tagore-s-short-stories-subha-and-the-wife-s-letter/ Muhammad Ramzan, Kashif Ahmad, Noor Muhammad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/72IJELS-110202551-Traces.pdf This paper explores the birth ritual songs of Haryanvi women as gendered discourse that reflects, reinforces, and at times resists patriarchal structures. Performed during childbirth and related ceremonies, these songs form an essential part of Haryana’s oral tradition, transmitting cultural values, beliefs, and gender expectations across generations. The study foregrounds women’s voices as they narrate anxieties, joys, and ambivalences associated with childbirth—particularly the preference for sons, the burden of reproduction, and the negotiation of a woman’s social identity within kinship structures. Through feminist and folkloristic frameworks, the analysis reveals how birth ritual songs operate simultaneously as cultural affirmations of family continuity and as subtle critiques of gendered hierarchies. By situating these oral traditions within broader discussions of performance, gender, and cultural identity, the paper highlights the ways in which Haryanvi women use ritual song to articulate their lived experiences, preserve communal memory, and inscribe their voices into the social fabric. This study contributes to scholarship in folklore, gender studies, and cultural anthropology by demonstrating how seemingly ordinary birth ritual songs embody profound discourses of gender, power, and tradition. https://ijels.com/detail/ritual-songs-as-gendered-discourse-exploring-women-s-oral-traditions-in-haryana/ Anjali, Dr. Suchitra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/73IJELS-110202545-Ritual.pdf Keki N Daruwalla is one of the very well known modern India poets writing in English whose poems gives a picture of plethora of ideas of ecological consciousness. Hawk and Wolf are his very stricking poems which suggest how anthropocentric activities by man without any ethical considerations have continued to create a havoc in the ecological system. The excess of anthropocentric desires overlooked intrinsic value and worth of non human life. The paper will attempt to draw attention to the anthropocentrism with lack of ethical considerations in context of poems Hawk and Wolf. It reveals an ethical necessity and the requirement of a biocentric worldview. https://ijels.com/detail/anthropocentrism-and-ethical-blindness-in-keki-n-daruwalla-s-hawk-and-wolf/ Aradhana Panda https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/74IJELS-110202526-Anthropocentrism.pdf Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS) constitute the foundation of the rural short-term cooperative lending framework in India. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS) in Haryana. The research uses secondary data obtained from the annually published reports of the National Federation of State Cooperative Banks and State Cooperative Apex Banks for the period from 2004-05 to 2021-22. The result of the study, derived from the annual growth rate, is the compound growth rate in growth in PACS. It suggests that a negative growth rate is observed in the number of PACS; however, an increasing growth rate is noted in the number of memberships. Positive growth is evident in several metrics, including paid-up share capital, reserves, deposits, borrowings, and working capital. Both loan credit and balance due increased during the study period. A considerable credit-deposit ratio is also observed. The accumulation of overdue payments significantly decreases the effectiveness of PACS, as government-announced debt relief projects discourage borrowers from repaying loans punctually. https://ijels.com/detail/growth-and-performance-of-primary-agriculture-cooperative-societies-pacs-in-haryana/ Dr. Pushpa Rani, Divya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/75IJELS-110202590-Growth.pdf The evolution of Indian ecofeminism—from its early agrarian expressions to its transnational and post-ethnic articulations—reveals a dynamic negotiation between ecology, gender, and postcolonial identity. This paper explores how three seminal women novelists—Kamala Markandaya, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, and Jhumpa Lahiri—redefine the relationship between women and nature through distinct historical and cultural contexts. While Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve (1954) roots womanhood within the soil of a newly independent India struggling against modernisation, Divakaruni’s The Mistress of Spices (1997) expands the ecofeminist imagination to the diasporic and mythic, foregrounding cross-cultural solidarities and ecological spirituality. Lahiri’s The Namesake (2003) reconfigures ecological belonging through migration and hybridity, locating environmental consciousness within the flux of identity rather than in geographic fixity. Across these writers, Indian ecofeminism shifts from essentialist notions of woman-as-earth toward a pluralistic and post-ethnic ecology of selfhood, integrating local ecologies with global feminist ethics. Drawing on the theories of Vandana Shiva, Bina Agarwal, Karen Warren, and Tina Sikka, this study argues that Indian ecofeminist fiction transitions from cultural conservatism to an ecocritical pluralism that reconciles indigenous traditions with cosmopolitan modernity. Through close readings, the paper demonstrates that postcolonial ecofeminism is not merely a resistance discourse but a generative narrative strategy that re-roots womanhood in evolving landscapes—material, symbolic, and planetary. https://ijels.com/detail/re-rooting-the-green-feminine-the-postcolonial-ecology-of-indian-womanhood-in-markandaya-divakaruni-and-lahiri/ Dr Dipti Agrawal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/76IJELS-110202554-Re-Rooting.pdf This article traces the intellectual arc of Cultural Studies from its founding at the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) to its present-day encounters with digital and decolonial paradigms. It posits that the field’s evolution has been driven by a set of generative but destabilizing contradictions—pitting agency against structure, popular culture against political economy, and identity politics against class analysis. By charting these critical engagements, the analysis demonstrates how Cultural Studies, despite successfully democratizing the objects of scholarly inquiry, has consistently struggled to formulate a cohesive political program. Consequently, its legacy is best characterized as an “unfinished project”—a vital yet often compromised critical apparatus facing the novel challenges of platform capitalism, algorithmic regulation, and global ecological crisis. https://ijels.com/detail/the-unfinished-project-a-critique-of-the-legacy-of-cultural-studies-from-birmingham-to-the-algorithmic-present/ Pramod Kumar K V https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/77IJELS-110202536-TheUnfinished.pdf The advent of Big Data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally altered the data processing landscape. The data-driven systems of today can make probabilistic inferences about individuals, predicting their characteristics, behaviors, and likely future actions. They are no longer restricted to using and collecting raw data. This paper argues that the core tenets of data protection law, particularly the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), are inadequately equipped to address the novel risks posed by inferential analytics. While the GDPR provides a robust framework for raw data, its application to inferences remains ambiguous and underdeveloped. Through systematically examining the GDPR's rights and obligations and analyzing the ECJ's jurisprudence, this paper demonstrates that inferences frequently fall into a regulatory gray area. The current legal framework struggles with inferences' subjectivity, verifiability, and qualification as personal data. As a result, essential rights like access, rectification, and objection are frequently rendered useless. This paper proposes a paradigm shift: recognizing a distinct “right to reasonable inferences.” This right would consist of two core components: (1) a substantive principle requiring that inferences meet thresholds of acceptability, relevance, and reliability, and (2) a procedural right to contest inferences deemed unreasonable effectively. Finally, the paper suggests ways to strike a balance between the rights of data subjects and the legitimate interests of data controllers, addressing intellectual property and trade secrets law as a significant obstacle to such a right. https://ijels.com/detail/a-right-to-reasonable-inferences-re-thinking-data-protection-law-in-the-age-of-big-data-and-ai/ Ashikur Rahman https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/78IJELS-110202539-ARightto.pdf This paper examines how internalized misogyny manifests in the works of Jane Austen and Charlotte Brontë, particularly in Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Jane Eyre. Through a feminist lens, it argues that while these novels are celebrated for their proto-feminist heroines, they simultaneously perpetuate patriarchal ideals by vilifying women who embody traditionally feminine traits. Characters such as Caroline Bingley, Lucy Steele, and Blanche Ingram are portrayed as superficial and vain for participating in the “marriage game,” while male characters exhibiting similar behaviors are often redeemed or celebrated. By drawing parallels between these nineteenth-century archetypes and modern social phenomena such as the “pick-me girl” and “bimbo” tropes, this paper reveals how female rivalry and self-policing are rooted in enduring structures of patriarchal oppression. Ultimately, the study contends that recognizing these contradictions does not diminish Austen’s or Brontë’s feminist contributions but instead deepens our understanding of how internalized misogyny continues to shape narratives about womanhood. https://ijels.com/detail/bonnets-bimbos-internalized-misogyny-in-austen-and-bront-s-work/ Ariana De Andrade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/79IJELS-110202558-Bonnets.pdf This work investigates the implementation psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud to the play Macbeth by Shakespeare, with focus to Lady Macbeth. The concepts of the repression, unconscious, and development of psychosexual, and the concepts of id, ego, and superego provide a route for exploring Lady Macbeth’s psychological fall from ambition and manipulation into madness and guilt. This paper further considers the patriarchal framework and implications of gender and power dynamics in culture. By placing the character Lady Macbeth with the theory of Psychoanalysis, the paper reveals how her character represents the consequences of suppressed guilt, the conflict unresolved, and transgression of gender expectations. https://ijels.com/detail/freud-psychoanalysis-and-the-tragic-psyche-of-lady-macbeth-a-psychoanalytic-literary-study/ Alfred Vivek Joseph https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/80IJELS-110202519-Freud.pdf The Persian poetry enriched with Sufi symbolism has left an enduring legacy that spans generations. Regardless of the religion, language, or region, writers from various backgrounds have contributed to this legacy. This paper aims to trace the borrowing of Sufi symbols, like “wine” and “Beloved,” in the selected works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Emily Dickinson, and Allama Iqbal. Poets from diverse cultural, linguistic, and historical backgrounds reinterpret these symbols to craft their own potent poetic ideologies. Goethe recast these symbols to create poetry that espoused universal humanism, while Dickinson’s poetry is contemplative; Allama Iqbal’s poetry embodies metaphysical nationalism. The study employs comparative literature methodology and intertextual analytical tools to uncover thematic and metaphorical connections. The primary textual analysis compares selected poems by Goethe, Emily Dickinson, and Allama Iqbal to determine which Persian poetry lineages they derive from and what forms of continuity and change they employ. The method examines each poet’s “strong misreading” as the site of creative resistance and reinvention using Harold Bloom’s “anxiety of influence” framework. This paper will follow the cross-historical life of Persian poetical symbols through three divergent voices across history, showing that, although they may share common symbols, their varied imagery leads to different interpretations of spirituality and universality, thereby illuminating the lasting impact of Persian mysticism on world literature. https://ijels.com/detail/shared-symbolism-in-diverse-cultures/ Dr. Shagufta Shaheen, Sumera https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/81IJELS-110202556-Shared.pdf Kamala Das, one of the most compelling voices in Indian English literature, redefined the contours of womanhood through her bold and unflinching literary expression. Her work, spanning poetry, short stories, and autobiography, confronts deeply ingrained patriarchal norms and exposes the emotional and sexual anxieties of women in a conservative society. This paper explores how Das engages with the politics of gender, particularly through her confessional style and her rejection of traditional roles assigned to women. Through works such as Summer in Calcutta and My Story, she challenges the expectations of femininity, marital obedience, and sexual repression, offering instead a complex portrayal of female desire, identity, and resistance. Das’s writing becomes a powerful site of negotiation between personal freedom and societal constraints, making her a pioneering feminist figure in postcolonial Indian literature. By deconstructing the constructed ideals of womanhood, she reclaims female subjectivity and autonomy, contributing significantly to feminist literary discourse. This study analyzes her thematic focus, narrative voice, and linguistic choices to show how Das not only critiques gender-based oppression but also offers a transformative vision of womanhood rooted in honesty and self-expression. Her literary legacy continues to inspire new readings of gender and identity in Indian writing in English. https://ijels.com/detail/kamala-das-and-the-politics-of-gender-rewriting-womanhood-in-indian-english-literature/ Dr. Sarbani Sankar Panigrahi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/82IJELS-110202523-Kamala.pdf The Qing Dynasty witnessed a significant number of chaste and martyr women in Huizhou, and the biographical accounts dedicated to them in officially compiled local gazetteers expanded considerably. Among these sources, the Daoguang Huizhou Prefectural Gazetteer stands out for its comprehensive content and particularly detailed and systematic categorization. An examination from temporal, spatial, and textual comparative perspectives reveals distinct characteristics in these biographies: a predominance of chaste widows, relatively fewer martyr figures, limited representation of talented women, and a pronounced degree of stylistic formulaism. Analysis of these patterns and features suggests that the prevalence of chaste and martyr women in Huizhou was closely linked to the prominence of female chastity ideals in the region. This phenomenon resulted not only from official promotion but was also reinforced by distinctive local cultural influences. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-female-biographical-writing-in-officially-compiled-huizhou-local-gazetteers-during-the-qing-dynasty-focusing-on-the-daoguang-huizhou-prefectural-gazetteer/ Huifeng Chen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/83IJELS-110202538-AStudy.pdf The World Economic Forum has compiled the content of global economic conferences as well as perspectives on various economic issues. Its focus spans multiple domains, including economics, technology, the environment, and society. This study is grounded in the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and adopts a corpus-based linguistic methodology, selecting economic discourse from economic meetings centered on economic growth as the corpus, aiming to explore the discursive construction of economic growth in the World Economic Forum and its ideological implications. As an interdisciplinary and increasingly prominent subject in linguistic research, economic discourse has seen a growing body of studies in recent years. This paper summarizes the research background and content related to economic discourse, while also organizing theoretical and analytical frameworks along with research methodologies. The objective is to investigate how the World Economic Forum employs language to construct the concept of economic growth and to analyze the underlying ideologies and power dynamics within this discourse.This study offers valuable insights for policymakers into how discourse can be used to shape public expectations and enhance the legitimacy of economic policies. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-on-the-discursive-construction-of-economic-growth-in-world-economic-forum-discourse/ Yuxia Xiao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/84IJELS-110202534-AStudy.pdf Understanding how the scope of principals’ authority in China differs from international practice is a prerequisite for rationalizing the scope and structure of principals’ decision-making powers. Using samples from the PISA 2022 and PISA 2015 databases, this study examines international trends in school-level decision making on major matters such as teacher personnel, budget allocation, student management, and curriculum management. The findings indicate that high-performing PISA countries/economies tend to grant principals relatively broad authority, and OECD reports show a correlation between strong principal authority and higher PISA performance. By contrast, principals in the four Chinese provinces/cities studied have, on average, less authority over major school matters than principals in the high-scoring PISA jurisdictions. The paper recommends, in line with the Opinions on Establishing a Principal-Responsibility System under the Leadership of the Party Organization in Primary and Secondary Schools (trial), strengthening principals’ decision-making authority on major school matters—especially personnel, budget, student and curriculum issues—and building managerial supervision mechanisms to improve decision efficiency. https://ijels.com/detail/allocation-of-powers-under-the-principal-responsibility-system-an-analysis-based-on-pisa-2022-and-pisa-2015-results/ Guan Xinyu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/85IJELS-110202546-Allocationof.pdf Kavita Kane’s writings are from the perspective of mythological women characters, and she placed them as the protagonists of her fictionalized retellings. Their resourcefulness, diplomatic skills, intellectual capabilities, oratory skills as well as their longings, despair and helplessness are revealed through her narration. In Kane’s Tara’s Truce , the heroine is the Vanara woman Tara, who was the wife of the mighty Vanara king Vali. Her sense of astuteness, her fair and righteous dealings with people, her high sense of intelligence, her sense of handling situations in the most appropriate manner, her sincere and efficient oratorial skills while dealing with turbulent situations -all these contribute to create a woman infinitely worthy and strong. A significant element in the fictionalized retelling is the equations of the relationships of almost all characters portrayed in the work. Social exchange theory is a concept based on the notion that a relationship between two people is created through a process of cost-benefit analysis. Social penetration theory also defines the types of relationship, and it was developed to explain how information exchange functions in the development and dissolution of interpersonal relationships. In the retelling, the truce that Tara entered is solely by counting the benefits, though she claimed her deeds as belonging to the highest form of self-sacrifice. The relationship equations in Tara’s Truce could not be gauged completely by the theories of relationships. Even the protagonist Tara and almost all the major characters insisted on their selflessness in their relationships and their unconditional love for each other. But as we trace these relationships and observe them through the veil of the theories, we can’t obliterate the relevance of the models of the Social Penetration Theory and Social Exchange Theory in Tara’s Truce. https://ijels.com/detail/patterns-and-equations-of-relationship-in-kavita-kane-s-tara-s-truce/ Dr. Sreekala.B https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/86IJELS-11120254-Patterns-1.pdf This article examines the intersection of Yoruba cosmology and generational haunting in Ayana Mathis’s The Twelve Tribes of Hattie (2012), arguing that the novel’s depiction of trauma requires analytical frameworks grounded in African diasporic spiritual and cultural traditions. By situating the premature death of Hattie’s twin infants, Philadelphia and Jubilee, within the context of the Yoruba concept of ibeji (twin spirits), the analysis reveals how their unresolved spiritual status disrupts the cosmological balance of the Shepherd family, initiating a cycle of intergenerational suffering. The novel's multi-vocal structure, organized around Hattie's children, formally embodies the transmission of this haunting, illustrating how ancestral trauma manifests across generations. Moving beyond Western psychological models of trauma, this study emphasizes culturally specific reading practices that acknowledge the enduring presence of Yoruba cosmological principles in African American literary expression. Ultimately, the article contends that Mathis’s work not only reflects the profound impacts of historical and spiritual rupture caused by the Great Migration but also imagines pathways toward healing through the recovery and adaptation of cultural memory. https://ijels.com/detail/unquiet-twins-yoruba-cosmology-and-generational-haunting-in-ayana-mathis-s-the-twelve-tribes-of-hattie/ Wilfried Enagnon. B. Adjovi, Sènakpon A. Fortuné Azon https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/87IJELS-109202547-Unquiet.pdf The article focuses on how crime and social inequality intersect in Vikas Swarup’s Six Suspects, a post-millennial Indian novel. This post-millennial Indian fiction reflects crime and social inequalities. In Six Suspects, the murder of the protagonist, Vicky Rai, exposes how the investigation of his murder treats the suspects differently, who belong to different classes. Arun Advani narrates the lives of these suspects. Through a multi-narrative perspective, the novel examines the contradictions within modern Indian society. The novel explores how crime is entangled with societal structures, emphasising that the elite can protect themselves while the underprivileged are criminalised. It criticises the economic disparity and social inequality in contemporary Indian society. https://ijels.com/detail/the-intersection-of-crime-and-social-inequality-in-vikas-swarup-s-six-suspects/ B. Hemavathy, Dr. T. Senthamarai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/88IJELS-110202547-Theintersection.pdf The growing use of digital technologies in language education has renewed interest in learning environments that support meaningful and contextualized language use. Augmented reality has attracted particular attention for its ability to link classroom learning with real-world communicative contexts. This study explores how augmented reality supports situated language learning in English as a Foreign Language classrooms and how it influences classroom interaction and learner engagement. Based on the principle of situated learning and sociocultural perspectives, the study examines AR-based classroom practices that embed language use within interactive and context-rich activities. The findings show that augmented reality encourages learners to use language as a functional and social resource, leading to greater participation, increased learner agency, and enhanced communicative and pragmatic competence. The study highlights the potential of augmented reality to reimagine the EFL classroom as a space for authentic and engaged language learning. https://ijels.com/detail/augmented-reality-and-situated-language-learning-redefining-the-efl-classroom-experience/ Assist. Prof. Dr. Lina Fathi Sidig https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/89IJELS-110202598-Augmented.pdf