https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usAugust 11 This paper critically analyzes the character of Anamika in Anita Desai’s Fasting, Feasting (1999) as a representation of the systemic denial of female autonomy, particularly in relation to higher education. Employing feminist frameworks from Simone de Beauvoir and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, the study explores how patriarchal control within the domestic sphere suppresses women’s intellectual potential and silences their agency. De Beauvoir’s concept of woman as the “Other” reveals the structural mechanisms that confine women to roles of immanence, while Spivak’s theory of subalternity frames Anamika’s silencing and erasure from educational and social spaces. Despite her academic achievements and scholarship offers, Anamika is denied further education and coerced into a repressive marriage that leads to her implied death by domestic violence. Textual references, such as “Anamika, who won scholarships, who wrote poetry…” (Desai, 1999, p. 148), underscore the tragic contrast between her potential and her silencing. Through a feminist critique of her narrative arc, the paper highlights the broader socio-cultural forces that continue to marginalize women in postcolonial Indian society. It ultimately advocates for the transformation of gendered norms and spaces to foster genuine female empowerment and ensure women's rights to education, agency, and identity. https://ijels.com/detail/anamika-s-deprivation-of-higher-education-in-fasting-feasting-a-feminist-critique-of-female-autonomy-and-social-oppression/ Mohammad Mozammel Haque, Shihab Uddin Ahmad, Md. Shakhawat Hossain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-106202556-Anamika.pdf Critical pedagogy’s implications on education are still discussed and debated, especially in our contemporary world, which is marked by technological advancement that plays a significantly remarkable role in shaping today's world. In this world, academic achievement should be correlated with critical consciousness so that future graduates can function well in our globalized world in which socioeconomic dominance and exclusion are increasingly encountered. Hence, instrumental and technical training is not the only aspect that education should harness. On the contrary, schools are requested to use and adopt critical approaches when teaching students. Overemphasis on technical skills produces fragile students who cannot give back to their societies, and their tasks are limited to performing assigned robotic roles. Schools that adopt this teaching style are serving the needs of the job market solely. Students are the future population that will hold jobs as well as positions in society. Based on this, this paper’s objective is to know middle school EFL teacher trainees' perceptions concerning the role of critical pedagogy in empowering students’ agency. It seeks to know how critical pedagogy, as a change-oriented pedagogy, can help students become agents who defend just causes locally and internationally. The sample of this study consisted of 52 EFL female and male teacher trainees who filled out the questionnaire. Additionally, online interviews were held with two focus groups each group consisting of six participants. This study adopted qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. Thematic analysis was applied to interviews, while questionnaires were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The findings of this study reveal that Moroccan EFL teacher trainees agree that using critical pedagogy in EFL classes will be very useful due to its role in empowering students’ critical consciousness and reflection skills. The findings also show that active agency is an important aspect that should be focused on in EFL classrooms. On the other hand, the results indicate that critical pedagogy is seen as an asset as it contributes to equality in EFL classes and hinders social disparity between students. This study implies that critical pedagogy and its principles are recommended to be implemented in Moroccan EFL classes because of their impact on activating students’ desire to take initiatives in their societies and to be representative of just causes, which will, in turn, help the entire community. https://ijels.com/detail/promoting-students-agency-through-critical-pedagogy-middle-school-efl-teacher-trainees-perceptions/ Abdelkhalk Er-Rechydy, Mohamed Benmhamed, Brahim Hiba https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-106202559-Promoting.pdf The graphic novel Bhimayana illustrates the life of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar and his lifelong fight against the system of untouchability and the prevailing caste system in India. The text distinguishes itself by the uniqueness of the graphic illustrations notably the absence of panels and boxes. The text is divided into four sections, each of which covers an important aspect related to the life of the Dalit community. The final section focuses on the art of Bhimayana and the efforts of the artists involved in creating the book. History and biography mingle in the ethnic spaces of Pradhan Gondh art to create a unique style which captures the struggles in the lives of the Dalit community. Gond art is the paintings of Pardhan Gonds, the indigenous people living near Madhya Pradesh in Central India. The patterns used in the illustrations add multiple layers of meaning to the dialogues. The mutuality between the humans and the animals, uniquely drawn creatures, the variety of colour combinations, the beauty of patterned designs make the text a distinguished work of art. The text works on the ‘memory’ of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, his struggles and achievements in life. The text is unique in that it uses a tribal art form to depict the life of a Dalit. Ambedkar’s experiences in life is synonymous with the drudgery and bitter experiences faced by millions of Dalits all over India. https://ijels.com/detail/memory-and-identity-revisiting-the-techniques-of-subversion-in-bhimayana/ Dr. Nikhila Narayanan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-10620257-Memory.pdf Folk culture is reverberating in the people of Rajasthan. The activities emerge from the very life of the masses. From gathering food to more sophisticated practices of religious, social and political life. Regional folk literatures are also one of the transporters of culture. This paper includes the outreached and unheard topic of Vagad region which has very diversified and unexplored field need to identified and recognized by several prestigious entity of academics and historians. Folklore of Vagad is unfathomable, encompassing the rich cultural heritage of legends, songs, customs, history, artifacts, music, herbal and myths etc. and is a marked with regularity and dynamism. It also includes the Scattered Genre of Vagad's folklore where proverbs and riddles are likely to be heard and situated in each and every person's tongue around the region. We will discuss the majority of sayings, riddles and idioms present in the vast and diversified area of Vagad which are many in numbers and have very little or can say, still finding its glory to understand or looking for its inclusion in mainstreams of Modern ethnographic Literature. https://ijels.com/detail/oral-literature-of-tribal-in-southern-rajasthan/ Pavan Kumar Barod https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-106202549-Oral.pdf This paper is an attempt to explore structural shifts in the Children’s literature from the Victorian to the Contemporary era. The Victorian era is believed to be the ‘golden age’ for this genre. It was this time when the Children’s literature became a separate entity having influenced by John Locke’s and Darwin’s theories, and it received much popularity in the field of English literature. On the other hand, in the present time, the children literature has witnessed several cultural, social, political and economic changes. As a result, this genre must have faced many changes, especially structural-based, which this research work tries to show. https://ijels.com/detail/structural-shifts-in-children-s-literature-from-the-victorian-era-to-the-contemporary-era/ Hirva Ashok Popat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-106202562-Structural.pdf The post-independence era has been a transformative period for Bodo literature, witnessing remarkable growth in both form and content. Beginning with its humble literary roots in the early 20th century and propelled by the formation of the Bodo Sahitya Sabha in 1952, Bodo literature has diversified across genres—poetry, fiction, drama, essays, criticism, and children's literature. The recognition of Bodo as a scheduled language in the Indian Constitution and its inclusion in higher education curricula further accelerated this growth. The role of private and institutional publishers, women writers, digital platforms, and translation initiatives has been instrumental in enriching literary production and expanding readership. Despite significant accomplishments, challenges remain in national visibility, global outreach, and digital representation. This paper explores the journey of Bodo literature over the last seventy-five years, its achievements, current trends, and the critical gaps that need to be addressed to ensure its relevance and survival in the 21st century and beyond. https://ijels.com/detail/post-independence-bodo-literature-literary-diversity-and-challenges/ Dr. Pranab Jyoti Narzary1, Prof. Anil Kumar Boro2 https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-106202564-Post.pdf This study aims to explore the semiotic aspects of the Kumari tradition in Bhaktapur, Nepal. In the lively cultural practice of the Kumari tradition in Bhaktapur, a young Newar girl is regarded as the goddess Taleju, representing divine feminine force. This study examines the denotative, connotative, and mythological aspects of Kumari culture as a system of signs in Bhaktapur's Newar community employing Roland Barthes' semiological framework. This study investigates how rituals and symbols—like the Kumari's red and gold clothing, third eye, and palanquin—serve as signs using a qualitative narrative research design that includes semi-structured interviews with the devotee and the Kumari's caretaker as well as field observations during festivals like Dashain. Denotatively, these elements depict a young girl and her ritualistic roles. Connotatively, they represent purity, divine power, and communal harmony, which strengthens spiritual and social solidarity. At the mythical level, the Kumari naturalizes ideas about divine power and gender roles, presenting her divinity as an intrinsic fact in Newar faith. The study highlights Ekanta Kumari's unique position in Bhaktapur, where she has greater freedom than her peers in Kathmandu and Patan while remaining crucial to rituals that preserve traditional identities. The findings help to better understand the Kumari as a dynamic cultural symbol that bridges the divine and human realms, as well as the interplay of religion, identity, and power in South Asian communities. https://ijels.com/detail/the-living-goddess-sign-and-significance-of-bhaktapur-s-kumari-culture/ Rajan Phelu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-106202560-TheLiving.pdf In the early twenty-first century, Indian English literature has experienced a remarkable increase in feminist stories that challenge patriarchy, caste systems, heteronormativity, and other overlapping power dynamics. This article surveys the historical background of this literary movement, explores its main themes, examines stylistic changes, and discusses its critical and commercial success. The current study remains accessible while using an academic approach suitable for an international audience, showing how modern Indian feminist writing both mirrors and influences social and political realities. https://ijels.com/detail/feminist-reimagining-in-21st-century-indian-english-writing/ Pinaki Mandal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-107202510-Feminist.pdf Dalit literature in English constitutes a formidable movement of courage and self-assertion. For generations, India's Dalit communities—historically designated as "untouchables"—endured systemic oppression under the caste hierarchy, their narratives either silenced or appropriated by dominant voices. This article analyzes how Dalit writers transform this reality through potent literary expression, converting personal trauma into collective resistance and reclaiming fundamental human dignity. The investigation specifically examines how authors, including Omprakash Valmiki, Bama Faustina, and Meena Kandasamy deploy literature to confront centuries of discrimination. Their work transcends mere documentation of suffering, innovating narrative forms that synthesize traditional folk idioms with contemporary literary techniques. The strategic adoption of English facilitates dual objectives: engaging educated Indian audiences often detached from caste based realities, and forging transnational connections with global struggles for human rights. Furthermore, the article traces the literary movement's emergence from the ideological foundations laid by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who conceptualized education as an instrument against caste subjugation. Critical attention is given to intersectional dimensions, particularly Dalit women's compounded struggle against caste and gender oppression. The analysis also evaluates the literature's societal impact: its role in reshaping educational curricula, catalyzing national discourse on privilege, and empowering new generations. https://ijels.com/detail/dalit-identity-and-resistance-in-indian-english-literature/ Debarati Chandra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-107202511-Dalit.pdf The paper examines Han Kang’s The Vegetarian as a critique of militarized masculinities, extractivism, and systemic violence. The Vegetarian exposes the limitations of conventional liberalism by problematizing the concept of the ‘human’. It argues that The Vegetarian reveals how South Korea’s militarized history and capitalist culture and economy are entangled with patriarchy and extractivism. The paper shows how the novel interrogates anthropocentric and gendered epistemologies and different forms of violence. It also suggests that it is perhaps through empathetic witnessing and ethical engagement that the novel opens up the possibility of hope. https://ijels.com/detail/ethics-of-witnessing-han-kang-s-the-vegetarian/ Antara Datta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-106202571-Ethics.pdf The aim of this study is to reveal the changes in micro teaching performance scores of science teacher candidates according to their emotional intelligence score levels The study was conducted using the correlational survey design The sample of the study consists of 71 57 female 14 male teacher candidates who continue their education in the Department of Science Teaching in Nevehir Emotional Intelligence Scale EIS 33 items 5point Likert scale and Micro Teaching Performance Form MTP 35 items threelevel scoring were used as data collection tools The secondary school science topics that the teacher candidates would present were distributed by the researcher After the visual preparation and provision of materialsequipment the teacher candidates were provided with a teaching performance in 1520 minutes EIS was applied to the sample at the very beginning of the research process while the MTP form was used while each participant was performing their micro teaching performance In the analysis of the collected data appropriate statistical methods descriptive statistics unrelated t test correlation analysis were used in accordance with the purpose of the research According to the findings obtained as a result of the analysis it was seen that the micro teaching performance scores of the science teacher candidates showed a statistically significant difference t69589 p 001 according to the levels of their emotional intelligence scores In other words it can be said that the teacher candidates with high emotional intelligence scores 8533 showed a relatively better performance during the presentation Another result supporting this finding is the moderate positive and significant r 0675 p 001 correlation coefficient between emotional intelligence and micro teaching scores In addition the behaviours and attitudes of the candidates in the sample who interacted with the researcher during the preparation phase of the presentations also support this result https://ijels.com/detail/can-emotional-intelligence-affect-the-micro-teaching-performance-of-science-teacher-candidates/ Mahmut Polat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-107202524-Can.pdf Learning English among Maguindanaon students is both a challenge and a fulfillment. Their journey toward language acquisition reflects their resilience, shaped by their experiences and the support systems available to them. This study explores the experiences of five Junior High School Maguindanaon students in General Salipada K. Pendatun, aiming to uncover their challenges, learning strategies, and the role of their support networks. Findings reveal that students commonly struggle with spoken English due to limited exposure outside the classroom and a lack of confidence in spontaneous conversations. Many express comfort in structured environments, such as classroom discussions, but hesitate in informal interactions. Vocabulary limitations, pronunciation difficulties, and grammatical errors, especially in subject-verb agreement, emerge as key obstacles to fluency, often compounded by the influence of the Maguindanaon language. The study highlights the significant influence of support systems on students' language development. Limited school resources, particularly instructional materials and digital tools, restrict opportunities for practice beyond regular lessons. While some students benefit from teacher and peer guidance, many lack access to structured support programs such as English clubs or tutoring. Family involvement varies, with some providing encouragement but minimal academic assistance. The absence of consistent and accessible support systems creates barriers that hinder students' ability to develop English proficiency. These findings underscore the need to strengthen institutional, peer, and familial support networks. Enhancing access to resources, mentorship programs, and immersive language experiences can play a pivotal role in fostering confidence and competence in English. A collaborative approach involving educators, families, and communities is crucial in creating an environment where Maguindanaon students can thrive in their pursuit of language mastery. https://ijels.com/detail/maguindanaon-students-english-learning-experiences-in-a-distant-rural-public-school-a-qualitative-exploration-of-challenges-and-support-system/ Hanifa B. Nanding, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-105202524-Maguindanaon.pdf The Harry Potter books written by British author J.K. Rowling has been the most widely read of all contemporary children's fiction surpassing all sales records of the genre. Set in modern times but in a magical world co-existing with the non-magical, one of the most noticeably prominent characteristic of the Harry Potter canon is the clever use of ancient myths/folktales/legends in the magical world of Harry Potter, revising and bringing them to life for youthful modern readers. The paper seeks to study and compare the earliest records of the myths/legends and the incorporation and recreation of the very same by J.K. Rowling into the Harry Potter universe. The titles of two of the books- 'Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone' and 'Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix', carry obvious references to two mythological symbols- the philosopher's stone and the mythical bird called the phoenix, with their unique presentation in the books bringing something obscurely hidden in the past into the forefront of the popular literary landscape. J.R.R Tolkien, fellow British author and her predecessor, was remarkable in the creation of his own unique myths into 'Middle Earth' in his landmark children's book 'The Hobbit', but J.K Rowling goes a step further- not only creating her own myths but also channelling myths already in use from ancient times from many other sources and mingling them together seamlessly in her narrative. Celtic, English, Greek, Roman, Asian myths and legends are dug up and laid at the table side by side. Rowling, after completing her seven Harry Potter books, went intentional in her reinvention of mythology through her 'guide book' called 'Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them' - a guide to the magical creatures in the Harry Potter universe, the original version illustrated by the author herself. David Colbert and Virginia Allyn in their 'The Hidden Myths in Harry Potter: Spellbinding Map and Book of Secrets' even tries to organise the hidden references and the facts behind Harry Potter. The myths in Harry Potter have been powerful enough to embed themselves in the mind of the readers and thus has popularised age-old mythological symbols leading to its influence in popular culture. https://ijels.com/detail/revision-recreation-and-infusion-of-ancient-mythological-legendary-symbolism-in-the-popular-modern-children-s-fiction-the-harry-potter-canon-by-j-k-rowling/ Recho Benjamin Teron https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-106202566-Revision.pdf One of Wole Soyinka’s memoirs, ‘You must set forth at dawn’, in which he states that ‘the road and I thus became partners in the quest for an extended self-discovery’ (p.50), appears to mould a critical collection of history, politics, and culture in the collective ongoing post-colonial discourses. Possibly, different post-independence realities such as corruption and banditry facing various African nations have also made it incumbent on authors such as Wole Soyinka to use their lives’ stories for purposes such as agitations, activism and protests other than the conventional focus of autobiographical works. It is in the light of the above that this paper critically analyses Soyinka’s construction of a ‘new identity’ despite the challenges that impact such desire in a post-colonial African society. The paper argues that the agony of colonialism, the failure of ‘post-independence leaderships’, and the ‘lack of effectiveness in modern administrations’-all of which Soyinka demonstrates in his autobiographical work You Must Set Forth at Dawn-are among the major determinants of how a public life is represented in a post-colonial setting. Thus, by closely examining the memoir, the paper offers a critical perspective on Soyinka’s efforts to construct and deconstruct such realities that go/move beyond ordinary personal narratives. This is especially true given that Soyinka’s ongoing commentary on almost every aspect of or occurrence in his environment, no matter how close or distant, is almost, if not completely, habitually protestant. https://ijels.com/detail/navigating-complex-post-colonial-trajectories-and-realities-soyinka-and-the-new-identity-in-you-must-set-forth-at-dawn/ Segun Alexandra Adeniyi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-106202572-Navigating.pdf This study aimed to analyze the inclusion of physical writing portfolios among developing EFL learners writing skills and follow its impact. The study raised the following questions: To what extent does the portfolio help students of Shariaa and Law at Tabuk University develop their writing skills and encourage academic progress? Is this progress evident within their writing? Is the portfolio design easy and clear to follow? Does the content of the portfolio match the students’ needs to develop their writing skills? Does teacher feedback help students regarding skills development? Providing answers to these questions by examining the results of the targeted audience, this study demystifies the degree of portfolio effectiveness and its relationship with how developing learners focus their skills at the foundation program for Shariaa and Law students at Tabuk university. The study revealed that keeping a consistently updated writing portfolio has a great impact on the progress of EFL students’ writing skills. Moreover, the content, design, writing stages, and feedback given to students, complete with pre-writing vocabulary exercises, plays a vital role in clarifying writing assignments to students and offers them an effective solution to become more engaged with their own self-improvement. The study also concluded that face-to-face interaction between students and their instructor proves to be vital towards improving guidance strategy, benefitting both parties as this method allows instructors to exchange information more acutely regarding how each student can individually improve. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-using-writing-portfolio-in-developing-efl-students-writing-skills-a-case-study-of-the-first-year-students-at-tabuk-university-faculty-of-shariaa-and-law/ Abdelwahab Abdelrahim Hamid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-107202518-TheImpactof.pdf William Wordsworth's poem has been deeply associated with landscape, especially the English Lake District, where he lived and found inspiration. He observed its profound impact on the beauty and human spirit and spirituality of nature, often used vivid details to express his experiences in the natural world. Wordsworth also advocated the protection of nature, arguing that it was a moral claim on all people, not only on landlords. The way of representing the landscape of Wordsworth was powerful affected by the illustrated conferences. Although he claims to overthrow his young manhood, which is a habit of looking, justice and describing, he never left his vocabulary. However, he served it to his attitude of a nature, whose powers could not be implicated by landscape painting conferences or were ordered by the political imperatives of the picturesque. In addition, although he sometimes refers to the natural world from one point of view that is culturally privileged, politically strong, physically elevated, or all three, such as ting lines, such as a few miles above titan Ebey, are well above the boundaries of beauty satisfaction to identify human victims, and they are suffering from the limits, and they are suffering. Thus, Wordsworth funds the conferences of the landscape fundamentally to rebuild both the power of nature and the music of humanity in his poem. https://ijels.com/detail/a-poem-by-william-wordsworth-the-landscape-of-nature/ Mr. Syamasundara Rao Sirla https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-10720253-APoem.pdf This paper looks at Judith Butler’s important essay “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution” from 1988. She challenges the idea that gender is something we are born with. According to Butler, we form our gender through repeated actions influenced by social expectations. Her argument, based on feminist and philosophical concepts, questions the usual link between sex and gender. This paper explains Butler’s points and further analyzes how these points relate to contemporary conversations about gender, identity, and self-expression. It also acknowledges some shortcomings in her argument regarding lack of attention to how race, class, and colonialism structure gendered experiences. Nevertheless, Butler's theory is still powerful and respectable in considering gender as something fluid, social constructed and participatory. https://ijels.com/detail/not-born-but-made-a-review-of-judith-butler-s-gender-theory/ Axeena https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-10720257-NotBorn.pdf The play “Bravely Fought the Queen” was written by Mahesh Dattani in 1991 and was published by Pen-guin Books in 2006. It delves into "questions of gender, sexuality, identity, and family politics all at once" (Rathee 31). Besides these inquiries, the play explores unique aspects of women's bravery, such as resili-ence and defiance in the quest for identity. "Dattani portrays unconventional, radical, and rational as-pects of societal issues, containing the seeds of the clash between the individual’s ‘self' and society's predetermined frameworks" (Agrawal 185). The playwright focuses on feminine concerns within the re-pressed context of homosexuality in a society that only acknowledges heterosexuality. Those who are still uncomfortable discussing sexuality cannot accept non-traditional sexual orientations such as homosex-uality, bisexuality, and transgenderism. Many people "like to discuss feminism because it's widely ac-cepted, but they are unable to address gay issues because it's not considered Indian. It doesn't happen here" (Erin 21). However, Mahesh Dattani has stated that "being gay or lesbian is neither right nor wrong; it's reality, and we need to learn to accept alternative relationships and coexist with them" (Qt. in Erin 21). This paper examines the marginalization and domination of women by patriarchal society. Methodologically, it contains a feminist reading of the text, evaluating the exploitation of women during that period. Dattani has effectively portrayed the crisis and trauma of female psychology through the play. The present research paper subtly explores the theme of male domination and the social status of women throughout the play. https://ijels.com/detail/patriarchal-hegemony-and-alienation-of-women-in-ma-hesh-dattani-s-bravely-fought-the-queen/ Lilack Biswas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-107202513-Patriarchal.pdf This research review explores the transformative role of education in shaping the Indian middle class during British colonial rule. The introduction of Western-style education, particularly after the Charter Act of 1813 and Macaulay’s Minute of 1835, led to the emergence of a new socio-economic class that was distinct in its values, aspirations, and functions. The British colonial government promoted English education to create a class of intermediaries loyal to the empire, but the unintended consequence was the rise of a critical and politically conscious middle class. This emerging class comprised primarily educated Indians—teachers, clerks, lawyers, journalists and professionals, who played a vital role in the development of nationalist ideologies and socio-religious reform movements. Education became a tool of both empowerment and negotiation, enabling Indians to access modern professions while also confronting the contradictions of colonial dominance. The review highlights the dual nature of colonial education as both a means of cultural control and a catalyst for socio-political awakening. Drawing from historical sources and scholarly analyses, this study underscores how education contributed to reshaping caste dynamics, expanding urban consciousness, and redefining Indian identity. It also examines the gendered aspects of education, especially the limited but significant entry of women into the public sphere through schooling. Ultimately, this review reveals that colonial education was a complex and contested space that played a crucial role in the formation and articulation of the modern Indian middle class—a group that would become instrumental in the struggle for independence and postcolonial nation-building. https://ijels.com/detail/the-role-of-education-in-shaping-the-indian-middle-class-during-the-british-rule-a-research-review/ Tamanna Tanwar, Dr. Amit, Dr. Ravi Prakash https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-107202523-TheRole.pdf Study of places form a significant part of contemporary cultural analysis. There are different approaches in spatial literary criticism based on the differences in geographical, political or cultural geographical perspectives. Bioregionalism is one such prominent field of spatial literary analysis. Bioregional orientation in literary criticism recognizes the role of literature in helping people to maintain sustainable relations to the places where they live. Mittabal Yamunakka is one of those literary endeavours, ‘distinctly regional art,’ that attempts to capture the bioregional nature of Tulunadu. The novel, originally written in Tulu language (one of the oldest Dravidian languages), attempts to retrace the historical existence of a human culture that once inhabited a region- scale ecosystem in the South Kannada, in India. The novel that embodies the highly complex socio-cultural history of Tulunadu is an attempt to doccument the “Tulu-ness” or the “Tuluva” world for non-Tulu speakers. This study seeks to read D. K. Chowta’s Mittabail Yemunakka, from a bioregional perspective. The novel seems to embody the basic premise of bioregionalim where the natural factors function as a way to envision place. The community life in the region is organized around myths and rituals that carry environmental ethics. This study underlines the ethic of sustainability as the driving force of the community’s co-existence. The novel exhibits its bioregional literary conciousness in fictionally doccumenting Tulunadu’s natural territories, local culture, local food systems and environmental ethics. It inspires the modern readers to rethink- to reassess where we are. https://ijels.com/detail/alternative-geographies-and-bioregional-aesthetics-a-critical-reading-of-d-k-chowta-s-mittabail-yamunakka-a-tale-of-a-landlord-s-household/ Dr. Sini Jose https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-1052025102-Alternative.pdf Cyber dystopia or algorithmic dystopia is the depiction of an imaginary society in which digitized technology and the algorithms associated with it determine the present and future of the inmates who are more or less trapped in its wireless authority. These texts have a technology-based narrative which influences the social, economic, political, and psychological domains of the characters involved in it. Major disruption is caused in these realms due to a set of algorithmic components like virtual reality, artificial intelligence, panoptic surveillance and ubiquitous connectivity which disperses human individuality and identity The movie Deham (The body) which was made in English is adapted from the play Harvest. It was released in 2001 and directed by Govind Nihalani. https://ijels.com/detail/cyber-dystopia-as-projected-in-harvest-and-the-adapted-movie-deham/ Dr. Vinitha Vakkayil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-10720258-Cyber.pdf Riddles have been an integral part of human culture because of their role in entertaining people and conserving cultural heritage. For the Soura tribe of India, riddles remain the most cardinal method of protecting their culture, language, and social values. This paper aims to dig deep into how the Soura people of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh transfer their cultural identity from generation to generation with the help of riddles. These riddles, full of allusions to nature, social mores, and biological science, reflect in themselves insights about the deep sense of connection of the tribe with the environment. They function as an effective vehicle for teaching younger members about their ancestral language, the rhythms of nature, and the core values of the tribe: respect for elders, community. Through riddles, the Soura also preserve their Austroasiatic language full of idiomatic expressions and poetic forms that capture their worldview. And despite the pressures of modernity, the Soura continue to pass down these oral traditions in communal settings and thus foster social bonds and cultural continuity. The paper explains how riddles can support the continuity of the continuation of the tribe's connection to their land, the education of essential survival skills, and encouragement of moral and ethical codes. Thus, by introducing old traditions in the internet world, the Soura make their cultural heritage continue, which will be a strong bonding of their identity in the future. https://ijels.com/detail/echoes-of-identity-the-role-of-riddles-in-preserving-saura-tribal-heritage/ Jonas Bhuyan, Dr. Trailokya Nath Parida https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-10720252-Echoes.pdf The climate crisis is often perceived as a modern phenomenon, driven by industrialization and consumerism. However, Amitav Ghosh’s The Nutmeg’s Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis (2021) challenges this prevailing narrative by tracing the origins of environmental degradation back to the colonial era. This paper conducts a critical analysis of Ghosh’s work, positing that the exploitation of natural resources and indigenous populations during colonialism established enduring patterns of violence and extraction that persist in the modern world. Through the examination of the nutmeg trade in the Banda Islands of Indonesia, Ghosh elucidates how the commodification of nature and the marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems have contributed to the current ecological crisis. The paper explores three key concerns in Ghosh’s work: i) the role of colonialism as a foundational cause of environmental degradation, ii) the suppression of indigenous knowledge systems and their critical role in addressing ecological challenges, and iii) the portrayal of the climate crisis as a continuation of colonial violence. This paper underscores Ghosh’s advocacy for a paradigm shift away from exploitative practices and towards a more reciprocal relationship with the natural world. The paper concludes that the climate crisis can be effectively addressed not only through advancements in technology and policy but also through a comprehensive examination of the historical legacies of colonialism and a rethinking of humanity’s position within Earth’s ecosystems. https://ijels.com/detail/colonial-roots-and-climate-crisis-contextualizing-environmental-deterioration-in-amitav-ghosh-s-the-nutmeg-s-curse/ Nazneen Khan, Rajkumar Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-107202530-Colonial.pdf This paper explores the socio-cultural and egalitarian significance of Pice Hotels in Kolkata, examining how they function as spaces of inclusion, tradition, and resistance in an increasingly stratified urban landscape. These humble, affordable eateries serve authentic Bengali cuisine to a diverse clientele including students, workers, office-goers, and migrants creating a communal dining experience that subtly challenges caste, class, and spatial hierarchies. The study draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital to understand how the culinary practices preserved in Pice Hotels from recipes to rituals represent forms of embodied and institutional cultural capital accessible to marginalized groups. These spaces allow for the preservation and performance of Bengali identity outside elite cultural circuits. Further, employing Henri Lefebvre’s concept of lived space or “third space,” the paper interprets Pice Hotels as more than physical eateries they are lived, social spaces where everyday interactions foster solidarity and shared cultural meaning. Here, boundaries between social groups blur, enabling a sense of dignity and belonging among patrons regardless of their socio-economic status. Using qualitative approach including participant observation and interviews, the research shows how Pice Hotels act as social levellers by democratizing access to food, space, and identity. Amidst threats of commercialization and gentrification, these spaces emerge as quiet resistors sustaining inclusion through culture and cuisine. https://ijels.com/detail/pice-hotels-of-kolkata-plates-of-tradition-tables-of-inclusion/ Priyam Chatterjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-107202521-Pice.pdf This seminar paper explores the multifaceted oppression of women in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus (2003), examining how religious, postcolonial, and patriarchal forces intersect to silence and marginalize female characters. Set in postcolonial Nigeria, the novel portrays a society grappling with the residues of colonial rule, where Western religious ideologies and traditional gender hierarchies together reinforce systemic subjugation. This paper explores the discourses, worldviews, and values presented in Purple Hibiscus, offering a critical examination of patriarchy, colonialism, and sexism. It will provide fresh insights into Adichie’s portrayal of radical female characters and their traumatic journeys toward liberation within patriarchal and post-patriarchal contexts. The paper critically examines the female characters, highlighting how their identities and autonomy are suppressed by religious dogma, patriarchal expectations, and the sociopolitical aftermath of colonialism. Through a feminist and postcolonial lens, it shows how Adichie not only critiques these oppressive structures but also foregrounds female resilience and the subtle forms of resistance that emerge within constrained spaces. Ultimately, the paper argue that Purple Hibiscus serves as a powerful narrative of both suffering and liberation, offering a nuanced commentary on the complex dynamics of power, gender, and culture in contemporary African society. https://ijels.com/detail/domestic-tyranny-and-female-empowerment-a-feminist-reading-of-purple-hibiscus/ Pallavi Das https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-10720259-Domestic.pdf The most extensive journeys commence with a singular step. Naturalism also has its historical footprints. The evolution of realistic and naturalistic literature can be traced back to Émile Zola’s contributions. Subsequently, France introduced the principles of realism and naturalism to Britain. Good literature frequently transcends national boundaries. The naturalism of French literature soon became an integral part of British literature. In British literature, the spirit of naturalism flourished through the works of Joseph Conrad, a Polish-born author who wrote in English. The naturalistic movement in British literature has significantly influenced the evolution of Indian literature in English, demonstrating a substantial interconnection between these literary traditions and highlighting how cultural and historical contexts shape literary expression. This research explores the dynamics of this influence, examining key works and authors that illustrate the impact of British naturalism on the thematic and stylistic development of Indian English literature. It underwent a phenomenal transformation with the aid of a group of poets known as the ‘neo-modernists’. K.N. Daruwalla, the group leader, made this naturalistic temperament his Black Horse in riding the Odysseus journey of English literature by the Indians. This paper aims to explore the spirit of nature and naturalism in the poetry of K.N. Daruwalla. https://ijels.com/detail/dismantling-the-myth-of-nature-and-naturalism-in-the-select-poems-of-k-n-daruwalla/ Dr. Sambhunath Maji https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-107202527-Dismantling.pdf The research explores The Diary of a Young Girl written by Anne Frank through the lens of Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory, as presented in Unclaimed Experiences: Trauma, Narrative and History. Anne Frank, a Holocaust victim known for her posthumously published diary that documents her life in hiding during the World War II. The diary reflects her confinement, emotional turmoil, and psychological evolution under traumatic circumstances. Her writing reveals the difficulty in articulating her traumatic experience, it builds her identity and writing becomes a tool for her to survive. However, the diary ends abruptly with her arrest by the Nazi force, an interruption that mirrors Cathy Caruth’s notion of trauma that states, trauma is neither fully experienced nor resolved in the moment. The study views Anne Frank’s experiences through the lens of Cathy Caruth’s Trauma Theory and analyses how Anne processes her trauma through writing and how her condition represents the trauma of other victims. https://ijels.com/detail/unfinished-words-and-silent-endings-anne-frank-s-diary-through-the-lens-of-cathy-caruth-s-trauma-theory/ Helen Swarna VC, Dr. R. Karunambigai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-107202526-Unfinished.pdf The need for a Dalit feminist position is deeply rooted in the structural and generational experience of discrimination that Dalit women face—both within and outside the broader Dalit movement and Indian feminism. As Bama Faustina Susairaj highlights, the Dalit identity carries a stigma that persists regardless of social mobility, education, or professional success. Dalit women, in particular, experience layers of oppression: they are marginalized not only within the broader caste hierarchy but also within their own communities and religious institutions, as seen in Bama’s experiences inside the Christian convent. This reinforces the argument that Dalitness is not just a category—it is an ongoing, deeply embedded institution shaped by multiple factors like geography, language, socioeconomic status, religion, and gender. Mainstream Indian feminism, often dominated by upper-caste voices, has historically failed to address the unique struggles of Dalit women, assuming a universal experience of womanhood that ignores caste-based oppression. Similarly, Dalit politics, while focused on caste liberation, has not always prioritized gender-specific issues within Dalit communities. This makes a separate Dalit feminist position crucial: it acknowledges that Dalit women’s voices, lived realities, and activism must be recognized independently to challenge both caste and gender oppression. A Dalit feminist perspective ensures that the intricate and intersectional nature of discrimination is addressed, rather than being overshadowed by broader feminist or Dalit movements. It is a necessary stand against caste patriarchy, making space for empowerment and visibility in a system where Dalit women are often erased or sidelined. With this perspective in mind this paper assays the need for a Dalit Feminist Position and in respect to it the place that Dalit feminist literature in general and Dalit women’s autobiographies in particular hold in that arena. https://ijels.com/detail/the-dalit-identity-interrogating-dalit-literature-and-the-need-for-dalit-women-s-autobiography/ Oly Saha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-107202529-TheDalit.pdf The primary objective of this research paper is to discuss the way in which literary works of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni can be used as an efficient educational tool when teaching multicultural literature. Her novels and short stories with immigrant themes support cultural and gender-related motifs that allow critical student discussion and help the learners obtain multicultural comprehension. The paper evaluates Divakaruni’s literary methods through evaluation of narrative voice and characterization together with thematic analysis of multicultural content. A qualitative research design coupled textual investigation of selected Divakaruni’s works together with a review of multicultural literature scholarship formed the research methodology. Research outcomes demonstrate how Divakaruni’s writings create important chances to teach empathy skills while stimulating logical analysis so learners better grasp modern multicultural life. This paper ends with the author discussing study boundaries while presenting recommended research paths for upcoming investigations. https://ijels.com/detail/chitra-banerjee-divakaruni-s-novels-tools-for-teaching-multicultural-literature/ Prof. Shivali Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-107202519-Chitra.pdf This study explored the perceptions of teachers and students on the use of digitized graphic organizers in teaching English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP) among Senior High School learners in four public schools in Cagdianao, Dinagat Islands. Specifically, it aimed to describe the respondents’ demographic profiles, assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward graphic organizers, determine significant differences based on profile variables, and identify perceived advantages and disadvantages of their use. Utilizing a descriptive research design, the study involved 176 students and 10 teachers. Data were collected through a researcher-made survey comprising both closed and open-ended items. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and t-test, while qualitative responses were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings revealed that teacher-respondents were mostly mid-aged females with graduate-level education and substantial teaching experience, while student-respondents were predominantly 16-year-old males. Teachers demonstrated a “very high” level of knowledge, attitude, and practice, while students reported “high” levels across all components. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in perceptions when grouped according to demographic variables, indicating a consistent acceptance of graphic organizers across groups. Both teachers and students acknowledged the instructional benefits of graphic organizers in enhancing comprehension, engagement, and collaboration. However, challenges such as time constraints, cognitive overload, and limited applicability were also noted. The study concludes that digitized graphic organizers are widely valued in EAPP instruction. It recommends strengthening support systems through teacher training, digital resources, and parental involvement, while encouraging further research on their long-term effectiveness across contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/perception-on-the-use-of-graphic-organizer-in-teaching-english-for-academic-professional-purposes/ Charlito Jr. G. Petallar, Carmelin P. Mosa https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-107202533-Perception.pdf The 21st century has seen a major change in literary criticism, thanks to new technologies, new ways of thinking, and changes in society and politics. The rise of digital humanities, posthumanism, eco-criticism, and the voices of people from around the world and those who are often ignored are some of the significant themes that are changing the discipline. It looks at how the rise of AI technologies and online platforms has made literary discussion more accessible to everyone and questioned old ways of thinking about criticism. The paper also looks at how identity politics, trauma theory, and decolonial critique have changed literary canons and methods. The paper gives a full picture of how literary criticism is changing, fighting back, and rethinking its place in a culture that is getting more complicated all the time by looking at these dynamic changes. https://ijels.com/detail/literary-criticism-in-the-21st-century/ Dr. V. Basil Hans https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-107202532-Literary.pdf This study explored how digital narratives on platforms like X blended Indian and Anglo-Saxon literary traditions to construct hybrid identities, reinterpret myths, and reflect social structures in a globalized world from 2020 to 2025. Employing a qualitative case study approach, the research integrated comparative literary analysis with anthropological methods, analyzing 75 digital texts from X, Wattpad, and Archive of Our Own (AO3) and observing seven online communities. Findings revealed that 80% of texts fused narrative elements, such as dharma and wyrd, within a third space (Bhabha, 2015), while 62.5% of X posts from diasporic users constructed hybrid identities through exile narratives. Myths were reinterpreted in 66.7% of texts to address ecological and diasporic themes, and online communities mirrored traditional social structures as virtual rituals (Turner, 1969). These results contributed to comparative literature, anthropology, and digital culture studies by highlighting the role of social media in fostering cross-cultural narrative innovation. Limitations included reliance on public data and a focus on 2020–2025, suggesting future research into private platforms and longitudinal trends. https://ijels.com/detail/digital-narratives-and-cultural-hybridity-exploring-indo-saxon-identity-in-contemporary-online-literature-and-social-media/ Sampark Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-107202523-Digital.pdf “Tribal Ecologies” is one of the emerging fields of study in India, in tandem with, and as a part of subaltern studies and ecocriticism. Tribal Ecologies refers to the unique ecological knowledge, practices, and relationships that tribal communities have developed with their environments over time. This concept encompasses several key aspects like cultural knowledge, sustainable practices, political and social dimensions. Due to the intrinsic relationship the Adivasis share with nature in their association of tribal ecological knowledge and livelihood practices, ‘Tribal Ecologies’ argue that nature constitutes the tribal identity formation. Although nature constitutes the core identity of Adivasis, the American environmentalism, and, to an extent, the ecological criticism with its focus on deep ecology, largely ignore the material needs of Adivasis. Through a tribal ecological reading of the autobiographical works, Mother Forest: The Unfinished Story of C K Janu (2003) and Adimamakka (Children of Slaves) ( 2023) by the Adivasi leader and activist C K Janu, and the ecofictional work, Valli by Sheela Tomy this work focuses on the representation of tribal ecology and indigenous voices at the intersection of fiction and life narratives, and establishes the materialistic aspects of tribal ecology as against the postmaterialist grounding of deep ecology and American environmentalism. https://ijels.com/detail/tribal-ecologies-of-wayanad-a-parallel-reading-of-c-k-janu-s-mother-forest-and-adimamakka-with-sheela-tomy-s-valli/ Niveditha George https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-107202522-Tribal.pdf Although the term ecofeminism emerged long after Shakespeare’s era, many of his plays reveal underlying concerns that resonate strongly with ecofeminist thought. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, in particular, stages a rich interplay between patriarchal authority and the symbolic power of nature and femininity. This article examines the play through the lens of ecofeminism, a theoretical framework that explores the interconnected oppression of women and the exploitation of the natural world. By focusing on the forest as a feminized and transformative space and analyzing characters such as Titania, Hermia, and Hippolyta, the study uncovers how Shakespeare critiques hierarchies of gender and control. Titania’s ecological awareness, Hermia’s resistance to patriarchal command, and the disruption of natural cycles reflect a shared tension between domination and care. Drawing on contemporary ecofeminist scholarship, the article argues that the play anticipates modern debates about gender, ecology and power, offering a vision where harmony depends not on conquest but on mutual respect and balance. https://ijels.com/detail/ecofeminism-in-shakespeare-s-a-midsummer-night-s-dream-a-study-of-nature-gender-and-power/ Dr. Chittaranjan Nath https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-107202548-Ecofeminism.pdf Aanchal Malhotra’s The Book of Everlasting Things is a deep exploration of the memories and the sense of loss faced by the characters during and after the period of war. This paper is an attempt to dive deep into the minds of the characters and understand how olfactory imagery plays a crucial role in unlocking memories of the past, serving as a bridge that connects generations. The novel offers its reader a delicate understanding of how the scents of the past continue to shape the memories of the present realities, emphasizing the power of memory to both haunt and heal. By analyzing the relationship of the protagonist Samir with scent it can be seen that how, in the hands of Aanchal Malhotra fragrance functions as an invisible yet a gripping voice that echoes the legacy of suffering and survival. https://ijels.com/detail/fragrance-as-a-catalyst-for-the-emotional-exploration-in-the-book-of-everlasting-things/ Deepti Prajapati https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-107202540-Fragrance.pdf This paper attempts to examine and delineate the themes of the ‘tease’ and ‘fantasy’ in Ben Jonson’s magnum opus, Volpone. The theme of the ‘tease’ is employed in the work as illusory deception. At the same time, ‘fantasy’ observes its presence through the imagination and the disillusionment; the fool’s paradise as imagined by the characters present. The paper analyses the presence and application of these intertwined themes through a focused examination of the play's form, narrative, characterisation, and the playwright’s use of language to represent the society of early 17th-century England. https://ijels.com/detail/tease-deception-and-fantasy-illusion-in-ben-jonson-s-volpone/ Kiran Nawani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-107202538-Tease.pdf The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) writing tools in academic settings has transformed students' writing processes, yet concerns regarding effectiveness, ethical implications, and academic integrity persist. This study explores students' perspectives on the utilization of AI writing tools through a sequential explanatory mixed-method approach. The quantitative phase, conducted through a survey of 326 students, examined attitudes and behavioral intentions regarding AI tool usage, while the qualitative phase provided in-depth insights through semi-structured interviews. Results indicate that students generally perceive AI tools as effective in improving writing efficiency and organization. However, concerns about over-reliance, ethical challenges, and institutional inconsistencies in AI policies emerged as critical issues. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in students' perceptions based on sex, academic year level, and frequency of AI tool usage. The study emphasizes the need for institutional guidelines, AI literacy programs, and ethical frameworks to ensure responsible AI integration in higher education. The findings provide valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and academic institutions in formulating strategies that balance AI benefits with academic integrity. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-students-perspectives-on-utilization-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-writing-tools-through-sequential-explanatory-mixed-method-study/ Vlademir T. Turingan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-107202545-Exploring.pdf This paper presents a stepwise methodological framework for integrating Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) with corpus-based data using a single-lexeme model of analysis. Building on Stefanowitsch’s Metaphorical Pattern Analysis (MPA), the approach begins with the selection of a target domain and a single denotative lexeme, from which metaphorical patterns are retrieved and interpreted within concordance lines. The process combines the empirical strengths of corpus linguistics with the interpretive depth of CMT by identifying recurring cross-domain mappings and subsuming them under conceptual metaphors. To address challenges of subjectivity in metaphor identification, the Pragglejaz Metaphor Identification Procedure is integrated into the analysis. Additionally, the digital platform Atlas.ti is employed to manage, code, visualise and synthesise metaphorical data, offering a robust environment for both qualitative and quantitative exploration. This methodological integration supports greater transparency, reproducibility and interpretive precision in metaphor research. The paper concludes by reflecting on epistemological tensions between data-driven linguistics and cognitively oriented metaphor theory, calling for careful justification of analytic decisions within such interdisciplinary research. https://ijels.com/detail/integrating-conceptual-metaphor-theory-and-corpus-based-data-a-stepwise-application-of-the-single-lexeme-model-of-analysis/ Mehdi Morchid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-107202541-Integrating.pdf This paper examines Baby Kamble’s ‘The Prisons We Broke’ as a radical act of subversion and collective remembrance that resists both caste-based oppression and patriarchal erasure. Written from the margins of Mahar society, Kamble’s autobiography disrupts the sanitized narratives of Hindu social order by foregrounding the gendered experience of Dalit women—those doubly silenced by Brahminical patriarchy and their own communities. The paper argues that Kamble’s testimonial functions not merely as a personal life story but as a socio-historical document that critiques systemic violence, recovers lost histories, and forges a language of resistance rooted in shared suffering. Drawing upon Dalit feminist theory, subaltern studies, and Ambedkarite ideology, the study situates Kamble’s voice as unbroken and unyielding—emerging from “the broken prison” of caste as a symbol of unrelenting solidarity. Her narrative becomes a space where memory, resistance, and identity coalesce to challenge dominant epistemologies and reclaim agency for Dalit women. In doing so, The Prisons We Broke not only reconfigures the genre of autobiography but also articulates an indigenous feminist consciousness that is both political and transformative. https://ijels.com/detail/the-broken-prison-the-unbroken-voice-subversion-and-solidarity-in-baby-kamble-s-life-narrative/ Harshadkumar Nivrattirao Munge, Dr. Mukul Joshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-107202549-TheBroken.pdf Indian English Literature (IEL) has had a major impact on the development of society. It has shaped civilizations, changed political systems and exposed injustice. It gives us a detailed preview of human experiences, allowing us to connect on basic levels of desire and emotion. Indian writers in English were deeply influenced by the political, social and ideological ferment. The rise of Indian English fiction represents the cultural perspectives of people. Arundhati Roy, the developing spokesperson of the anti- globalization movement has been a great critic of the many social and political issues that are constantly loitering around our nation Indian. As a novelist she deals with social problems to bring in rapid social awareness. Roy's literary works deal with inequality, economic fairness, acceptance of cultural diversity and participatory democracy. She has also written a collection of essays in which she has presented both political and social issues and raised her voice on many of the controversial political issues to bring revolution. Through her artistic portrayal she becomes the voice of the marginalized in her fictions and non – fictions. "A novel is such a powerful thing because it comes to a radical understanding, only by seeing how these [issues] are folded in to each other and connected to our lives" (Roy). Roy’s writing isn’t a reporter of human conditions instead a form of activism where she challenges the partiality with human and environment. https://ijels.com/detail/interweaving-aesthetics-and-activism-portrayal-of-artistic-sensibility-and-social-reform-in-arundhati-roy-s-fiction/ Shabnam Sharif, Dr. Md Abullais https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-107202537-Interweaving.pdf This mixed-methods study investigates the manifestation and impact of linguistic gender stereotypes in children’s picture books within contemporary China, addressing three research questions. Analyzing the 2022 Ministry of Education edition of Beauty and the Beast alongside responses from 60 Chinese children (aged 9.5-10.5), the research reveals how language reinforces gender binaries. Quantitative and qualitative data demonstrate that male characters are predominantly described with agentic vocabulary ("assertive," "competitive," "decisive") and action verbs ("roar," "fight"), while female characters are labeled with........ https://ijels.com/detail/gender-stereotyping-in-children-s-picture-books-and-the-impact-on-10-year-old-children-in-china/ Zhang Ya Qiu, Soo Kum Yoke https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-107202544-Gender.pdf This article explores a comparative exploration of the poetic visions from the Romantic to the Victorian era and examines a meticulous exploration of the stylistic progression from Romantic to Victorian poetic expression, employing a critical framework that examines both aesthetic form and socio-cultural context. The romantic periods flourishing in the late 18th and early 19th century are marked by prominence on emotion, imagination, and the beauty of nature. In contrast the Victorian period introduced a more complex irresolute poetic vision shaped by industrialization, scientific advancement, conflict and dilemma between religion and science. The famous Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley celebrate the beauty of nature, the power of imagination on the other contrary, Victorian poets like Alfred Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold countered to the complexities of their time engaging with conflict, dilemma, faith, social justice and etc. This article also inquires into how romantic idealism of personal privilege and natural beauty adapts into the Victorian engagement with progress, responsibility. By exploring this comparative study this article reveals how poetic expression unrolls from the romantic celebration of idealism and nature to the Victorian focus on intellectual struggle and moral complexity. https://ijels.com/detail/from-idealism-to-realism-a-comparative-analysis-of-romantic-and-victorian-poetic-visions-in-english-literature/ Easmin Sultana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-107202552-FromIdealism.pdf As an important field for cross-cultural communication, the discourse construction of cultural heritage news reporting plays a not inconsiderable role in reflecting the value orientation and cultural concepts of different civilizations. The present study aims to conduct a comparative study of Chinese and Western cultural heritage reporting by exploring the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western media in terms of thematic content, discourse subjects and communication purposes, based on the framework of cultural discourse studies, while also analyzing the underlying cultural and historical factors as well as their engagement in international communication. The study adopts a quantitative and qualitative combined method, and data are collected from the heritage-related news reports in such influential media as China Daily, The New York Times, and the British Broadcasting Corporation during a time span from 2020 to 2025. Results show that while both Chinese and western media pay attention to the sustainable development of cultural heritage, Chinese media tend to combine cultural heritage with national identity, traditional festivals and tourism development, emphasizing cultural continuity and national pride, and the communication strategy is dominated by official narrative; on the other hand, western media pay more attention to the global sharing, modern application, and market value of cultural heritage, and their communication strategies highlight diversified narratives and individual experiences. Those similarities and differences in discourse construction patterns are deeply influenced by their respective cultural and historical backgrounds. The study offers some insights for the different discourse patterns between Chinese and Western media in cultural heritage reporting, providing new theoretical support and practical inspiration for the international communication of cultural heritage. https://ijels.com/detail/comparative-study-of-chinese-and-western-cultural-heritage-reporting-a-cds-perspective/ Weina Li, Songcheng Tang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-107202577-Comparative.pdf “Revenge is a dish that tastes its best when it is cold”, says Maria Puzo in his work The Godfather. Here in this we are about to discuss two characters' personalities across time. The Kings of Norman regime and an Italian revolutionary or a bandit Giuliano Salvatore the differences between them and the similarities between them. Their earnestness has to be discussed through the lives of the Kings of the Norman regime. They have come to Sicily to attack and conquer the kingdom from the ruling monarchs. The city of Sicily is an island but with all political instability and with all religious anarchies. The Norman Monarchs, who ruled Sicily particularly Roger II, William I and William II preceded over a period of remarkable culture and political synthesis fostering a unique Norman Arab Byzantine civilization. Initially a diverse population of Latin Christians Muslims and Greek Orthodox Christians survived earlier. After the reign of Normans, the city of Sicily saw a significant cultural exchange and innovation particularly in art architecture and governance. The Norman Kings, especially Roger II, embarked on a multicultural approach employing individuals from various ethnic and religious backgrounds in their administration. This led to a vibrant exchange of ideas and artistic styles, with Norman architecture incorporating multicultural phenomena. In the novel Sicilian, Salvatore Guliano’s downfall is orchestrated by a combination of betrayal, the political maneuvering and machinations of the Mafia, specifically Don Croce Mallow. Guiliano, initially a folk hero bandit, is betrayed by his close friend and lieutenant Aspanu, who is motivated by fear and potentially by Don Croce. The political climate in Sicily with its aspirations for autonomy and the rise of leftist parties creates a volatile environment, where Giuliani's actions are seen as both threat and tool by various factions. In the same way, the Norman Kings despite the cultural exchange ultimately represented a Latin Christian regime and their policies often favour their own interests; this led to a gradual decline in the influence and power of the Muslim and Greek communities which in turn resulted in the decline of the Norman regime. https://ijels.com/detail/cross-cultural-amalgamation-influencing-personalities-across-timeline-in-the-novel-the-sicilian-by-mario-puzo/ K Karthik Raja, Dr S Sangeetha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-107202558-Cross.pdf This paper explores the relevance of existential psychotherapy in addressing the pervasive issue of modern rage, using Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground as a lens to examine the human condition. Drawing on existential and Jungian perspectives, it argues that rage, as a manifestation of the daimonic, is an intrinsic aspect of human existence that cannot be suppressed or medicalized without fragmenting the self. Through an analysis of the Underground Man’s psychological turmoil, the paper proposes that existential psychotherapy offers a pathway to wholeness by encouraging individuals to confront and integrate their rage within the context of their lived experiences. By situating rage within historical and cultural frameworks, this approach avoids reductive biomedical interpretations and fosters a deeper understanding of human emotions. The paper concludes with reflections on the contemporary relevance of these insights in addressing societal violence and alienation. https://ijels.com/detail/navigating-the-abyss-existential-psychotherapy-and-the-integration-of-rage-in-dostoevsky-s-underground-man/ Abbas Jaafar Mutar, Samer Ayad Ali Al-Fahham https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-107202575-Navigating.pdf Effective use of prepositions is vital for clear and concise communication. accurately use common prepositions (e.g., in, on, at, by) describe locations, times, and relationships with precision. Avoid common preposition mistakes and exceptions. Boost confidence in personal and professional communication. Improved communication clarity enhanced professional and personal relationships, increased confidence in English expression. Importance of prepositions in daily communication. With the help of prepositions make effective, proper and meaningful sentences to the fluent communication. prepositions play a crucial role in daily communication, helping speakers avoid mistakes. https://ijels.com/detail/how-to-use-prepositions-effectively-in-your-daily-communication/ Hemant Sunil Bachhav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-107202539-How.pdf The present paper mainly focuses on Ruskin Bond’s two short stories, “The Woman on Platform 8” and “The Night Train at Deoli,” from the perspective of stereotypes and biases found in society and how the characters oppose or challenge them. Both short stories, with the railway stations as their settings, are from the same collection of the writer entitled The Night Train at Deoli and Other Stories (1988). It is a qualitative study of Ruskin Bond’s these two selected short stories. Here the researcher attempts to textually analyze them and see how the main characters challenge stereotypes and biases of society. A study of these short stories clarifies that major characters are against the social stereotypes and biases. The middle-aged woman in the first short story “The Woman on Platform 8” strongly contradicts people’s belief that strangers on the railway stations are always harmful for them. In the same way, Arun also dislikes the suggestion of his friend’s mother to not talk with those people who are strange or unknown. Moreover, the eighteen-year-old college student not only behaves kindly and politely with the poor basket seller girl at Deoli Railway station in the short story “The Night Train at Deoli,” but also falls in love despite her low social status, which is usually unacceptable in Indian society. https://ijels.com/detail/a-challenge-to-stereotypes-and-biases-of-society-in-select-short-stories-of-ruskin-bond/ Alauddin Ansari, Dr. Govindaiah Godavarthi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-10820252-AChallenge.pdf As technology continues to shape the landscape of language learning, language applications, namely Duolingo, stand out as an effective tool in facilitating language learning. Duolingo is a well-established language learning platform, highly regarded for its accessibility and engaging design, offering users an adaptive, gamified experience. This paper explores the efficacy of Duolingo with a particular emphasis on the hands on interactive listening activities. As a platform known for its distinctive approach, Duolingo offers a robust tool for enhancing learners’ listening comprehension, thus contributing to overall language learning. To this end, the research is grounded in a case study conducted within the Moroccan context, specifically in the Marrakech-Safi region, with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of interactive listening activities for English language learning. The case study focuses on Moroccan participants actively using the application, illustrating how such engagement influences both English listening proficiency and broader language learning outcomes. By adopting a mixed-methods approach, this study highlights the potential of interactive listening tools to improve English language proficiency among learners in Morocco. Drawing upon a mixed-method approach, this study discerns the strengths and limitations inherent in Duolingo's approach to foster listening skills among Moroccan learners. Furthermore, the investigation extends beyond mere evaluation, delving into the broader ramifications of integrating Duolingo into language education environments. Through this inquiry, the study seeks to shed light on Duolingo's potential in fostering learner autonomy and addressing the dynamic needs of language learners. Ultimately, this study contributes valuable insights to the scholarly discourse surrounding technology-mediated language learning and pedagogical strategies in the digital age. https://ijels.com/detail/the-future-of-interactive-listening-and-the-effectiveness-of-emerging-technologies-duolingo-application-in-focus/ Najib Slimani, Nada El Idrissi Moubtassim https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-107202553-TheFuture.pdf This paper is an interdisciplinary attempt at examining Russian author Isaac Babel’s semi-autobiographical short story The Story of My Dovecote through a sociological-literary lens. It explores how literary representations of childhood can be used to address broader questions of identity and memory, especially shaped by structural violence and social exclusion. Diverging from romanticized depictions of innocence and youthful abandon associated with classical children’s literature, Babel’s narrative portrays childhood as a site of economic precarity, communal polarization, and fractured identity. By locating the narrative in the historical context of early 20th-century Russia and specifically the 1905 Odessa pogrom and Tsarist policies of marginalization, the paper aims to explore how education for the protagonist became symbolic of Russian Jews’ broader aspiration for upward mobility. The paper argues that Babel’s story underscores the enduring dynamics of systemic oppression, cultural resilience, and loss of innocence – while challenging dominant discourse casting children’s literature as apolitical. https://ijels.com/detail/childhood-at-the-margins-structures-of-power-violence-and-social-memory-in-babel-s-the-story-of-my-dovecote/ Anshuman Jha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-107202565-Childhood.pdf This paper provides a comparative exploration of Saguna by Krupabai Satthianadhan and The High-Caste Hindu Woman by Pandita Ramabai, emphasizing themes of ambivalence, performativity, and identity reconstruction within the framework of 19th-century colonial India. Both works examine the intricate relationship between gender, religion, and systemic injustice, portraying women's struggles to navigate societal constraints, reclaim their identities, and seek empowerment. Analyzing these narratives through a theological perspective, this paper investigates ideas of divine justice, redemption, and the Imago Dei. It illustrates how the authors critique patriarchal and caste-based structures while envisioning hope and transformative change. The study also highlights the significance of education, faith, and community in moving from oppression to empowerment, showcasing the resilience of the human spirit and the transformative potential of divine grace. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-indian-texts-a-theological-and-interdisciplinary-perspective-on-injustice-performativity-and-the-restoration-of-identity/ Sabrina Pearl Howell https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-107202573-Exploring.pdf The study examined the role and effectiveness of Bodong Holders in the indigenous conflict resolution system of the Kalinga ethnolinguistic groups. For centuries, the Bodong system played a crucial role in resolving disputes, maintaining peace, and promoting social cohesion within and between Kalinga ethnolinguistic groups. The Bodong is based on a bilateral peace pact and represents a sacred covenant of non-aggression maintained by the wisdom and authority of the Bodong holders, who are considered guardians of the system. Despite its historical significance, current challenges such as evolving societal disputes, legal complexities, and resource limitations pose significant obstacles to the effectiveness of the system. These challenges, coupled with the limited literature on the effectiveness and challenges faced by Bodong Holders, require a closer examination of their crucial role in resolving disputes and maintaining community harmony. This study aimed to address this gap by examining how Bodong Holders deal with disputes, maintain their legitimacy, and address the challenges that affect their ability to mediate effectively. https://ijels.com/detail/bodong-holders-in-contemporary-conflict-resolution/ Regie S. Edduba https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-107202556-Bodong.pdf Quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in computational capability that promises to transform data science by addressing problems currently intractable on classical systems. As global data creation expands exponentially, quantum technologies emerge as potential solutions for managing unprecedented complexity. This article examines the fundamental advantages of quantum computing, including exponential parallelism through superposition, management of computational complexity, and the ability to solve previously unsolvable problems. High-impact application domains are explored, including machine learning transformation, optimization at unprecedented scales, cryptography and data security, molecular simulation for drug discovery, and complex systems modeling for climate prediction. While these opportunities appear transformative, substantial technical challenges remain, including quantum decoherence, hardware scalability constraints, and algorithmic development gaps. The path forward likely involves hybrid quantum-classical architectures, targeted applications in big data analytics, enhanced AI systems, and revolutionary simulation capabilities for complex systems. https://ijels.com/detail/the-quantum-frontier-how-quantum-computing-will-transform-data-science/ Vimal Pradeep Venugopal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-107202557-TheQuantum.pdf The Dalit community in Maharashtra, like in many other parts of India, has faced social exclusion and discrimination for centuries. Despite the constitutional provisions and affirmative action policies that have been put in place to address this, the community continues to face numerous challenges and struggles. This paper will explore the plight of Dalits in Maharashtra, their experiences of social exclusion, and the efforts being made to address these issues. https://ijels.com/detail/from-baluta-to-aaydan-mapping-the-landscape-of-dalit-literature-and-social-change/ Dr. Kailas Maruti Pote https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-107202567-From.pdf Margaret Atwood's much anticipated dystopian trilogy comes to a gripping and dramatic close with MaddAddam, which epitomises her signature blend of adventure, humour, romance, deft storytelling and a vivid imagination that is firmly rooted in reality. MaddAddam mostly adhered to the same structure as the first two novels, even though it began soon after the conclusion of The Year of the Flood. This post-apocalyptic dystopian trilogy is plausible, complete with nuclear sword-rattling, environmental pollution, the resurgence of ancient diseases, and the emergence of new illnesses that have the potential to spread into a pandemic. The complex interactions that occur between humans and other species—both in the context of human-virus relations and in the broader context of anthropogenic environmental destruction—have also been brought to light by the outbreak. This is just as crucial. This paper surveys how certain sects in the novel derive pleasure from the sufferings of others and their desire to harm others turns into addictive violence. https://ijels.com/detail/multiple-levels-of-inherent-malevolence-in-margaret-atwood-s-maddaddam/ P. Arun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-107202579-Multiple.pdf Helen Oyeyemi is a British novelist and short fiction writer. She is an immigrant from Nigeria. Her fiction explores colonial themes, Gothicism and duality. The main characters in Oyeyemi’s writings are primarily young and teenage girls. These characters are set in the backdrop of diaspora, where they face the complications of diversity. Helen Oyeyemi's work often engages with the concept of the "Black female gaze" in unique and unsettling ways, particularly within the framework of horror, folklore and magical realism. While not explicitly focusing on traditional horror tropes, Oyeyemi's novels explore the uncanny, the haunted and the dislocated sense of identity, often through the lens of Black female protagonists. Her narratives confront themes of race, gender and power in ways that subvert mainstream horror conventions, emphasizing psychological depth and cultural history. For the present work the novels namely White is for Witching and Mr. Fox are chosen to study the colonial gaze, female gaze and black gaze. https://ijels.com/detail/seeing-through-shadows-the-black-female-gaze-in-the-uncanny-worlds-of-helen-oyeyemi/ P. Sumedha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-10820251-Seeing.pdf This study explored the perspectives of teachers and parents on the necessity of standardized Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) for special education students in Cebu City's public schools. The participants consisted of 15 teachers and 15 parents of learners with special needs, selected through purposive sampling. A qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews was employed to explore teachers' and parents' perspectives on the effectiveness and importance of individualized education plans (IEPs) on student learning outcomes for special education learners in public schools. The findings showed that teachers and parents acknowledge the importance of standardized IEPs in promoting consistency and equity of SPED services. However, challenges such as limited training, resource shortages, and communication barriers hinder effective implementation. Furthermore, while there is a shared recognition of the value of standardized IEPs, substantial challenges remain in their practical application. Teachers often feel unprepared due to inadequate training and support from administration, while parents express frustration over their lack of involvement and understanding of the IEP process. It is concluded that addressing these issues through policy reforms, regular training for educators, and initiatives to engage parents more effectively is essential for fostering an inclusive educational environment. Finally, it is recommended that the output of the study be adopted. https://ijels.com/detail/teachers-and-parents-perspectives-on-the-effectiveness-and-importance-of-individualized-education-plans-ieps-on-student-learning-outcomes/ Marciana Z. Gabutan, Lilibeth C. Pinili, Raffy R. Rosal, Gengen G. Padillo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-108202512-Teachers.pdf This paper aims to trace the intersectional nature of discriminations towards women in Munshi Premchand’s short stories, ‘Kafan’ and ‘Beton Wali Vidhwa’. Premchand explores various aspects of the lives of women in his stories. The suffering and plight of the women in his stories are a result of many facets of their society and surroundings. This plight can be a result of their affiliation to a certain class, their gender and their caste-based identities. In this paper, the intersectional framework will be utilized to understand women’s marginalization and suppression keeping the three aspects in mind: gender, class and caste. Gender, class and caste will be taken into consideration to analyze how intersectional discrimination towards women takes place in the selected author’s works. https://ijels.com/detail/the-engendered-class-intersectionality-of-gender-class-and-caste-in-munshi-premchand-s-kafan-and-beton-wali-vidhwa/ Jitender Kumar, Dr. Ravindra S. Mhasade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-107202574-The.pdf This paper is a critical re-evaluation of the complex inequalities as presented in Charles Dickens Hard Times, with an emphasis on class, gender and education in the cultural setting of Victorian Britain. A careful reading of the novel shows that Dickens was against the industrial capitalist system and dehumanizing effects on the working classes. Therefore, this study will challenge the sharp economic and social divide through questioning the characters of Mr. Bounderby and Stephen Blackpool, who represent the capitalistic exploitation and the state of labor in an industrialized economy, respectively. However, the gender relations are questioned, showing how the Victorian ideals limited the women to enclosed places and, at the same time, celebrated their emotional stability as a kind of passive rebellion. Such characters as Louisa Gradgrind, Sissy Jupe, and Mrs. Sparsit serve as key examples of emotional straitjacket and loss of agency imposed on women and, in such a way, reveal the general patriarchal system of the time. In the final part, the theme of educational inequality comes to the fore, especially when criticizing the utilitarian approach to education as a pedagogy of facts by Mr. Gradgrind. This system reinforces the current social order by not giving a chance to imagine and develop emotionally. Hard Times does not offer a clear blueprint of reform despite the fact that Dickens is categorical in his condemnation of the structural injustices of his time. However, the novel is a silent supporter of education philosophy promoting empathy and creativity as the qualities that are essential to address the established social divisions and imagine a more egalitarian world. https://ijels.com/detail/the-concept-of-equality-in-charles-dickens-s-hard-times-a-critical-examination-of-class-gender-and-education/ Zainalabdeen Abd Alrazaq Shnain Al-Janabi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-108202525-TheConcept.pdf Philosophers, theologians, and other academics disagree over the complicated relationship between religion and morality. Some potential viewpoints are as follows: Religion is the source of morality. Morality is founded on revelations, divine mandates, or the will of a higher power, according to many religious traditions. Religion has no bearing on morality. Some contend that morality can exist outside from religious beliefs since it is grounded on human reason, empathy, and social contracts. Religion has an impact on morality. Eliot is a great moral novelist. Her unwavering commitment was to investigate a way of living that would provide contemporary man with a feeling of dignity, purpose, and moral guidance. According to her, morality depends on the person, their situation, and the society in which they live. In order to promote compassion and moral development, she underlined the significance of sharing and comprehending the emotions of others. She thought that instead of depending entirely on other authorities, people should cultivate their own moral convictions. According to her, education is essential for fostering social responsibility and moral character development. Eliot argued for a more adaptable and flexible approach to ethics, challenging strict moral rigidity. https://ijels.com/detail/an-emergence-of-morality-in-the-perspective-of-religious-context-in-george-eliot-s-works/ Dr. Sandeep Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-10820256-Anemergence.pdf Challenges bring out the most competitive part in human beings and make a significant improvement in their overall development. The Nigerian society has imposed their fair share of challenges on women internally and putting them in a foreign white land as an immigrant makes them triply marginalised. The field of psychology has dedicated the entire subfield of Resilience Theory to chart the positive outcome of characters in times of adversity and their process of reviving from a stressful environment. The models and works of Norman Garmezy can be used to critically analyse Adichie’s selected works to understand the psychological aspect of the characters, taking into consideration Grace and Ifemelu, protagonists of The Headstrong Historian and Americanah, come out and thrive as individuals despite their adverse living situations. https://ijels.com/detail/perseverance-amidst-barriers-in-the-works-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ Dr. D. Shyilla Juliet https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-107202569-Perseverance.pdf In India, though English language education started in the pre-independent era, it gained more prominence particularly in the post-independent era and today has entered all the fields of study. Now, English language has become necessary for mobility, social and economic success in the world. Lucas says that in the last few decades, the importance of English language raised to an incredible and wider extent (Lucas, 2004). In the current scenario, English language has become mandatory to attain success in all the fields of study. A person with good proficiency in English has high success rate irrespective of the field he works in or belongs to. So, it becomes necessary to acquire English language proficiency. English is considered to be the second language in India and it has been taught in schools, colleges, private institutions, through online classes, etc., Though the means to learn English language is numerous, everything has its own challenges and obstacles involved in teaching and learning a language. This paper focuses on teaching of English in schools and it further discusses the teachers’ perspective on English language, the challenges and obstacles they encounter in the teaching process. https://ijels.com/detail/an-exploratory-study-on-teaching-english-teachers-perspective/ Dr M V Iyuswariya Lakshmi, Dr Stephen Jayamani Thimothy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-107202568-AnExploratory.pdf “The value of any unit in this existence is its participation in the larger order of which it is a part’ (10),” states a distinguished educationist, highlighting the significance of individuals and entities in contributing to a greater societal good. In Chetan Bhagat’s Half Girlfriend, Madhav Jha embodies this principle through his transformative efforts in Dumraon, a disadvantaged village in Bihar. Educated at St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi, Madhav rejects a lucrative position at HSBC to apply his expertise to uplift his hometown. His focus is revitalizing his mother’s struggling Dumraon Royal School and addressing the villagers’ challenges, aligning with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision for a clean and literate India, emphasized during the Lok Sabha elections. Madhav first tackles the lack of accessible water, which forces children, especially girls, to travel miles and miss school. By engaging the local MLA, he secures water pumps, contingent on hosting a Bill Gates Foundation event. The more pressing issue—lack of toilets, particularly for female students—is resolved when Madhav’s heartfelt speech impresses Bill Gates, earning a substantial donation. “I spent my whole college life with a complex” (183), he shares, vowing to spare his students similar humiliation. This grant funds toilets and infrastructure, advancing Modi’s sanitation and education goals. Madhav’s determination, inspired by national campaigns, transforms the school into a beacon of hope, inspiring others to serve their communities and reinforcing the educationist’s insight on purposeful contribution. https://ijels.com/detail/resonance-of-modi-s-clean-and-literate-india-campaign-in-the-rural-setting-of-half-girlfriend/ Dr. Ram Avtar, Dr. Rakhi Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-108202519-Resonance.pdf The present paper attempts to look at the contemporary alternative theatre movement of Assam which debunks the traditional notion of theatre in terms of altering with open stage theatre amidst a rural and natural landscape. It was way back in late 1998, late Sukracharjya Rabha, a theatre activist started a genre of theatre performances under the banner of Baddungdupa Kala Kendra at his village Rampur, Agia of Goalpara district in Assam. In fact, the group has been organising a theatre festival in the village every year in winter amidst a natural landscape of deep Sal Forest thereby terming the festival as “Under the Sal Tree Festival” since 2008. This new form theatre deviates from the traditional structure of theatre as it decentres the traditional stage which is supposed to be situated at the centre with high position (in terms of height) from the audience and it explores a new kind of open-ended stage in an ecological atmosphere where the seats of the audience are arranged in a rounded and open way and with the same position (in terms of height) without no hierarchy. In fact, this new theatre of Badungduppa Kal Kendra also uses minimalistic setting and costume on the stage and in terms of performance, they emphasis more on gesture than on exaggerated dialogue. The main objective of their alteration of theatre is to connect theatre with the folk and the mass. Following “Under the Sal Tree Theatre” festival, many theatre activists come up to experiment new forms of theatres with open stage in the natural landscape with variations and consequently an alternative theatre movement is developed in contemporary Assam. The paper will look this theatre movement from Postmodern contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/de-centred-stage-looking-select-alternative-theatres-of-assam/ Dr. Gunajeet Mazumdar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-108202535-De-centred.pdf Manohar Malgonkar’s A Bend in the Ganges (1964) offers a rich literary framework for examining the psychological, ideological, and emotional aspects of migration during India’s independence and Partition. Migration is seen as more than just moving—it’s a transformative event that reshapes identity, memory, and belonging. The novel’s epigraph—“At a bend in the Ganges, they paused to take a look at the land they were leaving”—captures the migrant experience, caught between nostalgia for a fading past and anxiety about an uncertain future. The narrative explores ideological conflicts, communal divides, and psychological displacement through the journeys of its three protagonists—Shafi Usman, Debi-dayal, and Gian Talwar. These characters illustrate how migration, prompted by political upheaval or ideological disillusionment, leaves deep marks on individual and community identities. This analysis compares broader migration discourses, drawing parallels between historical migrations and contemporary digital displacements, where identities are ever more fragmented and virtual belonging becomes precarious. Malgonkar’s story extends beyond its historical setting, offering timeless reflections on the pain of uprooting, the quest for identity, and human resilience. Consequently, the novel is a vital precursor to current debates on physical and digital migration, highlighting humanity’s persistent desire for agency, connection, and purpose amid relocation. https://ijels.com/detail/migration-identity-and-trauma-in-a-bend-in-the-ganges-literary-representations-of-migrant-experiences/ Mr. P. Nagarjuna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-108202526-Migration.pdf This paper studies Neel Mukherjee’s novel A State of Freedom (2017) through the lenses of Subaltern Studies, postcolonial theory. It argues that Mukherjee’s fragmented narrative centers the lives of marginalized characters—such as Milly, Lakshman, Renu, and Ramlal—to critique the structural constraints on India’s ‘subaltern’ populations. Each section of the novel foregrounds a different subaltern subject, challenging conventional narrative hierarchies. Through interconnected storylines, Mukherjee illustrates how caste, class, gender and globalizing neoliberal forces converge to deny dignity and agency, aligning with Gramsci’s notion of subaltern fragmentation and Spivak’s question ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’. The analysis draws on theorists including Ranajit Guha (Subaltern historiography), Edward Said and Dipesh Chakrabarty (colonial legacies), and feminist scholars (Crenshaw’s intersectionality, Mohanty on “Third World women”, and Scott on everyday resistance). https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-subaltern-narratives-in-neel-mukherjee-s-novel-a-state-of-freedom/ Misbaul Karim Barbhuiya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-108202527-Exploring.pdf Cinematic biographies have been a mode of narrating history, and they have become increasingly popular in India after 2010. Sports biopics on women athletes have been hailed as ‘empowering’ and ‘inspiring’, though, as this paper argues, these films inevitably reinscribe women into the patriarchal sex role gender ideology, making the female sportsperson conform to the hegemonic feminine ideal. The paper explores the ways in which sports, gender and the pressures of cinematic storytelling intersect in the process of deconstructing and reconstructing the lives of famous sportswomen, and analyses the ways in which gender structures the portrayal of sportsmanship, personal struggle, familial ties and the narratives of victory and failure. It analyses six sports biopics – Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013), Soorma (2018), Chandu Champion (2024), Mary Kom (2014) and Saina (2021) and Shabaash Mithu (2022) –– studying the contrasts and parallels in the construction of female and male sportspersons who achieved comparable success in sports to determine the cinematic textual apparatus that reiterate gender stereotypes and reify society’s gender norms. It also argues that those films that coopt the sports woman into the familial space while valourising male sporting achievement achieve greater commercial success, while those that fail to construct ‘feminine’ values and foreground purely sporting achievements registered poor audience reception. https://ijels.com/detail/the-carer-career-dichotomy-gender-in-as-sports-biopics/ Dr. Preeti Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-108202530-The Carer.pdf Pankaj Mishra’s Temptations of the West has some features that call for it to be identified as a work of travel writing. However, it goes beyond the usual conventions and offers a critical view of the political circumstances in the country. It covers incidents from his student days at Benares which expose him to the vagaries of student politics. His later journey to Allahabad exposes him to the emerging phenomenon of globalisation. At the same time, Allahabad also carried the marks of the colonial past. The place also reveals the presence of corrupt politicians of various hues. They practice a politics based on caste and religion, but their greed for power goes beyond such affiliations. Ayodhya reveals to Mishra a world where myth and history exist side by side. Nagpur offered a combination of grand colonial buildings and modern shopping complexes. Bombay on the other hand highlighted the parallel world of cinema. Mishra travelled further to experience the extremities of politics in Kashmir. https://ijels.com/detail/the-contrasting-political-landscapes-of-india-in-pankaj-mishra-s-temptations-of-the-west/ Dr. Vinod Gopi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-10820254-TheContrasting.pdf William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) was an Irish poet who known for his unique style of writing and newness towards the modern era of English Literature. Also recognized as the bridge between 19th century literary traditions and 20th century modernist movements, he played a big role in shaping modern literature. Though he began his career with romantic and mystical poetry inspired by traditional themes like Irish folklore, Hinduism and Symbolism, Yeats gradually evolved into a poet whose themes, style, and vision anticipated many of the complex concerns of Modernism and Romanticism. Yeats lived during a time of great transformation between 19th and 20th century – wars, political struggles and a growing sense of uncertainly in society. His poetry reflects all this, he questioned old beliefs and explored new ways of thinking, which is what makes him a forerunner of the modern age. Yeats's journey is no less revolutionary, his early immersion in Romanticism, his flirtation with mysticism, his engagement with Irish nationalism, and his ultimate stylistic evolution from lyricism to symbolic abstraction mark him as a unique bridge between the old and the new. In this sense, he can be viewed as a ‘Precursor of the modern age’. https://ijels.com/detail/william-butler-yeats-as-precursor-of-the-modern-age/ Derina Kurrey, Dr. Vibha Singh Thakur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/68IJELS-108202539-William.pdf Musicality in E.L. Doctorow’s Ragtime is quite deserving of study, as represented by its title. This article conducts an interdisciplinary study and offers a corrective to previous scholarship that has routinely overlooked the relationship between the counterpoint of musicality and the American identities. It is split into three parts: the manifestations of counterpoint musicality in Ragtime, stabilized left-hand voice echoing progressive industry and varied right-hand voice echoing conflictive revolt, which emphasizes the reflections on the “double” American identities. https://ijels.com/detail/counterpoint-musicality-and-double-american-identities-in-ragtime/ Zhang Bingqi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/69IJELS-108202533-Counterpoint.pdf This paper embarks on an exploration of the nuanced and evolving representations of death within 19th century American poetry with special focus on Emily Dickinson’s poetry. The paper will incorporate historical contextualization shedding light on the broader socio-cultural landscape that influenced poetic expressions of death. Poetry is greatly influenced by the cultural and social background of the poet as well as his personal experiences. Dickinson lived a life of seclusion, where she rarely had face to face encounter with friends or acquaintances, as she preferred communicating through letters. Her seclusive lifestyle gave her ample time and space to reflect on various aspects of life. Dickinson’s spiritual background is reflected in her religious beliefs, which forms the basis of her fascination with the theme of death. She lived incessantly in its presence and was always conscious of its nearness and inevitability. She uses concrete images to portray death and gives it human and nonhuman attributes as part of her quest to comprehend it. The present study aims to elucidate how Dickinson’s portrayal of death diverges or aligns with the work of her peers. https://ijels.com/detail/the-familiar-stranger-reimagining-death-in-emily-dickinson-s-poetry/ Dr Vandana Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/70IJELS-108202515-TheFamiliar.pdf Reading is an indispensable skill in various life contexts. Improving students’ reading skills is integral to effectively acquire information, communicate ideas and avail professional development opportunities. However, this is somewhat a difficult skill, requiring massive effort to comprehend the ideas and critical thinking to practice a meaningful reading process. Students should have rich vocabulary, knowledge of grammar, structure, meanings and other prerequisites for significant reading. Hence, this study tested the level of STAP implementation to Grade 7 students of LNHS. Based on their pre and post test scores in reading skills such as vocabulary, reading fluency and reading comprehension to see its significant relationship utilizing the Quasi- Experimental Research Design. The researcher collected data through criterion sampling, pretest and posttest, and survey questionnaires. The implementation of STAP is anchored on the Phil-IRI manual of the DepEd. The research findings imply that there is a significant difference between the pre and posttest scores of the students in vocabulary, reading fluency and comprehension skills. The study reveals that that the STAP implementation has strong positive correlation to the vocabulary (r=0.74) and reading comprehension skills (r=0.75) while moderate positive correlation to reading fluency (r=0.44). It shows that the implementation of STAP, which covers assessment, strategies, student participation, schedule and materials plays a vital role in enhancing students’ reading skills in English. Thus, there is a glaring need to integrate collaboration between the school personnel to an effective teaching-reading. https://ijels.com/detail/school-team-advancement-program-stap-and-students-reading-skills-in-english/ Charlene Semillano-Cajara, May Nectar Cyrill L. Tabares https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/71IJELS-108202511-School-Team.pdf In India, the right to health is a fundamental human right for the citizens. Yet, the accessibility of healthcare facilities comes with certain barriers, especially for the marginalized sections of the society. Marginalized communities are those systematically excluded from full participation in society, often due to factors like race, ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, disability or geographical location, leading to limited access to healthcare. This paper focuses on the access to healthcare facilities of the population of Dakshin Dhupjhora, Dooars, West Bengal, mainly comprising tribals and Rajbanshi ethnic groups. It makes an attempt to examine how the socio-economic, geographical and institutional challenges hinder equitable healthcare access for these populations. It explores the impact of poverty, caste-based discrimination, inadequate infrastructure, urban-rural divide and inefficiencies of governmental policies on health outcomes on these marginalized and vulnerable communities. Focusing on this geographical area, with the help of both primary and secondary data, the study highlights the struggles of tribal and ethnic communities, predominantly working in the tea estates, in accessing the public health services. This study underscores the health imperatives for the rural and marginalized population of Dooars, which are essential to realize the constitutional right to health and reduce inequities among these vulnerable communities. https://ijels.com/detail/is-proper-access-to-healthcare-still-a-myth-for-the-marginalized-sections/ Ahana Bhattacharya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/72IJELS-108202540-IsProper.pdf The Gupta period (circa 320-550 CE) is often regarded as a golden age in Indian history, marked by significant achievements in art, science, and culture. This paper explores the status of women during this period, examining their roles, rights, and societal expectations. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, including historical texts, literary sources, and archaeological findings, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of women's lives in Gupta society. https://ijels.com/detail/status-of-women-in-society-during-gupta-period-historical-context/ Ritika Deshwal, Dr. Neelam Rani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/73IJELS-108202598-Statusof.pdf The Australian literature mainly includes the aboriginal songs, bush poetry, folk tales, desert narratives and ballads. The Australian literature is denoted by the Australian history, known for the many conflicts which include the tensions between the settlers and indigenous and the traumas of colonization and dominance. Prominent writers like Banjo Paterson, Henry Lawson, Judith Wright, Patrick White, Kath Walker, A.D.Hope, etc. have promoted the Australian literature. The Australian literature also showcases the struggles between native and British writings. This paper discusses four poems which explicate the colonial conundrum of the indigenous in Australia. The poems “Bora Ring” by Judith Wright, “We Are Going”, “The Unhappy Race” and “Namatjira” by Oodgeroo Noonuccal are chosen for the study. The poems depict the crisis of colonization and the loss of land and culture, along with indigenous concepts. https://ijels.com/detail/interpreting-the-select-australian-aboriginal-poetry-a-critique/ Dr. Madhushri Kallimani https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/74IJELS-108202518-Interpreting.pdf Emergencies not only cause socio-economic losses but also trigger irrational group behavior among the public. The regulation of group behavior under emergencies is crucial for maintaining social stability. This paper analyzes the evolutionary patterns of group behavior under emergencies. Firstly, it examines the evolutionary stages from formation to dissipation and their characteristics. Then, it elaborates on the influencing factors of group behavior evolution. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes regulation strategies for group behavior under emergencies. These regulation strategies can practically guide emergency response work and provide reference and insights for future research on related issues. https://ijels.com/detail/analysis-of-group-behavior-and-regulation-strategies-under-emergencies/ Wang Hao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/75IJELS-108202542-Analysis.pdf By drawing on theoretical models proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), Culpeper (1996, 2011), Bousfield (2008), Mills (2013) and Bourdieu’s (1979) sociological theory of practice, this paper explores the continuum of politeness and impoliteness within the framework of linguistic pragmatics. It examines how class hierarchies, cultural capital, and power asymmetries manifest in interpersonal interactions, particularly between the characters of Mr. Stevens and Miss Kenton through a close textual analysis of Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day (1989). After problematizing the notion of ‘(im)politeness’ it proceeds towards foregrounding the relational nature of im/politeness by using a discursive approach, and emphasizes the role of context, intentionality, and face management in the interpretation of speech acts. The analysis illustrates how impoliteness is not merely a deviation from politeness norms but a situated, strategic act that reflects and potentially disrupts social structures and creates social disharmony. The paper integrates linguistic theory with socio-cultural analysis to offer a nuanced understanding of how politeness functions as both a communicative and ideological practice within class-conscious societies. https://ijels.com/detail/understanding-impoliteness-in-interaction-social-structure-and-power-dynamics-in-ishiguro-s-the-remains-of-the-day/ Shagufta Imtiaz https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/76IJELS-10820258-Understanding.pdf This article, entitled Plot Twists in My Life as a Traitor, a memoir by Zarah Ghahramani, explores the narrative shifts that dramatically shape the author’s personal and political journey. A significant turning point occurs when Zarah, once a loyal student supportive of the Iranian regime, is suddenly arrested and imprisoned without clear charges. This profound betrayal by the system she once trusted compels her to confront the brutal realities of political oppression and undergo a transformation in her beliefs and identity. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of plot twists in the memoir and analyze how they are constructed and presented. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a content analysis approach, supported by a structured interpretive framework. The findings indicate that My Life as a Traitor incorporates several impactful plot twists—Personal Revelation Twists, Political/Institutional Betrayal Twists, False Hope or Reversal Twists, Character-Based Twists, and Cultural/Irony-Based Twists. These elements not only propel the narrative but also enhance the reader’s insight into the psychological and ideological conflicts experienced under authoritarian regimes. By framing real-life trauma through literary techniques, Ghahramani’s memoir blurs the boundaries between fiction and nonfiction. This narrative strategy highlights the power of personal storytelling to expose systemic injustice and cultural contradictions, encouraging readers and scholars to view memoirs as both testimonies and carefully crafted literary works that reveal deeper truths about identity, resistance, and power. https://ijels.com/detail/plot-twist-in-my-life-as-a-traitor-a-novel-by-zarah-ghahramani/ Muhammad Nasir, Sanaya Taslima https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/77IJELS-108202553-Plot.pdf This paper investigates the convergence of ecocriticism and subaltern studies through Amitav Ghosh’s “The Hungry Tide”, which is set in the ecologically vulnerable and politically marginalized Sundarbans. By integrating the issues of environmental degradation and marginalization of subaltern voices—especially those of refugees, indigenous populations, and the non-human realm—this article introduces a novel framework termed Eco-Subalternity. Ghosh’s narrative illustrates how prevailing ecological discourses, including conservation and climate policy, frequently silence those who are most impacted by environmental decisions. The depiction of the Morichjhanpi massacre, Fokir’s instinctive ecological knowledge and the conflict between scientific inquiry and lived experiences highlight the necessity for a critical perspective that merges ecological justice with subaltern agency. This work champions an inclusive ecocriticism that considers the perspectives of both human and non-human subalterns, recognizing the power dynamics inherent in their voices, spaces, and struggles for survival. https://ijels.com/detail/ecocriticism-meets-subaltern-studies-a-framework-from-the-sundarbans-in-amitav-ghosh-s-the-hungry-tide/ D. Srija, Dr. K. Mahalakshmi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/78IJELS-108202521-Ecocriticism.pdf This paper examines the literary landscapes of Easterine Kire’s fiction through the lens of memory, trauma, and embodied experience in the context of Northeast India. Kire’s narratives provide a vital cartography of the socio-political ruptures that have marked the region, particularly the experiences of violence and displacement endured by its indigenous communities. Drawing on Pierre Nora’s concept of lieux de mémoire (from “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire”), Marianne Hirsch’s postmemory, Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory, and Judith Butler’s ideas on grievability and precarity, this study investigates how Kire’s protagonists preserve cultural memory and articulate personal pain amid systemic marginalization. The paper also invokes regional specificity to foreground how literary remembrance becomes a mode of resistance, healing, and identity reclamation. https://ijels.com/detail/cartographies-of-pain-remembering-violence-and-displacement-in-the-fiction-of-easterine-kire/ V V Sibitha, Dr. V. Amutha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/79IJELS-108202534-Cartographies.pdf Harold Pinter’s The Homecoming is an insightful exploration of power, identity, familial relationships, and the disconcerting aspects of the human psyche threatened with harsh, unyielding truths. A major theme running through the play is the idea of abjection, a term developed by philosopher Julia Kristeva to characterise the human response to something inherently disturbing or disgusting, something that breaks down barriers and upends the status quo. In Pinter’s play, this theme emerges through violence, emotional coercion, and the dehumanising treatment of people, all of which contest society standards. This paper will analyse how power conflicts, fragmented identities, and the uncertain roles of women, along with the blurring of borders, accentuate the disorienting impact of abjection. Pinter destabilises the characters’ lives and undermines the audience’s sense of stability, compelling both to confront alarming realities about human nature and social order. The convergence of these themes reveals the perplexing psychological truths that arise when the familiar is disrupted by irrepressible forces, resulting in discomfort for both characters and the audience. https://ijels.com/detail/abjection-in-harold-pinter-s-the-homecoming-an-exploration-of-power-identity-and-the-breakdown-of-boundaries/ Dr Meenakshi Dey https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/80IJELS-108202532-Abjection.pdf In Women in Love, D. H. Lawrence entwined the lives of two sisters, Ursula and Gudrun Brangwen, and their relationships with two men, Rupert Birkin and Gerald Crich, where Lawrence explores the intricacies of love and human relationships in Women in Love. The story revolves around themes of desire, existential reflection, and the fight for individual individuality in romantic relationships and is set in early 20th-century England. Through a queer feminist lens, this essay examines the psychological agony and latent lesbian desire in D.H. Lawrence's Women in Love (1920). It contends that an undercurrent of same-sex desire suppressed by hetero-normative patriarchy is shown in Lawrence's depiction of female relationships, especially that of Gudrun Brangwen. Gudrun's strong emotional connection to her sister Ursula and her attraction to the feminine sculptor Loerke imply an implicit rejection of conventional male-dominated relationships, even as her hostile relationship with Gerald Crich devolves into violence and emotional collapse. Based on Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's theories on homosocial desire and Adrienne Rich's concept of ‘compulsory heterosexuality,’ this study reinterprets Gudrun's psychological struggle and emotional separation as manifestations of suppressed lesbian potential rather than pathology. In the end, the book becomes a place of conflict between queer female subjectivity and male-centered narrative control. https://ijels.com/detail/a-queer-feminist-reading-of-women-in-love-by-d-h-lawrence-lesbian-desire-and-psychological-turmoil/ Bedse Sunita Gauram, Dr. Manohar D. Dugaje https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/81IJELS-108202528-AQueer.pdf This paper offers an in-depth examination of Dalit Kitchen in Marathwada by Shahu Patole, a groundbreaking work within Dalit literature that brings together culinary traditions, caste dynamics, and cultural identity. More than a collection of regional recipes or a memoir of gastronomic nostalgia, Patole’s narrative functions as a politically charged cultural archive. It foregrounds the lived realities of Dalit communities in Maharashtra’s Marathwada region, revealing how food operates simultaneously as a source of nourishment, a bearer of memory, and a powerful metaphor for social exclusion and resistance. Through the lens of food studies, subaltern theory, and Dalit autobiography, this paper argues that the Dalit kitchen, as described by Patole is not a passive domestic site but a vibrant space of agency, struggle, and self-definition. It critically interrogates caste-based food taboos, the Brahmanical notions of purity and pollution, and the socio-cultural hierarchies that shape culinary preferences and access. Patole’s text elevates the everyday act of cooking into an act of cultural assertion, documenting the ingenuity, resilience, and creativity of Dalit communities, particularly women, in transforming meagre resources into nourishing meals. The paper situates Patole’s work within a broader corpus of Dalit narratives that use personal memory and vernacular storytelling to challenge hegemonic historical accounts. By writing in Marathi and employing colloquial idioms, Patole preserves the authenticity of oral traditions and resists the aestheticization of Dalit experiences by dominant literary canons. Ultimately, the paper contends that Dalit Kitchen in Marathwada reimagines the kitchen as a radical site of expression where stories simmer alongside spices, and where every dish served is instilled with the flavour of resistance, survival, and reclaimed dignity. This work expands the boundaries of both food writing and Dalit literature, asserting the cultural and political significance of what is often dismissed as the mundane. https://ijels.com/detail/the-dalit-kitchen-in-marathwada-food-memory-and-resistance-in-shahu-patole-s-narrative/ Dr. Kirti Prakash Sangole https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/82IJELS-108202531-TheDalit.pdf The 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan exposed the extreme vulnerability of women, who became primary targets of gendered violence amidst the chaos. Women suffered extensively—physically, psychologically, and emotionally—during the communal riots, facing abduction, rape, mutilation, and public humiliation. Many were driven to suicide in an attempt to preserve their families' honour and personal dignity. The traumatic impact of Partition on women was marked by the widespread infliction of patriarchal oppression, subjugation, and gender-based injustice, often at the hands of both strangers and their own male kin and community members. Women's bodies were transformed into battlegrounds, mutilated, violated, and impregnated with religious symbols, reducing them to instruments of political and religious aggression. The Partition did not merely divide a nation but unleashed a tide of bloodshed, destruction, and dehumanization—especially for women, who were relegated to the margins as the "other." While religious ideologies often exalted women as divine figures, the socio-political reality was one of brutal subordination and silencing within a deeply patriarchal order. This paper explores the entrenched patriarchal norms and the gendered violence experienced by women during the Partition. It examines the cruelty inflicted not only by male aggressors but also by institutional forces, including state authorities, who often dehumanized and objectified women even after their recovery. https://ijels.com/detail/partition-s-gendered-toll-violence-and-the-silenced-lives-of-subaltern-women-in-butalia-s-the-other-side-of-silence/ Ms. Ekta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/83IJELS-108202562-Partition.pdf This paper critically examines ethical dilemmas in global development practice through the lens of Amartya Sen’s capability approach. The study analyzes four key ethical issues: corruption, sexual exploitation and abuse, environmental impact, and pay inequality between international and local staff. Sen’s capability approach provides a theoretical framework that redefines development as the expansion of substantive freedoms and capabilities, emphasizing the elimination of injustices that prevent individuals from realizing their potential. The analysis reveals that corruption systematically restricts freedom and perpetuates inequality, with studies showing up to 87% of education funds being diverted in some contexts. Sexual exploitation transforms aid mechanisms into control systems, violating human dignity and autonomy. Environmental damage from development practices disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, while significant pay gaps between international and local staff contradict development’s core equality objectives. Despite various intervention measures, including transparency initiatives, codes of conduct, and monitoring systems, current responses remain inadequate. The paper concludes that these ethical challenges require sustained institutional reforms rather than superficial compliance measures. Future solutions must incorporate culturally-sensitive, localized approaches that ensure equity principles are reflected at the policy implementation level, moving beyond moral condemnation toward systemic structural interventions. https://ijels.com/detail/ethical-dilemmas-in-global-development-practice-a-critical-analysis-based-on-the-sen-capability-approach/ DengDeng Yang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/84IJELS-108202548-Ethical.pdf There has always been a wide scope for debate about whether the ‘Theatre of Absurd’ is a genre that leans more towards postmodernism or modernism, owing to ample examples from such Absurdist plays which equally portray both. Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett is a critically acclaimed work of Absurdist Literature, and although it was written in the Postmodernist era, it reflects ideas and elements that are at the cusp of modernism and postmodernism. Modernist writing shows a nostalgia for the past, laments the loss of a centre and is in a constant state of Modernist angst- ideas which this research paper aims to join and correlate with the incidents related to the Theatre of Absurd and Existentialism in Waiting for Godot. This in turn, facilitates arrival at an analytically fleshed out interpretation about post-war alienation, instability, and unpredictability that writers of such plays aimed to bring out through their literary works. https://ijels.com/detail/waiting-for-godot-a-modernist-inquiry-into-the-absurdist-postmodern/ Snehanjali Das https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/85IJELS-108202544-Waiting.pdf This article examines Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726), focusing on Book II in Brobdingnag, as a critical resource for understanding contemporary challenges in mental health and gender equality. Through historicized close reading aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being; SDG 5: Gender Equality), the study argues that Swift’s satire dramatizes mechanisms of alienation, commodification, gendered subordination, and systemic corruption that remain pertinent in the twenty-first century. Gulliver’s treatment as spectacle illustrates how stigma undermines psychological well-being, while the contrast between the farmer’s exploitation and Glumdalclitch’s care highlights the social determinants of resilience. The Queen’s authority and the maids of honour’s scrutiny destabilize patriarchal norms, revealing the performativity of gender, while the King’s judgment of European politics situates systemic violence as a determinant of collective distress. By aligning these episodes with specific SDG targets, the article demonstrates how literature illuminates the pathways by which social structures compromise health and justice. The findings affirm the enduring power of satire to serve as cultural critique and collective memory, underscoring literature’s capacity to inform debates on health equity and gender justice in global contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/mental-health-and-gender-issues-in-the-21st-century-as-reflected-in-jonathan-swift-s-gulliver-s-travels-social-perspectives-in-the-light-of-sdg-3-and-sdg-5/ Mahabuba Nishat Tamanna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/86IJELS-108202545-Mental.pdf This study presents a comparative analysis of the syntactic architecture of English and Arabic imperative constructions, with a specific focus on the divergent behavioral properties of unergative and unaccusative verbs within the framework of the Minimalist Program. It critically re-examines the generative processes underlying imperative formation and proposes a refined analysis for the optimal syntactic placement of the imperative verb in English, probing the fundamental computational mechanisms that shape this command structure. Utilizing a descriptive, analytical, and qualitative methodology grounded in core minimalist principles, this research posits the imperative feature as a fundamental syntactic determinant that governs the construction and interpretation of these utterances. The findings demonstrate that unergative verbs, characterized by their external agentive arguments, exhibit a natural alignment with the syntactic requirements of the imperative mood. Conversely, unaccusative verbs, which base-generate a single internal theme argument, display significant licensing restrictions, a phenomenon particularly pronounced in English. Arabic manifests a remarkable degree of flexibility in forming unaccusative imperatives, a capacity attributed to its rich system of morphological agreement, which effectively licenses the null imperative subject. Ultimately, while both Arabic and English imperatives are derived through universal syntactic operations namely the core mechanisms of Merge, Move, and feature valuation their surface realizations diverge significantly. This contrast underscores the pivotal role of language-specific morphosyntactic features in modulating universal grammatical processes, thereby yielding the distinct formal properties of imperative constructions across these two languages. https://ijels.com/detail/minimalist-reflections-on-english-and-arabic-imperatives-toward-a-cross-linguistic-syntax-of-directives/ Hayder S. Alkhafaji, Hasanin Alaa Razaq https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/87IJELS-10820257-Minimalist.pdf Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian, set against the backdrop of the American Westward Expansion, narrates the story of a young boy who follows a gang of scalp hunters and undergoes a series of bloody and violent experiences. Within its fictional narrative, the novel incorporates real historical figures and events from the era of westward movement. Drawing upon historical sources, McCarthy reflects “History with a capital H” through the accurate depiction of events, while simultaneously focusing on “histories with a lowercase h”—the destinies of marginalized groups—to reveal their states of survival within the grand sweep of history. Through the interweaving of fact and fiction, McCarthy exposes the violence and darkness underlying the Westward Expansion, interrogates the American faith in Manifest Destiny, contemplates the tensions between nation and individual, and conveys his ethical concern for the human condition. https://ijels.com/detail/the-historical-writing-of-blood-meridian/ Shunhua Bian https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/88IJELS-108202557-TheHistorical.pdf Translating pasumbingays (comparison tropes) into English places the cultural dimension at the core of the whole construct. Hence, this paper has sought to describe the cultural interface in literary translation by analyzing the typology and anatomy of the translated pasumbingays. The comparison tropes from the Pasumbingay Anthology were coded and analyzed based on the typology (Djamdjuri et al, 2022) and anatomy (Didau, 2022) of metaphors and similes (Qadir & Riloff, 2015). The study reveals that translators have only resorted to minimal typological changes and trope conversions of the pasumbingays in the intercultural translation process to accommodate the inevitable culture differences. Nevertheless, a larger dataset or corpus may be used or developed to verify the present study’s results and make the findings more conclusive. https://ijels.com/detail/what-is-it-that-is-going-on-the-cultural-interface-in-english-translated-pasumbingays/ Jann Dainver L. Maravilla https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/89IJELS-108202537-What.pdf This paper investigates the transformative impact of digitalization on narrative forms, with particular focus on emerging storytelling practices that transcend traditional literary frameworks. Situating the discussion within the interdisciplinary domain of digital humanities, this study examines how digital platforms and social media have given rise to hybrid narrative modes, including transmedia storytelling, Twitterature, Instapoetry, and interactive web novels. These formats embody multimodal, participatory, and temporally fluid approaches to narrative construction and reception. Drawing on examples from platforms such as Wattpad, Reddit, Medium, and Wonderscope, this research analyses how storytelling in the digital era increasingly fosters real-time reader interaction and community engagement. In doing so, it maps the narrative preferences and cognitive orientations of Generation Alpha, whose literary consumption is shaped by immediacy, interactivity, and multimedia aesthetics. The paper argues that these digital narratives do not merely extend the boundaries of storytelling but represent a paradigmatic shift in narrative ontology, reader-author dynamics, and cultural production, and employs comparative textual and platform-based analysis. By exploring the implications of this shift for literary studies and narrative theory, the study contributes to emerging discourse on born-digital literature and the role of technology in shaping narrative agency, voice, and accessibility. The study employed the theoretical frameworks of M.L. Ryan and N. Hayles, contributing to the growing discourse on digital-born literature and platform-based studies, while also challenging how digital storytelling can institutionalize literary canons. It offers a democratized space for underrepresented voices. https://ijels.com/detail/interactive-digital-narratives-as-tools-for-language-acquisition-bridging-storytelling-and-pedagogy-in-the-21st-century-classroom/ Aleeza Sheikh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/90IJELS-108202572-Interactive.pdf This study aimed to examine the demographic profile and level of selfesteem in Araling Panlipunan among Junior High School students in the Sulangon District Schools Division of Dapitan City during the School Year 20232024 A descriptive survey research design was employed with a total of 220 respondents Data were analyzed using frequency count percentage weighted mean standard deviation and the KruskalWallis HTest with JAMOVI serving as the statistical software Findings revealed that nearly half of the respondents were female the majority were aged 13 to 16 they were fairly distributed across grade levels and most came from families with a monthly income of 10000 and below The overall level of selfesteem was found to be moderate and no significant difference was observed when respondents were grouped according to demographic profile Based on these results it is recommended that school heads consider the findings in providing technical assistance to teachers aimed at enhancing learners selfesteem Likewise teachers may use this study as a valuable point of reflection to improve instructional delivery and to encourage students to strengthen their selfesteem in Araling Panlipunan https://ijels.com/detail/the-role-of-demographic-profile-in-shaping-self-esteem-of-junior-high-school-students-in-araling-panlipunan/ Junvel T. Boligao, Leo C. Naparota https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/91IJELS-108202556-TheRole.pdf Women make up almost half of the world's population, nearly 49.73 per cent. However, they endure discrimination in multiple ways. They face sex and gender discrimination worldwide. Even with advancements in education, employment, and political representation, women remain victims of systemic inequalities stemming from both gender and sex discrimination. This research paper discusses the marginalisation of women in their homes, schools, and workplaces. It studies the discrimination of women in society through Cho Nam-Joo’s novel Kim Jiyoung, Born 1982, which reflects the lived experiences of numerous women confronting patriarchal systems in modern society. This study employs a qualitative research methodology. It aligns with critical theoretical frameworks, such as genderism, sexism, otherness, and feminism. https://ijels.com/detail/genderism-sexism-otherness-a-study-of-the-novel-kim-jiyoung-born-1982/ Adeeba Rahman https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/92IJELS-108202554-Genderism.pdf The 2022 web series Human, set in Bhopal, India, portrays a fictional account of the unethical drug trials conducted by Vayu Pharmaceuticals and Manthan Hospitals, exploiting socio-economically marginalized communities previously scarred by the 1984 Union Carbide disaster. Using the health humanities and postcolonial frameworks, this paper aims to analyse the series’ critique of clinical trial ethics, with a focus on the protagonist, Dr. Gauri Nath’s trauma-driven complicity and ambition. This paper argues that Human examines the intricate intersections between systemic injustices, negligent regulation, legacies of postcolonialism, and personal trauma in sustaining pharmaceutical malpractice and neocolonial capitalist exploitation by using the lens of medical ethics, postcoloniality, trauma studies, and foregrounding it in the contemporary Indian clinical trial scene. https://ijels.com/detail/flouted-ethics-postcolonial-wounds-and-cyclical-trauma-a-study-of-human-2022/ Debosmita Routh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/93IJELS-108202566-Flouted.pdf This paper deals with the study of the role of faculties of mind i.e. reason and emotion in the development of personality of various characters in Macbeth. William Shakespeare, a keen analyst of human psyche, penetrates into the very psyche of his characters and owing to his superb dramatic acumen reveals their intentions through various stylistic devices like dialogues, soliloquies and asides etc. The dramatist seems to suggest that a proper combination of both reason and emotion is necessary for a mature and balanced development of personality. Some characters in the play, who are solely driven by reason, having no concern for emotions, turn out to be rigid and sinister kinds of personalities; whereas, those who are very emotional at heart turn out to be gullible and naïve ones. The mature, flexible and successful characters are those who are able to judge the situation with reasoning and make decisions after evaluating all the pros and cons of ethics, morality and human emotions also. Those, who are able to maintain equilibrium, become wise and successful during the course of their journey. In contrast, those who stick to the rigidity of their perspective fail to comprehend the situation and compromise in their lives and become victims in one way or the other. https://ijels.com/detail/role-of-reason-and-emotion-in-2/ Dr. Rashmi Lohchab https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/94IJELS-106202587-Roleof.pdf The Gopi Diaries was written by post modern writer Sudha Murthy. It is a series of three books. The Gopi Diaries is a description of a pet animal. It is a heartwarming trilogy. The author shows a deep compassion and sympathy towards pet animals. The story shows love between humans and animals. The novel presents innocent love, honesty, emotion, and human values towards pet animals. Gopi shares his journey of being welcomed into a new home. It shares occasional loneliness in a new family. The writer explores human life, relationships, and emotions through the eyes of a Labrador dog named Gopi. This series is narrated in the first person. It is a trilogy—Coming Home, Finding Love, and Growing Up. This book is written in inimitable style. It is a very simple story which is told from a dog’s perspective and shows us just why pets are so precious. The writer narrates about happiness, sadness, and loyalty. It shows how pets become part of our lives and love between humans and animals. It highlights the bond of family care , kindness, happiness, joy, sadness and loyalty. The book teaches respect for emotions. It shows that pets give happiness and comfort. The novel presents a refreshing and innocent lens on everyday experiences. This paper critically examines the narrative style, thematic depth, and emotional undertones of the series. While this book is primarily written for children, the books engage with universal issues such as love, companionship, aging , and mortality. This trilogy tells about the moral value and importance of pet animals. Sudha Murthy’s simple yet profound storytelling effectively combines entertainment with moral education. This work highlights the bond between humans and animals, and serves as a subtle commentary on values like empathy, kindness, and emotional intelligence. The trilogy stands as a significant contribution to Indian children’s literature, blending warmth, wisdom, and cultural context in a unique and accessible way. https://ijels.com/detail/a-critical-analysis-of-sudha-murthy-s-novel-gopi-diaries/ Heera Lal Chopra, Dr. Vipula Mathur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/95IJELS-106202597-ACritical.pdf This paper examines Bama's Karukku, which is a foundational text in Dalit literature, with a focus on the reciprocation of caste oppression and Christian colonialism in postcolonial India. It analyzes Bama's personal story to investigate how the caste system, supported by colonial structures, continues to marginalize Dalits even in the post independent India. It explores the simultaneity of oppression for Dalits who often are, especially Dalit women, subject to oppression in both society and the church. Additionally, this paper examines Bama's act of resistance through education and story telling, demonstrating how her choice to leave the convent and subsequently to speak is about taking back identity and fighting against systemic injustice. This combination of postcolonial analysis around caste and religion, contributes to new ways of thinking about how colonial legacies continue to persist in contemporary India and shines light on personal storytelling as an act of social change. https://ijels.com/detail/bound-with-two-wounds-a-dalit-woman-s-fight-against-caste-and-church-in-postcolonial-india/ Axeena https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/96IJELS-108202547-Bound.pdf Food security is still one of the most critical policy issues for the Indian households with limited financial capacity. The Public Distribution System (PDS), as an important component of the country’s food security system, plays a significant role in providing subsidized food grains to the vulnerable households. The existing literature on the PDS reveals the functioning gaps in the areas of supply and delivery such as irregular supply, quality of commodities, and access. This paper aims to assess the performance of PDS and user’s perception in the urban areas of Rohtak District (Haryana). The findings of the study revealed that a majority of the households are fully dependent on subsidized ration to fulfill their nutritional requirements. However, the gap in the supply of PDS both in terms of quantity and quality forces the households to meet their food requirements from the open market. The issues of irregular opening hours of fair-price shop, the shortage of stock, and erratic distribution underscore the implementation challenges in the PDS. The paper reiterates the need for a robust PDS with reforms in the areas of effective monitoring systems, right-sizing logistics, quality-assurance framework, and grievance-redressal mechanisms, among others, to make the distribution system more inclusive, efficient, and effective in terms of nutritional outcomes. The study can be extrapolated to the semi-urban and rural areas as well. https://ijels.com/detail/spatial-analysis-of-food-security-through-public-distribution-rohtak-district/ Pragya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/97IJELS-106202597-Spatia.pdf The portrayal of the femm fatale is quite common in the literature: a persona defies all and then finds inevitable choices to die as a master or to live as a slave, to stay as a female-led relation, FLR, or an accomplice for the sake of certain intents. The current paper delimits itself to trace the differences and similarities between three samples from the Arabic and English poetry on the femm fatale to trace five functions in the light of an eclectic model the study creates after applying both the classical literary Arabic theory and feminist literary criticism to the samples in question: Political Function, Societal Function, Moral Function, Authority Function and Elegiac Function. As for the functionality of the femm fatale, it strikes deep roots in various spheres of knowledge; literature and social sciences. Some try to prove it psychological, some political, but in literature in general and poetry in particular it takes hold of five functions and wields panoramic versatile isles in the East and West poems that are respectively Elegy on Imam Al-Hassan, Affinity between Prophethood and Imamate, No Oblivion for Imam al-Hassan, La Belle Dame sans Merci, On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci in the Florentine Gallery and Body`s Beauty. The statistical part will have so much to say: a/function/s the East or the West employ more than other functions, “how?” and “why?”. https://ijels.com/detail/femme-fatale-poetry-between-flr-and-accomplice-arabic-and-english-delineation-east-west-comparative-study/ Prof. Dr. Haider Ghazi Jassim Al-Moosawi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/98IJELS-106202559-Femme.pdf T. S. Eliot’s The Family Reunion, a modern verse play, immersed in spiritual symbolism and psychological drama, stands among his most complex explorations of the human condition. Written in 1939, the drama is a meditation on guilt, redemption, religious alienation, and the struggle for spiritual meaning in a world increasingly fragmented by social, technological, and material change. The return of Harry to Wishwood, his ancestral home, sets the stage for the unravelling of personal and familial traumas that are symptomatic of deeper societal maladies. Through sophisticated dialogues, symbolic figures, and the unravelling of hidden motives, Eliot presents a world haunted by sin and yearning for expiation. The Family Reunion, addresses complex modern themes, especially the transmission of guilt across generations. The drama presents guilt as a haunting legacy—one that is passed from parent to child within the Monchensey family. According to Eliot, true redemption is only possible when the reality of guilt and the need for expiation are fully acknowledged; denial or suppression merely allows the burden to persist. The protagonist, Harry, inherits not only the family estate but also the accumulated sense of sin that comes with it. As Eliot’s narrative unfolds, it becomes clear that the psychological weight of inherited guilt remains unresolved until confronted and worked through, turning the play into a meditation on the necessity of recognizing and atoning for one’s inherited and personal failings in order to break free from their hold. https://ijels.com/detail/themes-of-guilt-and-redemption-in-t-s-eliot-s-the-family-reunion/ Dr. Geeta Gupta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/99IJELS-106202599-Themesof.pdf Language is a fundamental carrier of culture, identity, and collective memory. In the context of Native American communities, colonial domination, forced assimilation, and institutional suppression led to severe language loss, resulting in cultural dislocation and identity crises. This paper examines how Native American literature addresses the trauma of language loss while simultaneously fostering cultural recovery. Through novels, poems, and oral narratives, Native American writers reclaim indigenous languages, storytelling traditions, and ancestral knowledge as acts of resistance and renewal. The study explores how authors such as Leslie Marmon Silko, N. Scott Momaday, and Joy Harjo employ bilingual expressions, oral narrative structures, myths, and symbols to restore cultural continuity disrupted by colonial history. Literature becomes a powerful medium through which suppressed voices re-emerge, enabling communities to reconnect with their linguistic heritage and spiritual worldview. The paper further argues that cultural recovery in Native American literature is not merely nostalgic but transformative, allowing indigenous identities to adapt and survive in contemporary contexts. By foregrounding language as a site of memory and resistance, Native American literature challenges dominant historical narratives and asserts indigenous epistemologies. Ultimately, the study highlights the vital role of literature in preserving endangered languages and revitalizing cultural identity, affirming storytelling as a means of survival, resilience, and self-definition. https://ijels.com/detail/language-loss-and-cultural-recovery-in-native-american-literature/ Dr. Beena Yadav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/100IJELS-012202599-Language.pdf