https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usJune 11 Grounded in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, this article particularly focuses on analysing the central characters, Alex and Baby, from Stanley Kubrick’s classic film ‘A Clockwork Orange’ (1972) and the 1985 Malayalam movie ‘Irakal’ respectively. These two films are set in two completely different cultural and familial backgrounds. While Baby comes from an isolated village in Kerala, from a wealthy family, Alex is presented as a character who lives with his parents in a block of flats in a dystopian England. The study seeks to elucidate the fundamental assertion that human behaviour, far from being a product of innate predispositions alone, is profoundly malleable and subject to the pervasive influence of external forces. It aims to uncover the universal principles governing human behaviour, which go beyond geographic boundaries, by looking at behavioural in Western and Eastern cultural contexts using the medium of film. Films act as texts that can be studied and read to learn about social conventions, cultural trends, and shared concerns. Whether on purpose or accidentally, filmmakers incorporate such social commentaries into their works and thereby films act as an effective tool for learning about and comprehending the people and the world around us. Therefore, we can learn more about human behaviour, varied emotions, and personality traits by analysing film characters, which enables us to explore more philosophical sides of the human mind. https://ijels.com/detail/mirror-of-violence-a-cross-cultural-exploration-of-behaviour-through-the-minds-of-alex-and-baby/ Ardhra Thampi, Anjali George https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-104202572-Mirror.pdf This paper investigates the interrelated themes of love, grief, and mental health in the novels of Indian popular fiction writer Durjoy Datta, with a focus on how trauma is experienced, expressed, and often silenced within the digital cultures of urban youth. Through a close reading of selected texts, the study argues that Datta's fiction serves as a cultural mirror to the shifting emotional landscapes of contemporary Indian society— where emotional repression, romantic disillusionment, and psychological vulnerability are deeply entangled with technology, gender roles, and neoliberal expectations of happiness and productivity. Using a multidisciplinary framework combining affect theory, trauma studies, and masculinity studies, the paper positions Datta's work as an essential yet underexplored contribution to modern Indian literature that demands critical attention for its portrayal of youth mental health and the affective labor embedded in love and loss. https://ijels.com/detail/texting-trauma-love-grief-and-mental-health-in-the-works-of-durjoy-datta/ Mala Poria https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-104202560-Texting.pdf Place studies form an important part of modern cultural studies and literary discourse. Place is a physical location bounded with territories. Places at all scales are constructed by means of physical and cultural elements. Borrowing theoretical ideas from modern geographic models, literary studies project home as a geographical unit. Vikram Chandra’s Sacred Games published in 2006, abounds with spatial imaginaries ranging from nation to home. Homespace in Sacred Games is not a linear place; it is multiply situated. There are different dimensions for any place at any scale. Home has physical, geographical territories and abstract, cultural boundaries. Homespaces are made unique with their boundaries of sight, sound, taste, and tactile experiences. The possibilities of an individualized time sequence and historical existence may highlight any homespace as a new geographic model itself. Its spatial and temporal territories are subject to overlapping. Home is an imagined community wrought with the utopian concepts of companionship and belonging as it is portrayed in Sacred Games. The making of homespace is intertwined with the underlying gendered practices, institutional ideologies and economic structures. Home, as a power ridden place, produces disciplined bodies and acts as a site of conflict. Institution of marriage, religion, nationality, and legal systems are always active in the homescapes. Homespace in Sacred Games is simultaneously a contested place, open to struggle and conflict and an alternative place with subversive power. https://ijels.com/detail/overlapping-territories-the-cartography-of-home-in-vikram-chandra-s-sacred-games/ Dr. Sini Jose, Dr. Denny Joseph https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-105202512-Overlapping.pdf This paper aims to investigate the complicated dynamics of repression, rejection, and transcendence and evaluate the protagonist's transformative journey in the context of patriarchal society as reflected in Han Kang’s novel The Vegetarian through a psychoanalytic lens. Based on the findings of scanning the original text and studying the relevant reference books and research articles, we re-examine the far-reaching adverse psychological consequences of societal values and norms on female identity and autonomy. And in this process, we reconsider the protagonist Yeong-hye’s narrative in the framework of certain familial and sociocultural factors, particularly the ways of treating a woman which play a pivotal role in determining the course of her life journey. The study further delves into Yeong-hye’s unprecedented defense mechanism that she adopts as a means of denying the world of collective oppression in general and transcending the boundary of her existence as a human being at the end. https://ijels.com/detail/repression-rejection-and-transcendence-in-a-patriarchal-society-a-psychoanalytic-study-of-a-woman-s-journey-in-han-kang-s-the-vegetarian/ Md. Jakir Hossain https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-10520257-Repression.pdf This transcendental phenomenological study investigates the lived experiences of the writers in campus journalism, focusing on their lifeworld, contextual experiences, and future self-perception. Twelve high school journalists from Bagumbayan National High School were purposively sampled for semi-structured interviews. Through thematic analysis, the study identified 13 emerging themes: five captured the participants’ lifeworld- navigating dual responsibilities, shaping professional identity, guiding hands influence, ethical investigative challenges, and mastering journalistic craftsmanship; seven reflected the contexts of their lived experiences, such as holistic journalism growth, ethical journalism impact, journalism’s competitive edge, transformative journalism journey, relentless truth-seeking journalism, journalism-life harmony, and path of journalistic discovery; and one encompassed their future self-perception, highlighting strategic career and passion exploration. The findings revealed that the lived experiences of the writers in campus journalism revolve around skill development, ethical awareness, and career exploration, shaped by academic pursuits, competitive challenges, and mentorship, ultimately influencing their professional identity and future career paths. This study offers a framework for understanding student journalism’s unique challenges and opportunities, emphasizing the need for targeted training programs that support their holistic development. Future research should explore the long-term impact of campus journalism on students’ career trajectories and adaptability. https://ijels.com/detail/unveiling-the-lifeworld-of-campus-journalists-in-a-public-secondary-school/ June Glaze B. Dasalla, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-104202570-Unveiling.pdf This paper examines the intersection of contemporary indigenous narratives and environmental concerns, with a focus on the Santhal community’s traditional ecological knowledge and its representation in modern literature. Drawing from oral traditions, folk tales, and recent works by indigenous authors such as Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar and Rejina Marandi, the study examines how Santhal narratives articulate a deep-rooted and symbiotic relationship with the natural world. These narratives do not merely reflect environmental themes but reimagine sustainability through the lens of indigenous wisdom, spiritual ecology, and community-centric stewardship of nature. By foregrounding Santhal cosmology, rituals, and subsistence practices, the paper highlights how such narratives critique exploitative development, deforestation, and displacement, while offering alternative modes of environmental ethics. This reimagining of the Santhal worldview underscores the urgent need to integrate indigenous perspectives into contemporary environmental discourses. Ultimately, the paper argues that Santhal stories serve as both cultural repositories and tools of resistance, fostering a sustainable synergy between humanity and the environment. https://ijels.com/detail/contemporary-indigenous-narratives-and-environmental-concerns-reimagining-santhal-s-sustainable-synergy-with-the-environment/ Suklal Saren https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-10520251-Contemporary.pdf Mona and Anjum, two literary characters shaped by systematic oppression and marginalisation, are the subjects of this paper. The study delves into the theme of trauma and resilience in Mona's narratives in Mona's Story by Urvashi Butalia and Anjum in The Ministry of Utmost Happiness by Arundhati Roy. It examines the experiences of Mona and Anjum through the lenses of trauma studies, feminist theory, and intersectionality. The paper highlights that trauma is not just a personal affliction but a socio-political construct that affects those on the fringes of society. Drawing on Cathy Caruth's trauma theory, Judith Butler's concept of precarity, and G.A Bonanno's view of natural recovery after trauma, the paper explores how the journeys of these two transgender individuals reflect the broader struggles of transgender people and marginalised communities in navigating imbalanced power and social structures. Notably, the paper underscores the broader societal implications of the experiences of two transgender characters, underlining the need for systemic change. https://ijels.com/detail/echoes-of-resilience-trauma-and-resistance-in-the-intersecting-narratives-of-mona-and-anjum/ Dr Papri Mukhopadhyay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-10520252-Echoes.pdf The present paper will attempt a comparative study of the two female characters, Celie from The Color Purple (1982) by Alice Walker and Janie from Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) by Zora Neale Hurston, through the lens of gender performativity, a concept by Judith Butler. Butler argues that gender should not be seen as something constant or given. Rather, it is a performance that is imposed upon us by narrative heterosexuality. Celie and Janie initially fulfilled the patriarchal expectations of their gender by performing various gender roles expected of them. Gradually, as their journey progressed, they resisted and rejected the roles assigned to them, such as an obedient wife, caring mother, and a woman who does all the household work. On the one hand, Celie rejects the role of a subservient wife after achieving financial independence by setting up a pants business. On the other hand, Janie fights for autonomy through her rejection of the control of her husband over her. There are numerous scenes in both novels that illustrate how gender performance is enforced upon them and is eventually rejected by both. By analysing the characters of both the protagonists through the lens of gender performativity, this paper will elaborate upon how those two women reasserted their autonomy and identity by resisting what was expected of them because of their gender. https://ijels.com/detail/denial-of-performance-a-study-of-gender-performativity-and-resistance-in-the-color-purple-and-their-eyes-were-watching-god/ Ms. Parminder Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-105202526-Denial.pdf Taslima Nasrin’s Lajja (Shame), first published in 1993, is a landmark novel that transcends its immediate socio-political context to present a broader critique of communalism, religious fundamentalism, and gender oppression. While the novel documents the anti-Hindu violence in Bangladesh following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in India, it goes beyond mere reportage to propose a secular, humanistic vision for society. This article critically examines Lajja as a novel that not only reflects reality but also reimagines a society free from communal divisions. Using textual analysis and critical perspectives, this study highlights how Nasrin’s narrative structure, characterization, and ideological stance contribute to her broader goal of social transformation. https://ijels.com/detail/reimaging-society-a-critical-study-of-taslima-nasrin-s-lajja/ Sanjeev Tomar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-105202525-Reimaging.pdf The tourism sector is steadily expanding and is viewed as a promising domain for entrepreneurial endeavours. Due to its swift and persistent expansion, tourism is recognized as a potent avenue for attaining development. Women entrepreneurs, engaging in tourism as a developmental approach, can make positive contributions to the local or national economy. In fact, the increasing significance of women in the entrepreneurial landscape has emerged as a noteworthy phenomenon in the past few decades in the tourism sector. This paper delves into the crucial involvement of women in entrepreneurship within the vibrant domain of tourism in India. It attempts to highlight the contributions made by women entrepreneurs in recent years in reshaping and making their mark in Indian tourism. https://ijels.com/detail/transformative-horizons-the-changing-landscape-of-indian-tourism-through-the-empowering-contributions-of-women-entrepreneurs/ Dr Esha Chatterjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-104202554-Transformative.pdf Over the past century, psychological studies have greatly contributed towards mental health awareness. However, present times demand focusing on milder issues than extreme psychological disorders, since the seemingly inconsequential issues in isolation have the potential to become a cause for severe mental health issues as they begin accumulating. This research follows the Origin and evolution of Trauma through the works of medicals, academics, theorists, and researchers to create a cohesive picture, covering the vast span of the human psyche from the foundations in Psychoanalytic theory to the Pluralistic Trauma theory in literature and it’s correlation to the issues on a spectrum of trauma from mild to severe, faced by literary characters in the Shiva Trilogy and Harry Potter. The researcher analyses through this study that trauma cannot be limited to just mental health disorders severe enough to require professional attention. Rather, it requires an inclusive approach that works on recognizing and dealing with these apparently insignificant events before they reach an extreme stage. https://ijels.com/detail/trauma-and-resilience-a-comparative-study-of-healing-in-harry-potter-series-and-shiva-trilogy/ Shikha Choudhary, A S Rao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-10520255-Trauma.pdf Arundhati Roy's essays "The Great Indian Rape Trick" offer a critical analysis of the representation of reality in media, focusing on Shekhar Kapur's film "Bandit Queen" and its portrayal of Phoolan Devi's life. Roy challenges the film's claim of being a "true story," arguing that it distorts Devi's narrative by overemphasizing her experiences of sexual assault and reducing her identity to that of a victim. The study explores how media narratives often sensationalize violence while failing to address underlying societal issues, reinforcing existing power dynamics and perpetuating systemic discrimination. Roy's critique examines the ethical implications of asserting "truth" in films portraying real individuals, highlighting the oversimplification of complex situations and the potential exploitation of subjects. The essay raises significant questions about the nature of representation, power dynamics in storytelling, and the complexities of translating lived experiences into visual media. Roy's analysis encourages readers to consider the ethical responsibilities of filmmakers when handling sensitive biographical content and the possible repercussions of presenting a single narrative as definitive truth. The study contributes to the broader discourse on media representation and its implications for social awareness and policy-making, emphasizing the need for responsible and nuanced portrayals of sensitive issues. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-based-violence-and-the-media-s-role-exploring-arundhati-roy-s-the-great-indian-rape-trick/ Shyla. M, Dr. J Sheila https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-10520254-Gender-Based.pdf The study of climate change or environmental humanities have evolved as a new epoch in literature during the latter half of the twentieth century. Many researchers and critics argue that human activities have altered the geographical and environmental aspects of the earth and that it is now impossible to reverse the process. Consequently, cyclones, floods, and other natural disasters have become more frequent and they have contributed to human migration, displacement, and loss of biodiversity. For a few decades, researchers have been studying the consequences of ecological imbalance on the co-existence of humans and animals. Ironically, South Asian novelists and authors have seemingly overlooked this complex phenomenon of climate change in their writing as well. As the sense of climate refugees looms large in the backdrop, this multidisciplinary article explores Manik Bandyopadhyay ’s Padma Nadir Majhi (1936) from a postcolonial eco-critical perspective in order to understand how a Bangladeshi novel depicts the lives of marginalized people who are fighting for their lives and livelihoods while living on the banks of Padma, one of the largest rivers in the Ganges delta. This paper also delves into postcolonial literary theory to draw conclusions on the observations. https://ijels.com/detail/ecological-migration-an-ecocritical-study-of-padma-nadir-majh/ Nure Saba Tahura, Mohammad Zahidul Islam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-104202579-Ecological.pdf Artificial Intelligence is transforming education, and English pre-service teachers play a significant part. Few studies have examined their views on AI, emphasizing the need to understand its effects on student performance. This study examined English PSTs' AI awareness and acceptability at Sultan Kudarat State University. This study examined their viewpoints to understand what drove AI tool adoption in English language teaching. The findings were intended to guide curriculum development, teacher training, and instructional methods, assuring AI's responsible and ethical use in education. Employing a descriptive-correlational approach, the study involved total enumeration sampling of English pre-service teachers. It utilized statistical measures such as mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to interpret the data effectively. Findings revealed that English PSTs were "Very Familiar" with AI-powered learning platforms, indicating high knowledge or experience. Moreover, English PSTs showed a positive attitude towards the benefits of AI, particularly in addressing diverse learning needs and enhancing student engagement. It reported generally favorable perceptions of the ease of use of AI tools and found that English PSTs had a high level of agreement regarding their intentions to use AI in the classroom. However, they remained neutral in using AI to craft learning activities and assessments, lesson plans, and checking attendance and grading. Hence, there was a significant relationship between AI awareness and acceptance, with a moderate positive correlation, indicating that as English PSTs become more aware of AI's capabilities and applications, their acceptance and intention to use AI in their teaching practices increase. Based on the results, a program can be designed to enhance English PSTs' understanding and application of AI in education, including workshops and training sessions focusing on the practical use of AI tools, strategies for integrating AI into lesson plans, and addressing ethical considerations. These findings may help educational institutions better integrate AI, preparing future instructors to use technology to its maximum. Educational institutions can improve teacher and student learning by applying the proposed measures to create a supportive environment that promotes ethical AI use. https://ijels.com/detail/awareness-and-acceptance-of-artificial-intelligence-among-english-pre-service-teachers-in-a-state-tertiary-school/ Alyssa Amor A. Relator, Angel Feb P. Arguelles, Kristine D. Quizada, Joaqui Conrad N. Toscano, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-104202565-Awareness.pdf This article explores the intersection of Marxist theory and literary creation by examining the social and economic contexts that shape literary works. Building on the foundational Marxist concepts of base and superstructure, class struggle, and ideology, the paper argues that literature cannot be understood in isolation from the material conditions in which it is produced. The article challenges traditional formalist approaches that prioritize the text itself over its external influences, advocating instead for a reading of literature as a product of its socio-economic environment. By analyzing literary works as reflections and critiques of class relations, the paper demonstrates how authors engage with and respond to the social forces around them, consciously or unconsciously reflecting the contradictions of their time. Furthermore, the article interrogates the role of ideology in literature, showing how dominant cultural narratives often serve the interests of the ruling class, while subversive works can reveal the tensions and potential for change within capitalist societies. Drawing on examples from both canonical and contemporary texts, the paper examines how Marxist criticism can uncover the ways in which literature both shapes and is shaped by the material realities of class, power, and production. The article concludes by asserting that a Marxist approach to literary criticism not only illuminates the historical and political forces at play in literary creation but also provides a powerful tool for critiquing the ongoing social inequalities in today’s world. https://ijels.com/detail/beyond-the-text-marxism-and-the-social-context-of-literary-creation/ Dr. Sarbani Sankar Panigrahi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-104202573-Beyond.pdf This paper will analyse women representation in social media discourse by applying Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis and will investigate how women are represented linguistically and visually on social media platforms like Instagram, Sanpchat, X and Utube. The data has been gathered from verified and unverified social media accounts with the help of convenient random sampling. The material is in the form of photos, written texts, and videos for a thorough examination. The chosen accounts include X handles like Richard Cooper, the Instagram accounts parity_colorism and thesolidaritysisters. The select Snapchat handles include DRESS CODE, Girls Only. Care has been taken that these posts represent both male and female worlds and the researcher will make the case that the social media content is fundamentally ideological, and that regular events, actions, and issues posted on social media articulate dominant (and occasionally alternative) ideological discourses about the prejudiced nature of our society. It shall be argued that gender politics is present in all types of social media comments and platforms, not so much in terms of formal politics but a more banal and everyday kind. The marketing of these accounts is the hidden motivation behind posting such posts and they do not support the idea that these technologies are democratic or impartial by nature. This paper will also investigate the social contexts within which symbolic forms are employed and deployed to determine whether such forms establish or sustain relations of domination and whether ideological analysis of all elements of the social media content come together to tell the same story that is, patriarchal capitalism. Considering the insights that social media discourse is structured by male dominance; that every discourse is historically produced and interpreted and that dominance structures are legitimated by ideologies of powerful groups(male), this paper will specifically consider gender and social media discourses in the broadest sense, to testify overt relations of gender bias and social inequality. It will also dissect sexism and female objectification by using the Dialectical Relational Approach and suggest ways to reduce gender bias through social media. https://ijels.com/detail/multimodal-critical-discourse-analysis-of-gendered-language-and-ideology-on-social-media-platforms/ Mitali Singh, Dr. Vandana Lunyal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-105202519-Multimodal.pdf Mamang Dai's poem evokes the timeless bond between her people and their homeland. Flowing through the lines is the perpetual river, symbol of enduring ties between the living and those passed on. Its waters reflect facets of existence entwined with the natural realm and spirit world, as generations arise and find rest in an eternal cycle. Towns dotted along shorelines witness this ongoing rhythm, community born again each spring as life stirs and revives. Though scripts now capture her verses, the essence remains unchanged tradition flows as constant, oral legends and written word joining to convey ancestral wisdom through the ages. Dai's reflection on the existential musings of Indigenous communities speaks to their profound interconnectedness with the natural order. This poem investigates how a poem safeguard inherited insight, emphasizing the sustaining role of Indigenous literature as a living repository of collective remembrance and a people's source of themselves. https://ijels.com/detail/the-river-as-a-witness-indigenous-knowledge-and-cultural-identity-in-mamang-dai-s-small-towns-and-the-river/ Ms. S. Swetha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-10520257-TheRiver.pdf In this research paper, I Am Malala, the memoir written by Malala Yousafzai and Christina Lamb, is treated as a witness to courage, identity, and action. Malala, born in Pakistan's Swat Valley, was one of the world's symbols for girls' education after surviving a Taliban assassination attempt. It presents her progress from being a schoolgirl in a local place to an international icon. This viewed as the context of only academic and critical sources, this paper examines the structure and themes, and the genre specific traits of memoir while exploring how Malala’s personal story is implicated within global discussions on Islam, gender, and education. The article includes discussion surrounding its reception, cultural importance and symbolism both within and outside of Western setting. The analysis of this study of its features and impact demonstrates that I Am Malala is not only a literary product, but is also a tool of socio-political mobilization. Having come to an end, it concludes by validating the capacity of personal narrative to negate the effects of oppression and rally wide scale inclusion for woman’s rights and education all around the world. https://ijels.com/detail/reframing-resistance-a-critical-discourse-on-i-am-malala-as-a-memoir-of-gendered-activism-identity-politics-and-global-iconicity/ Syed Yasmeen Taj, Dr. N. Ankanna https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-105202514-Reframing.pdf This paper examines how R. K. Narayan’s The Vendor of Sweets was turned into the Doordarshan TV show Mithaiwala. It focuses on how closely the show sticks to the book and where it changes things, including the characters, story, themes, and cultural background. The study analyzes how the adaptation shows Jagan’s character, focusing on his moral and spiritual struggles, while also highlighting Mali’s Western dreams to connect with today’s viewers. Mithaiwala uses visual storytelling to show Jagan’s inner struggles with expressive camera work and meaningful images, which is different from Narayan’s quiet, thoughtful writing style. The adaptation adds new scenes and changes some lines to make things more exciting and easier to understand, changing Narayan’s subtle humor and calm storytelling style. Mithaiwala keeps the main story about family conflict and the battle between old ways and new ideas, but it changes things up by showing some characters with stronger feelings, unlike Narayan’s simpler style. The study looks at how the TV adaptation shows cultural details by bringing Malgudi to life as a lively but tricky place, representing the clash between old and new India. This visual further explores Narayan’s fictional world in a new way. It gives a clearer look at the social and cultural themes in the novel, but it might oversimplify them. Through close analysis of specific scenes, dialogues, and character interactions, the study shows how Mithaiwala sticks to and changes the original story, making Narayan’s detailed tale more accessible for TV viewers. The study says that Mithaiwala does a good job showing themes like generational conflict and cultural differences. However, it also changes some characters and the tone a bit, trying to keep the story true while also making it visually and emotionally engaging. https://ijels.com/detail/analyzing-fidelity-and-deviations-in-the-t-v-adaptation-of-the-vendor-of-sweets-by-r-k-narayan/ Nyaja Tesia https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-105202530-Analyzing.pdf Edgar Allan Poe’s Gothic literature masterfully intertwines supernatural horror, psychological obsession, and death. His works, featuring unreliable narrators, eerie atmospheres, and macabre themes, redefine the genre. His significant influence is also shown, and his contribution to Gothic literature is mentioned. This study explores Poe’s unique contributions, examining how his narratives of madness, guilt, and mortality continue to shape Gothic fiction and modern horror storytelling. https://ijels.com/detail/edgar-allan-poe-and-the-gothic-triad-supernatural-obsession-and-death/ Lalmalsawmtluanga, Dr. Rafat Khanam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-105202516-Edgar.pdf This work explores the themes of gender and performativity in Vijay Tendulkar's plays Kamala and Kanyadaan, specifically how the playwright examines societal conventions and the dynamics of gendered identities. Drawing on Judith Butler's theory of performativity, the paper contends that Tendulkar's representation of women in these plays shows the performative aspect of gender, in which identities are produced and reinforced by social rituals rather than being intrinsic or natural. Kamala emphasises the devaluation of women and the transactional aspect of gendered roles, while Kanyadaan explores the connection of caste, class, and gender within the context of arranged marriage and societal responsibility. The study explores into how the characters' actions, both visible and internal, mirror patriarchal structure/codes and often contradictory demands put on women. By studying the conflict between societal expectations and individual agency, the research reinforces Tendulkar's assessment of how gender roles are enacted, reinforced, and resisted in Indian society. This dissertation contributes to a greater understanding of gender performativity in postcolonial Indian theatre, as well as its relevance to current issues about gender justice and equality. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-and-performativity-theorizing-vijay-tendulkar-s-kamala-and-kanyadaan-2/ Aanchal Verma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-105202545-Gender.pdf The four main factors of production are Land Labour Capital and Organisation Economists study how a society distributes scarce resources such as land labour raw materials and machinery to produce highest possible production say goods and services at lowest possible cost They search issues such as energy cost inflation interest rates exchange rates business cycle taxes or employment levels Objective The study has tried to explore the evolution of Economics and its job opportunities in context of present situation Materials Evolution of Economics can be divided into two parts a in India and b in the World In context of India the beginning of economics in India can be traced back to the ancient period but the formal study and development of economics as a distinct discipline began during the colonial era Economics has a fascinating and centurieslong history that hasevolved from a simple array of ideas about trade and wealth to a complex discipline with its own subdisciplines theories and methodologies in the world A history of Economics isa string interconnected event Results And Discussions Economics has a finance ministry either at the state or federal level but there isnt a subjectbased ministry There are many job options in a variety of areas and companies after earning an MA in Economics Graduates in economics can work in a variety of positions and are prized for their excellent analytical mathematical and problemsolving abilities Conclusion A masters degree in economics opens up a wide range of employment opportunities in both the public and private sectors Graduates can work as consultants policy advisers researchers analysts or even entrepreneurs The degrees adaptability enables graduates to customize their professions according to their preferences. https://ijels.com/detail/evolution-of-economics-and-job-opportunities-a-study-in-context-of-present-situation/ Dr. Ram Krishna Mandal, Dr. Chokio Taku https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-104202563-Evolution.pdf This paper compares two strong women Bama from Karukku and Sethe from Beloved and shows how they deal with different forms of oppression. Bama is a Dalit woman from India who faces caste and gender discrimination. Sethe is a Black woman in America who suffers from slavery and racism. Bama and Sethe are treated badly because of they are, and their struggles are shaped by more than one problem like race, caste, gender, and class. This idea is called intersectionality, which means looking at how different types of discrimination come together and affect a person’s life. The paper shows how Bama and Sethe fight back in their own ways. Sethe uses her strength as a mother to survive slavery, while Bama uses education and writing to fight caste discrimination. Even though they live in very different places and times, their stories show that marginalised women face complex challenges, but also have the power to resist and bring change. https://ijels.com/detail/bama-from-karukku-and-sethe-from-beloved-comparative-analysis-with-the-lens-of-intersectionality/ Hapreet Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-105202532-Bama.pdf This article, titled From Trauma to Triumph: The Intersection of Art, Therapy, and Resilience in Acid Attack Survivors, explores how art functions as a medium of healing and empowerment for acid attack survivors through the lens of resilience theory. Grounded in psychological frameworks, the study examines how individuals cope with and adapt to the profound physical and emotional trauma resulting from acid violence. Drawing from selected narratives—'Being Reshma’, ‘The Book of Shadows’, and ‘I Am Still Alive: Journey of Acid-Attack Victims’—the article investigates how creative expression, including visual arts, storytelling, fashion, recitation etc.. contributes to identity reconstruction and emotional recovery. It emphasizes art therapy as a powerful tool for enhancing self-worth, fostering personal growth, and promoting psychological resilience. Through detailed case studies, the article underscores the transformative role of art in supporting survivors to reclaim their voices, challenge societal stigma, and rebuild their lives with strength and dignity. While acknowledging its limited scope, this study highlights the broader implications of integrating art into trauma recovery and resilience-building frameworks. https://ijels.com/detail/from-trauma-to-triumph-the-intersection-of-art-therapy-and-resilience-in-acid-attack-survivors/ Salu M.S, Anjali George https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-105202554-FromTrauma.pdf This research aims to develop a user experience (UX)-centered design framework for educational content delivered through All-in-One Multimedia Personal Computers (AOMPCs), focusing specifically on optimizing English learning and enhancing teaching effectiveness. By analyzing existing AOMPC-based English learning applications, the research explores how content presentation influences students' motivation, classroom engagement, and academic performance. The findings reveal that user experience optimization relies on multiple interrelated dimensions, including interface design, interactivity, visual aesthetics, and multimedia integration. These elements collectively shape a more engaging and immersive learning environment. Furthermore, the study integrates theoretical perspectives with empirical data to identify core drivers of an effective AOMPC learning experience, such as real-time feedback, adaptive content, and interactive task design. These factors significantly elevate learner motivation and cognitive engagement. The study not only offers practical insights for designing multimedia teaching tools but also contributes a theoretical foundation for future research and innovation in educational technology. https://ijels.com/detail/a-user-experience-centered-design-framework-for-optimizing-english-learning-on-all-in-one-multimedia-pc/ Qiaojuan Shan, Yusrita binti Mohd Yusoff, Ariffin bin Abdul Mutalib https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-105202539-AUser.pdf The point of this paper is to look at how the words and pictures used in Instagram posts about Michelin Guide restaurants show how power works in the U.S. food industry. It looks at how these digital artefacts support or challenge social norms and food hierarchies by focussing on posts from 2020 and later. The study uses Discourse Historical Analysis (DHA) to look at how these posts are ideological texts that shape how people think about restaurants with Michelin stars and boost their reputation. The paper shows that Michelin's influence goes beyond food quality and includes cultural capital and identity formation through textual and visual elements. Language, power, and digital representation are all brought together in this study to show how American food culture is changing. https://ijels.com/detail/michelin-stars-and-digital-plates-a-discourse-historical-analysis-of-u-s-food-posts-on-instagram/ Mitali Singh, Dr. Vandana Lunyal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-105202533-Michelin.pdf The landscape of mental health research has evolved significantly, broadening its scope from a narrow focus on severe psychiatric disorders to a more comprehensive understanding of psychological well-being. This shift recognizes the cumulative impact of seemingly minor emotional challenges, which can escalate into significant mental health concerns over time. Contemporary approaches emphasize the importance of early intervention across the spectrum of psychological experiences, acknowledging that prevention and timely support are crucial for maintaining overall mental wellness. This research presents an in-depth comparative analysis of trauma representation and healing processes in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series and Amish Tripathi's Shiva Trilogy. These influential works, emerging from distinct cultural backgrounds, offer complementary perspectives on trauma recovery. The study explores how these narratives employ their respective magical and mythological frameworks to convey complex psychological concepts accessibly. By examining character development, narrative structures, and cultural contexts, the research illuminates how contemporary fantasy literature serves as a powerful medium for exploring intricate psychological themes.The analysis reveals that while Harry Potter reflects a Western psychological approach emphasizing individual resilience supported by community, the Shiva Trilogy presents an Eastern paradigm integrating personal growth with societal transformation. This comparative study contributes to the growing body of literature on trauma representation in fiction, offering valuable insights for both literary analysis and practical therapeutic applications. It demonstrates how these works bridge diverse cultural approaches to healing, enriching our understanding of trauma processing and recovery across different philosophical traditions. https://ijels.com/detail/warriors-of-light-healing-and-transformation-in-harry-potter-series-and-shiva-trilogy/ Shikha Choudhary, A S Rao https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-104202572-Warriors.pdf This study offers a comprehensive psychoanalytic examination of horror elements in Henry James’s seminal Gothic novella The Turn of the Screw (1898) and its contemporary Netflix adaptation, The Haunting of Bly Manor (2020) created by Mike Flanagan. Employing Freudian concepts of repression, the uncanny (das Unheimliche), and dreamwork alongside Lacanian theories of the Symbolic Order and the Real, this paper conducts a rigorous comparative analysis of how psychological horror manifests across literary and visual mediums. The research demonstrates how Flanagan's adaptation not only preserves but amplifies James's central themes of unreliable narration, subconscious fears, and psychological disintegration through modern cinematic techniques and narrative innovations. Through close textual analysis of James's novella and frame-by-frame examination of Flanagan's visual storytelling, this study reveals how both works employ Gothic tropes as externalizations of internalized trauma. Key findings indicate that while James's work operates through deliberate ambiguity, Flanagan's adaptation makes trauma visually manifest while maintaining psychological complexity. This evolution reflects broader cultural changes in how we understand and represent mental distress, positioning Bly Manor as both a faithful adaptation and a significant reimagining for contemporary audiences. By bridging literary analysis, film studies, and psychoanalytic theory, this research contributes new insights to adaptation studies while demonstrating the enduring relevance of Freudian and Lacanian frameworks for understanding horror across media. The study ultimately argues that both versions use the Gothic mode to explore fundamental questions about perception, memory, and the haunting persistence of unresolved trauma. https://ijels.com/detail/psychoanalytic-explorations-of-the-spectral-horror-in-the-turn-of-the-screw-and-the-haunting-of-bly-manor/ Salim Nisar Shaikh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-105202542-Psychoanalytic.pdf Phonetics, the scientific study of speech sounds, serves as a cornerstone in the development of communicative competence, especially in the context of second language acquisition. Despite its relevance, phonetics is frequently overlooked in language pedagogy, often relegated to optional content. This article argues for the systematic integration of phonetics into mainstream language instruction. Drawing upon insights from applied linguistics, cognitive psychology, and educational theory, the study explores how phonetic training enhances pronunciation, fosters listening and speaking skills, and builds intercultural communication. With globalization shaping English into a global lingua franca, learners must not only understand vocabulary and grammar but also produce intelligible, rhythmically appropriate speech. The paper further explores the pedagogical challenges and offers practical strategies—including technology integration and multisensory learning—for classroom implementation. The article concludes that phonetics must no longer be seen as ancillary but as an essential element of language pedagogy aimed at meaningful, fluent, and confident communication. https://ijels.com/detail/integrating-phonetics-into-language-pedagogy-a-key-to-communicative-competence/ Robins D John https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-105202531-Integrating.pdf At present, recitation should go beyond the narrow realm of "secondary creation" focused on text language and move towards a "multidimensional" creative space that includes "pan-secondary," "primary," and "tertiary" creation, forming a comprehensive and three-dimensional space that encompasses "primary—secondary—pan-secondary— tertiary." Recitation has seen diverse breakthroughs and transformations in terms of the creative subject,object, elements, dissemination,and communication relationships. This will inevitably lead to a brand-new creative pattern for recitation. https://ijels.com/detail/from-secondary-to-multidimensional-the-innovative-path-of-recitation-creation/ Li Delong https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-105202535-From.pdf In a room wallpapered with madness, a woman crawls in circles, not just across the floor, but through the thick residue of a culture that has pathologized her very being. What begins as quiet discomfort with the décor becomes a descent into psychological collapse—a collapse orchestrated not by an inner weakness, but by the tightening noose of patriarchal medical care. The Yellow Wallpaper is not merely a gothic tale of nervous breakdown—it is a mirror turned toward the psychiatric practices and domestic ideologies of the 19th century, reflecting the cost of silencing women in the name of science and love. This paper explores the intersection of psychopolitics, melancholia, and female suffering in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s work, drawing on theoretical insights from Julia Kristeva, Michel Foucault, and Gilman's autobiographical experiences. By contextualizing the protagonist’s descent into madness within 19th-century medical discourse and sociocultural expectations of femininity, this study interrogates how gendered notions of mental illness were both pathologized and politicized. Through this multidisciplinary lens, the paper argues that The Yellow Wallpaper not only critiques medical misogyny but also performs a proto-feminist poetics of rebellion against the silencing of women’s mental distress. https://ijels.com/detail/psychopolitics-and-the-papered-self-female-suffering-in-gilman-s-the-yellow-wallpaper/ Bhuvi Kataria https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-105202528-Psychopolitics.pdf This paper will examine the role of food influencers on Instagram in shaping contemporary culinary culture and identity. It will explore how these influencers use visual storytelling, hashtags, and self-presentation strategies to craft digital food narratives that resonate globally. The study will also address the broader cultural implications of these narratives, including their role in reinforcing or challenging traditional food norms, influencing taste perceptions, and creating digital food hierarchies. https://ijels.com/detail/culinary-narratives-on-instagram-the-power-dynamics-and-cultural-implications-of-digital-food-influencers/ Mitali Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-105202536-Culinary.pdf The intersection of Postcolonial and Queer theory can be directed towards their sustained interaction with contemporary politics of identity, including reflection on the categories and institutions, as well as the knowledge(s) and power plays through which social dynamics and people are structured and regulated, and how such dimensions impacted literature. Beyond this, and especially in its intersection with postcolonial studies, the destabilising effect of Queer theory, which subverts self-evident notions of power and marginality, centre and periphery, can be explored. A number of key connections between Queer and Postcolonial theory include epistemological and hermeneutical considerations; difference; marginality; agency; mimicry; and the quest for a new world order. As such Queer and Postcolonial theories both resist the tendency to think of identity as a collection of distinct categories (meaning they don't affect other identities) to which you either belong or don't. Rather, they concentrate on the intersectionality of identities to better understand how race is sexualized or gendered, or how disability is racialized or classed. Both theories argue that these identity categories are not inherent, universal, or "natural," instead critique state, national, and imperial powers, as well as colonial histories of dominance, for their construction while maintaining that they were a priori to colonial or state interventions, discourses, violence, and ideologies. The search for the texts yielded in few results as the resources were very scarce in the area of Indian Children’s literature with specific focus on the intersectionality of Queer and Post Coloniality. This paper thus aims to understand Postcolonial and Queer theory's concern with identity and reject binaries against marginalised bodies and cultures in Indian Children’s Literature before concluding with the importance of how literature on these issues include diversity. https://ijels.com/detail/identity-intersectionality-of-queer-and-postcoloniality-in-selected-21st-century-indian-children-s-fiction/ Dr Vyomakesisri T. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-105202544-Identity.pdf Africans are brought into the United States of America by slave traders and are sold to the white people as slaves. Slave masters used the black people to work in the plantation and to do all sorts of other odd jobs. The black people served the white people for more than three centuries and have gone through different odd situations in their real life. They have historically faced significant socioeconomic disparities. At present a significant number of African Americans attained bourgeois status. Dorothy West, the last leaf of Harlem Renaissance highlighted social status of African Americans in the United States of America. Going through works of Dorothy West highlighted social status of African Americans in this article. https://ijels.com/detail/focus-on-social-status-of-african-americans-in-the-united-states-of-america/ Kukatlapalli Subbarayudu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-104202576-Focus.pdf As we are inching towards the fourth industrial revolution, companies are searching for talent who possesses domain expertise, digital literacy and industry-relevant abilities. Thus, experiential and skill-based learning are promoted under the National Educational Policy 2020. The NEP- 2020 helps to bridge the talent-skill gap, which exists at various tiers and is significant, impacting the hiring scenario in almost every sector, by equipping students with industry-specific abilities so as to prepare them to be future-ready professionals. The NEP- 2020 recognizes the importance of soft skills as fundamental life abilities such as communication, teamwork, problem solving, decision-making, analytical thinking, and flexibility, among others. Leadership skills are also instilled in pupils to assist them advance in their careers. Game-based learning has been identified as the most effective approach of teaching soft skills. The increased demand for soft skills in the workplace has compelled teachers to embrace, adapt, and expertly combine practical and hands-on methods of imparting these employable skills. According to EMSI and IBM studies, the true "skills in demand" are communication, adaptability, and learning. According to a LinkedIn survey done two years ago, 91% of organizations believe that soft skills are essential in recruiting fresh hires and promoting existing ones. According to a Harvard University study, soft skills account for 80% of job success while hard skills account for 20%. As a result, it is critical to impart these skills in the classroom through the use of unique and inventive games that encourage student participation and engagement. This qualitative study begins with a brief overview of Game-based Learning (GBL) and why it is regarded as the best technique for imparting soft skills, followed by a discussion on the top 5 in-demand soft skills that can be gamified and are critical for corporate readiness. https://ijels.com/detail/game-based-learning-gbl-gaming-soft-skills-for-corporate-readiness/ Ms. Manasa T., Dr Vyomakesisri T. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-105202543-GameBased.pdf This paper examines the complex dynamics of gender and power in Shakespeare's plays, with a focus on the ways in which female characters exercise agency and autonomy in a patriarchal society. Through a critical analysis of Shakespeare's language, imagery, and dramatic structures, this study reveals how Shakespeare's plays challenge and subvert patriarchal norms, offering insights into the ongoing struggles for gender equality and social justice. By exploring the intersections of gender and power in Shakespeare's works, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the continued relevance of Shakespeare's plays in contemporary society. https://ijels.com/detail/the-politics-of-gender-power-relations-in-shakespeare-s-plays/ Hemant Sunil Bachhav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-105202540-Thepolitics.pdf Girish Karnad's Tughlaq is a seminal work in Indian theatre that explores the intricate dynamics of power, idealism, and governance through the historical figure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, a 14th-century Sultan of Delhi. This study examines Karnad's portrayal of Tughlaq as a ruler whose visionary yet impractical policies led to chaos and disillusionment. The play serves as a critique of political leadership, highlighting the tension between idealism and pragmatism, and the consequences of unchecked ambition. By analysing the themes of power, religious conflict, and governance, this paper underscores the play's relevance to contemporary socio-political contexts. Karnad's Tughlaq emerges as a timeless allegory, offering profound insights into the challenges of leadership and the human condition. https://ijels.com/detail/power-idealism-and-governance-a-critical-analysis-of-girish-karnad-s-tughlaq-as-a-reflection-of-historical-and-contemporary-political-realities/ Dr. Ashok Dayal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-105202547-Power.pdf This paper critically examines Anjum Hasan's novel The Cosmopolitans (2015), employing the philosophical lens of Sartre's existentialism to explore how Qayenaat, the protagonist, navigates the existential themes of bad faith, alienation, being-for-others, and the pursuit of authenticity. Her fluctuating relationships, avoidance of societal roles, failed artistic ambitions, and eventual withdrawal into a fabricated identity are analysed as modes of existential evasion. Drawing on some of Sartre's insights from Being and Nothingness, Existentialism Is a Humanism, and The Transcendence of the Ego, the paper traces how the protagonist represses her freedom by embracing illusions and other-directedness. Negotiating the denial of facticity to gradually acknowledging existential responsibility, the narrative presents a significant move toward authenticity. In this way, the novel affirms Sartre's proposition that existence precedes essence and that meaning will always be created through action. https://ijels.com/detail/becoming-authentic-a-sartrean-reading-of-anjum-hasan-s-the-cosmopolitans/ Hanna Binoy, Dr. Narinder K. Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-105202546-Becoming.pdf This paper explores the complex intersections of displacement, gender, and identity through a comparative analysis of Julia Alvarez’s How the García Girls Lost Their Accents and Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s short story “Clothes.” This research investigates how migrant people negotiate the emotional and sociocultural terrain of belonging and alienation in host nations. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as Iain Chambers’ concept of migrancy and Homi Bhabha’s vernacular cosmopolitanism, the paper highlights how diasporic subjects confront and reconfigure notions of selfhood in transnational contexts. Alvarez’s García sisters and Divakaruni’s Sumita embody the struggles and possibilities of hybrid identity formation, caught between the pressures of assimilation and the pull of cultural memory. Both narratives reveal how diasporic women endure dual marginalizations—based on race, gender, and geography—yet assert agency through acts of cultural negotiation, resistance, and self-fashioning. The analysis underscores that identity in the diaspora is not a fixed essence but a fluid, fractured, and evolving construct shaped by displacement, trauma, and adaptation. https://ijels.com/detail/fragmented-identities-migration-and-the-quest-for-belonging-in-contemporary-diasporic-narratives/ Dr. Ujjwal Biswas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-105202550-Fragmented.pdf Writers have always tried to create stories to help understand human emotional phenomena, mental health remaining one of the most evocative and troubling themes throughout literature. From Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, which narrates the stifling treatment of women’s mental illness to contemporary ones like Hanya Yanagihara’s A Little Life and Avni Doshi’s Burnt Sugar, trauma narratives have evolved to capture the deep, raw, and intimate struggles of the mind. Women writers especially have depicted the most personal experiences about these realities and created women who, due to societal and cultural pressures and personal herstories, undergo immense psychological struggles. Anita Desai and Shashi Deshpande have, for example, explored the quiet, internal suffering of their protagonists, revealing the profound trauma of loneliness as well as the enduring strength of those coping with it. Literature does more than merely depict these struggles, seeks answers for the systems that suppress them, and articulate suffering that is so often overlooked. This study focuses on the ways fiction portrays mental distress as a means to critique society’s understanding, responding not just, as many assume, in personal terms, but also showing that trauma is always situated within history, culture and the compelling articulation of silence. https://ijels.com/detail/mental-health-and-trauma-in-cry-the-peacock-and-contemporary-indian-women-s-writing/ Dr Dipti Ranjan Maharana, Gourika Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-105202513-Mental.pdf The Monkey and the Monk: An Abridgement (2006) by Anthony Yu is a modern English translation and adaptation of Wu Cheng'en's classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. The Confucian ideology that ruled the 16th-century Ming dynasty strongly emphasised women’s responsibilities as mothers, wives, and devoted daughters. Women were supposed to follow rigid social norms and preserve family honour by maintaining their purity. Recently, scholars have started pointing out that Wu Cheng’en might have been influenced by the societal understanding of the Ming Dynasty while writing Journey to the West. Especially, the women characters were said to be the exact reflection of women in the Ming dynasty. In this paper, I propose to look at how women characters in Journey to the West were constructed through a patriarchal perspective. Additionally, to examine the societies of the respective times, this paper will explore the mythical parallels between the Hindu and Chinese societies by comparing the female characters, Wenjiao from Journey to the West, Sita from Ramayana, and Savitri from Mahabharata. This paper will also highlight the similarities and differences between Sun Wukong from Journey to the West and Hanuman from Ramayana. By drawing these comparisons, this paper seeks to provide insights into how these characters reflect the values and beliefs of their respective traditions. https://ijels.com/detail/a-comparative-study-of-journey-to-the-west-and-indian-mythology/ Anushka H Saraf https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-105202563-AComparative.pdf This paper examines Toni Morrison’s Sula through the lens of fractured subjectivity, intra-racial patriarchy, and the ideological interpellation of black womanhood. Focusing on the relationship between Sula Peace and Nel Wright, the essay argues that Nel’s failure to mourn and her emotional paralysis are rooted not in Sula’s betrayal, but in Nel’s own disavowal of self—what the narrative symbolically frames as her refusal to confront the “gray ball” of suppressed identity. Drawing on theories of melancholia, subaltern speech, and intra-communal sexism, the paper explores how Morrison dismantles binary moral structures and exposes the cultural scripting of black women into roles of silent caretakers. Nel’s internalization of her mother Helene’s performance of middle-class respectability, her submission to Jude’s masculinist needs, and her loss of “me-ness” illustrate the psychological cost of moral conformity. In contrast, Sula’s experimental life—though socially condemned—represents a radical, if flawed, attempt at self-definition. The paper contends that Morrison constructs female friendship not only as an emotional refuge but as a potential site for identity formation and ideological resistance. Ultimately, Sula reveals that healing and autonomy for black women require more than personal virtue—they demand a confrontation with cultural myths, internalized shame, and the collective silence imposed by history, community, and self. https://ijels.com/detail/the-death-of-me-friendship-fragmented-selfhood-and-the-illusion-of-morality-in-sula/ Ahsan Pashazade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-105202555-TheDeath.pdf This article reviews the effects of excessive screen time on the development of children. Concerns have been raised about the harm that prolonged screen exposure may cause to their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The article explores both the benefits and drawbacks of excessive screen time, highlighting health issues such as obesity, disrupted sleep patterns, and reduced physical activity. Studies also suggest that too much screen time can negatively affect cognitive development, impacting academic performance, memory, and attention. In addition, increased screen time is linked to emotional and social challenges, including heightened risks of anxiety and depression, as well as a decrease in social skills. While digital media can offer educational benefits, excessive screen use often leads to fewer in-person interactions, hindering the development of essential social and communication skills. The article emphasi0ses the need to set reasonable screen time limits and encourage alternative activities to support balanced development and overall well-being in children. https://ijels.com/detail/the-impact-of-excessive-screen-time-on-the-development-of-children/ D. Geetha. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-105202564-TheImpact.pdf All kinds of repetitions have some ends to fulfill in a literary work and those ends are attached to different kinds of things. The readers should think it as duty of theirs to bring out those ends, in other words meanings from their respective unexplored domains. The reader’s identification of repetitions may be deliberate or spontaneous, self-conscious or unreflective. What is said two or more times in a novel may not be true, but the reader can justify himself if he assumes it to be significant. Repetition as a single entity does not have any existence except in the mind which contemplates it. We can speak of repetition only by the virtue of the change or difference it introduces into our minds. So everything that comes to existence is totally different from each other. It is through the manipulation of time that an author is able to stick together the disparate events in a novel and is able to establish a connection among them by weaving the net of repetition around them. When the events are repeated again and again the time gap between them evaporates gradually. We are affected by the sameness and our judgment becomes biased. That is why we should observe these events as a single whole instead of looking at them as single entities. This particular paper will be making an attempt to place repetition as a narrative strategy by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. https://ijels.com/detail/repetition-as-a-narrative-strategy-in-gabriel-garcia-marquez-s-one-hundred-years-of-solitude/ Tridip Thakuria, Dr. Prasenjit Das https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-105202553-Repetition.pdf Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken is a classic example of poetic language leveraging pragmatic mechanisms to create more meanings than what is literally expressed This research explores the working of conversational implicatures and semantic ambiguities in the poem using a closereading methodology supported by a systematic pragmatic annotation schema Every line was checked for Gricean maxim flouts Quality Quantity Relation Manner enrichment examples generalized vs particularized and cancellations were tagged on a custom tag set Interrater reliability was above Cohens 80 and triangulation with Frosts letters and early criticism provided validity Analytic procedures entailed tracing each maxim violation back to its ensuing implicature and inventorying lexical structural and narrative ambiguities to disclose how they make possible alternative reader inferences of agency regret and selfjustification The findings show that around sixty percent of the lines in the poem have marked pragmatic flouts that create alternations between nonconformity and retrospective rationalization that directly address the current research objective of describing how Frosts ambiguities influence interpretations of choice and regret In conclusion the research verifies that Frosts strategic underdescription and temporal framing are an aesthetic strategy that transforms reader engagement into a dynamic inferential process https://ijels.com/detail/implicature-and-ambiguity-in-the-road-not-taken/ Nagamurali Eragamreddy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-105202560-Implicature.pdf This paper aims to conduct qualitative research evaluating the natural resource crisis, especially land conflicts, while examining their broader impact on geopolitical stability and well-being in South-Asian countries. The research investigation seeks to analyze the effect of land competition and resource depletion on geopolitical volatility, which creates domestic as well as international tensions. These disputes trigger multiple consequences that include forced relocation of people along with limited access to income sources, which creates both political instability and adverse impacts on population welfare. The research further examines how microfinance serves as an instrument for boosting domestic resilience while promoting both start-up initiatives and integrated development in resource-stressed areas. Through policy evaluation, case studies and theoretical frameworks (resource dependency theory and sustainable livelihoods framework), the paper highlights structural approaches which alleviate the adverse effects of resource conflicts. The study demonstrates that resources must be governed while grassroots financial tools become integrated to enhance community well-being. It adds valuable insights into the social and political factors operating in South Asia while establishing that sustainable resource use needs to blend with microfinance structures to foster long-term regional stability and improvement in human welfare. https://ijels.com/detail/a-qualitative-analysis-of-the-natural-resource-s-crisis-and-microfinance-on-geopolitical-stability-and-wellbeing/ Tanvi Banura https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-103202567-AQualitative.pdf The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) marks the beginning of a significant era of technological advancement, influencing numerous facets of society. Literature, in particular, stands on the threshold of profound transformation. This paper examines the intricate relationship between AI and the evolving landscape of literature, analysing how this powerful technology is reshaping creative expression. The study seeks to illuminate both the promising opportunities and critical challenges posed by AI, particularly about authorship, readership, and the fundamental nature of narrative itself. Given the rapid progression of AI technologies, understanding their potential impact on one of humanity's most enduring forms of cultural and creative expression has become increasingly essential. https://ijels.com/detail/from-pen-to-processor-the-intersection-of-ai-and-literary-innovation/ Shubham Yadav https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-105202558-From.pdf This paper will explore the trauma of partition and the destruction of a valued way of life as expressed by Amrita Pritam in her Punjabi poem Waris Shah Nu. It becomes imperative to look at literature, either celebrating Independence, or the tragedy of Partition, by foregrounding this human cost. The poem makes a connection between the individual tragedy and the collective trauma that marks the Partition. https://ijels.com/detail/partition-love-hate-in-waris-shah-nu/ Jyotsna Pathak https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-105202537-Partition.pdf With the advent of the global pandemic, the demand for adaptability, flexibility, optimism, and empathy in the workplace has surged. The contemporary work landscape, shaped by remote and hybrid models, has introduced significant challenges to employee performance and career advancement. In this evolving environment, soft skills—redefined as "power skills"—have emerged as critical assets for professional success, complementing traditional technical competencies. Core attributes such as teamwork, communication, leadership, and emotional intelligence now provide a distinct advantage in navigating complex and dynamic global markets. This study employs a conceptual review methodology, analyzing existing literature, industry reports, and policy documents to classify essential power skills into three overarching domains: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and cognitive skills. The findings reveal that these competencies, often underestimated, are in fact the primary drivers of workplace efficacy, innovation, and leadership in the modern workforce. The paper emphasizes the urgent need for educational institutions and organizations to integrate power skills training into academic curricula and professional development programs. By fostering these competencies, individuals can better adapt to dynamic environments, enhance career growth, and contribute meaningfully to organizational success. Future research directions are proposed to empirically validate the impact of structured power skill development on career trajectories. https://ijels.com/detail/from-soft-skills-to-power-skills-a-new-paradigm-for-career-advancement-in-a-changing-world/ Dr. Bhavana Arora https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-105202565-FromSoft.pdf This is the study of George Orwell’s novel 1984 in light of China’s social credit system explores the idea of Orwellian surveillance reflected in all over the world. China’s Social Credit System (SCS) is a mechanism that is designed to rate every citizen based on their behaviour. According to electronic media, SCS has been given a new Direction to China. Orwell’s 1984, a Dystopian novel that was published in 1949 it represent suppression of independent thoughts. It offers a keen study to analyze the extremeness and difference between SCS and the world depicted in 1984. This study sheds light on the numerous techniques used to maintain social norms and presents a framework for examining how SCS influences citizen behavior. By closely reading Orwell’s novel 1984, it engages with the themes of surveillance, totalitarianism, and manipulation. Here, the meaning of surveillance is to monitoring someone closely for control purposes. Totalitarianism describes a system in which the government exerts absolute control over all aspects of life, leaving people with no political freedom or choice. These three factors—surveillance, totalitarianism, and manipulation—contribute to the creation of dystopian societies. In the present scenario, the concept of digital dystopia emerges, where technology is used as a tool for surveillance and social manipulation. This paper highlights how modern digital surveillance mirrors Orwell’s nightmares. The SCS system is a digital system that can be seen as a Faustian deal, similar to Christopher Marlowe’s play Doctor Faustus, in which doctor sells his soul to devil in exchange for 24 years of ultimate power. Likewise, Chinese Citizens trade their freedom and privacy with higher authorities in exchange of privileges and for good opportunities. This study identifies key features of Orwellian warnings and raise concerns about free will and democracy. To analyse, it is essential to divide it into key points and break down various stages to find the findings of rebirth and re-education in 1984 as well as in China’s SCS. These stages serve as a lens for deeper exploration and help to build a corelative understanding between the two. https://ijels.com/detail/study-of-george-orwell-s-novel-1984-in-light-of-china-s-social-credit-system/ Parampreet Kaur, Hardeep Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-105202587-StudyofGeorge.pdf The unique characteristics of English as utilized by senior high school students in their Facebook posts were investigated in this study. The study used a corpus-based methodology, gathering and examining senior high school students' Facebook posts to identify emerging and common graphological features in terms of lexical and grammatical features. The lexical feature analysis of the dataset, which consists of 1,129 lexical items (390 nouns, 380 verbs, 174 adverbs, and 185 adjectives), shows a rich and balanced use of word classes that promote textual complexity and meaning creation. Adjectives and adverbs serve descriptive and modifying functions that enhance expressivity and specificity, while nouns and verbs dominate the lexical inventory due to their essential function in conveying concepts and actions. The examination of grammatical features, including 271 prepositions, 371 pronouns, 208 auxiliary verbs, 119 articles, and 142 conjunctions, amounting to 1,057 instances, revealed significant patterns that align with recent studies on English grammar usage and learner language. Pronouns, the most prevalent category, underscore their vital function in ensuring textual cohesion and referential clarity by substituting for nouns and avoiding repetition. Meanwhile, the notable frequency of prepositions and conjunctions reflects the intricate nature of syntactic relationships and the essential role these elements play in expressing spatial, temporal, and logical links between ideas, which are fundamental for creating grammatically sound and coherent texts. Findings revealed that the graphological substances in the Facebook posts of students include non-standard spelling by altering the conventional spelling of words, incorporating emojis, clippings and shortening of words, capitalization, using capitalization for emphasis, deviating from standard punctuation rules, blending of languages, omitted letters, and the use of lowercase instead of uppercase letters. The implications for English language teaching and learning in the Philippines, drawn from recent studies, span multiple dimensions including language teaching, learners, teachers, social media use, and the Filipino community as second language users. https://ijels.com/detail/distinctive-features-of-english-in-facebook-posts-of-filipino-senior-high-school-students/ Susan L. Fragio, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-105202566-Distinctive.pdf This paper presents a comparative analysis of Dalit literature in India and Afro-American literature in the United States, focusing on autobiographies to explore themes of humiliation and exploitation. By examining works such as Omprakash Valmiki's "Jonathan," Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X," and Richard Wright's "Black Boy," the study analyzes the social, economic, and psychological impacts of systemic oppression. It investigates how autobiographical writing contributes to identity formation and resistance among marginalized communities. Key findings reveal significant similarities in the experiences of humiliation and economic exploitation faced by both Dalits and African Americans, highlighting the universal nature of systemic oppression. However, distinct historical and cultural contexts—caste-based discrimination in India and racial segregation in the US—shape unique manifestations of injustice. The paper underscores the critical role of literature in social activism, illustrating how personal narratives serve as powerful tools for documenting and challenging oppression. This study enhances global understanding of discrimination and promotes cross-cultural solidarity in the fight for social justice. https://ijels.com/detail/echoes-of-oppression-comparative-insights-into-dalit-and-afro-american-experiences-of-humiliation-and-exploitation/ Pritisha Vijay Dethe, Dr. Sanjay Urade https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-105202561-Echoes.pdf This study delved into the experiences of parents and teachers in the use of mother tongue as a medium of instruction in mathematics for the Grade 2 learners in three identified public elementary schools during the school year 2020-2021. The findings were the basis for implication for practice. It utilized a qualitative-phenomenological method through interview to 15 teachers and 30 parents from the three schools. An interpretative phenomenological analysis with the use of interview guide was performed in finding out the experiences of both the participants the parents and teachers. The result revealed that parents were more comfortable with using the local dialect and translating Sinugbuanong Binisaya terms to English while teaching their children at home since the learners can understand English more due to their exposure of the language on the internet. The advantages include familiarization of its own dialect while the disadvantages include lacks practicality. On the other hand, participants encountered challenges like unfamiliar words and various lengths of difficulties in understanding. Furthermore, the coping mechanism was to intensify home teaching using fitting strategy effect comprehension in math. It is concluded that teaching Sinugbuanong Bisaya as a medium of instruction in math subject greatly affects the learners. It is recommended that educational stakeholders, particularly curriculum developers and school administrators, consider a more flexible and context-sensitive approach in implementing the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) policy in mathematics instruction. https://ijels.com/detail/experiences-of-parents-and-teachers-of-sinugbuanong-binisaya-as-a-medium-of-instruction-in-math-subject-for-grade-2-learners/ Jezette E. Palingcod, Mary Kaye C. Duterte, Irene E. Rodis, Ramil P. Manguilimotan, Gengen G. Padillo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-105202538-Experiences.pdf This article explores curriculum reform in federal Nepal, focusing on the potential and challenges of creating a ground-up, justice-oriented pedagogical vision. Following Nepal’s shift to federalism in 2015, the decentralization of education governance has opened new spaces for localized curriculum development. However, structural centralism, bureaucratic inertia, and limited local capacity have hindered transformative change. Drawing on central pedagogy, decentralization theory, and textual analysis of provincial education plans, this study argues that curriculum reform must move beyond administrative devolution to become a participatory and culturally responsive process. The analysis reveals that while some provinces have begun incorporating local knowledge and languages, most reforms remain constrained by national frameworks and top-down implementation. The article calls for a reimagining of curriculum as a democratic, dialogical practice, grounded in the lived experiences of diverse Nepali communities. It proposes practical pathways—including inclusive curriculum committees, mother-tongue education, integration of indigenous knowledge, and localized teacher training—to build a more equitable and contextually relevant education system. https://ijels.com/detail/curriculum-reform-in-federal-nepal-toward-a-ground-up-and-just-pedagogical-vision/ Bijaya Kandel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-105202541-Curriculum.pdf Sadat Hassan Manto is a prominent Urdu-language writer from British India who have worked on emotions, trauma during partition. Manto's work acclaimed for its uncompromising depiction of societal truths, presents a diverse array of female characters that confront the patriarchal conventions and gender disparities that were common throughout his day. This study seeks to reveal the intricate portrayal of women in Manto's stories from a feminist perspective. It will analyze topics such as women's empowerment, strength in the face of adversity, and the examination of patriarchal systems. The study also explores the intricacies of intersectionality in Manto's narratives, analyzing how gender intersects with other social identities such as class, religion, and ethnicity. Further, this study examines the disputes and objections regarding Manto's depiction of women, while also emphasizing his impact on feminist discussions and the enduring significance of his themes in present-day society. This study aims to analyze Manto's writings from a feminist standpoint in order to highlight the lasting importance of his literary heritage in influencing discussions on gender, power, and social justice. https://ijels.com/detail/understanding-the-concepts-of-feminism-in-the-works-of-sadat-hassan-manto-a-critical-analysis/ Zubia Razeen, Prof. Nishat Arif Hussaini https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-105202562-Understanding.pdf All of us know that the political influence of Gandhi ji in Indian politics and freedom movement remained one of the key determinants during 1917-1947, which is known as the Gandhian era of Indian freedom struggle against British Colonialism. Most of the scholars agree still today that Mahatma Gandhi made a substantial and crucial contribution to Indian ‘Nationalism.’ Actually, the idea of nationalism in his political spirit was born out of his experience of remaining and working strongly against the colonial discrimination with natives of the country as well as people residing from abroad including Indians in South Africa, consequently, the critical behaviour of the Britishers compelled Gandhi's desire to instill the spirit of nationalism within himself. Truely, Gandhi’s ideas on politics, truth, purity of means, Non-violence, Satyagraha, and secular perspectives on religion have since contributed to the development of the spirit of nationalism among all Indians. Therefore, Gandhi's nationalistic spirit and other perspectives on women's rights, rural development, decentralized democracy through the empowerment of Gram Panchayats, and the ideal of ‘Ram Rajya’ have also all contributed to the rise of nationalism in India. On the contrary, the idea of nationalism became more popular among all people as well as freedom fighters (both-liberalists & extremists) from the various segments of the Indian society or social classes, pressure groups, and religious leaders, and it was greatly influenced by the spirit of Gandhi's political philosophy such as: ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’, principles of ‘Non-violence’ and ‘Satyagraha’, the boycotting of the British discriminatory policies against Indians, and the active participation of the Indian masses into the freedom movement in the wake of 1920. Now through his entry as a successful agitator after getting the success in ‘Champaran Satyagraha’ in the year of 1917 in favour of indigo producer farmers, Gandhiji became a well-known political figure of the freedom movement throughout the country. Meanwhile, the political environment in the country emerged as a massive oppose in lieu of the ‘Rowlatt Act’ passed by the Britishers, which was called a black law in the historical journey of colonial rule in India. As a result, due to the protest by Indian masses, a big massacre at Jallianwala, Amritsar on 13th April, 1919, compelled the Indian freedom fighters like Gandhiji to take an active and effective step to oppose this brutality of the colonial government. The present research paper makes a theoretical review of the spirit of Gandhi's political philosophy in the perspective of nationalism in India and its relevance in the modern world. https://ijels.com/detail/spirit-of-nationalism-in-mahatma-gandhi-s-political-philosophy-relevance-in-the-modern-world/ Mukesh Deshwal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-104202559-Spiritof.pdf This study investigates the relationship between social media usage perceived loneliness and sexual orientation among young adults Utilizing a sample of 77 participants aged 18 to 30 the research employed standardized tools including the Social Media Usage Scale SMUS the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 and the Kinsey Scale to assess participants digital behavior emotional isolation and sexual identity The findings revealed a moderate positive correlation between social media usage and loneliness r 052 p 001 suggesting that higher engagement with social media is associated with increased feelings of loneliness ANOVA results showed significant differences in loneliness scores across sexual orientation groups F3 73 594 p 001 with nonheterosexual individualsparticularly homosexual and bisexual participantsreporting the highest levels of loneliness Additionally a moderation analysis indicated that sexual orientation significantly influenced the strength of the relationship between social media usage and loneliness 029 p 005 with a stronger effect observed among LGBTQ individuals These findings underscore the dual nature of social media as both a space for identity expression and a source of emotional disconnection particularly for marginalized groups The study highlights the need for more inclusive and emotionally supportive digital environments for young adults navigating complex social and identityrelated challenges https://ijels.com/detail/an-analysis-of-relationship-between-social-media-usage-loneliness-and-sexual-orientation-among-young-adults/ Lavanya Pandey https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-105202571-AnAnalysis.pdf This paper delves into the theoretical underpinnings of discourse analysis, specifically examining its multimodal and critical dimensions. As a starting point for comprehending discourse's multimodal character, it looks at the Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) method and Mediated Discourse Analysis (MDA). While Michael Halliday's SFL places an emphasis on language's social functions and its role in meaning construction across modes, Ron Scollon's MDA places an emphasis on the significance of mediated social action in discourse. Following this, the paper moves on to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), dissecting two seminal methods: Teun van Dijk's Sociocognitive Approach (SCA) and Ruth Wodak and Martin Reisigl's Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). By utilising these critical approaches, one can effectively analyse discourse for its power dynamics, ideology, and the way social identities are constructed. This paper seeks to provide a thorough understanding of the ways in which discourse is influenced by and shapes larger social, cognitive, and historical contexts by combining insights from critical theory with those from multimodal approaches. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-multimodal-and-critical-dimensions-in-discourse-analysis-theoretical-foundations-and-methodological-approaches/ Mitali Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-105202559-Exploring.pdf In the words of Albert Eistein “A man’s ethical behavior should be centered on sympathy, education and social needs without religious bias. Men would in fact be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hope of reward after death. Indian writers created the themes based on Indian History, myth and emotions. R.K. Narayan’s The Man Eater of Malgudi depict emotional intelligence and human emotions to portray the individual. It is a voyage of creature to creator. The work conveyed ethics and Emotional Intelligence principles to the modern generation to up lift and follow humanitarian principles, without which society would remain as a chaotic piece of human world. This present research paper is an endeavor to study, investigate and understand issues related to religion, Emotional Intelligence and humanitarianism sublime themes from the work of R.K. Narayan in the contemporary society. His narration focusses on the ways in which Vasu’s mental processes reflect a conflict between desire and possessiveness. https://ijels.com/detail/ei-and-indian-traditions-in-r-k-narayan-s-the-man-eater-of-malgudi/ Dr. G. Kiran Kumar Reddy, Dr. A. Kiran Mayee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-105202574-EIand.pdf Since memory has often been considered a site of nostalgia and resistance, The Remains of the Day (1989) by an acclaimed Japanese-British writer named Kazuo Ishiguro appears to be telling the tale of how memories of past determine a person’s identity. The novel is set in England and the narrator is the quint-essential English Butler, Mr. Stevens who has given more than thirty years of his life to serve his English master, Lord Darlington at Darlington Hall. It is July 1956 and his present American master, Mr. Farraday wants him to go on a motoring trip for few days. Consequently, the butler decides to take a leisurely drive through the English countryside and it is during his trip, he realizes the futility of his life spent at Darlington Hall. Stevens, who had confined himself to the four walls and had always been pompous of his professional achievements, now realizes that he has achieved nothing in his life. It is pertinent to mention that though Stevens’s master sends him on a trip to relieve him from his duty for a few days but he (the butler) fails to disassociate himself from the past and it is his journey into the past that uncovers various doubts about how his own life has been and how he has failed in building good human relationships. The present paper, therefore, is a deliberate attempt to bring to the forth the memory as a powerful medium to determine one’s identity. https://ijels.com/detail/memory-as-a-powerful-medium-to-determine-identity-in-kazuo-ishiguro-s-the-remains-of-the-day/ Simmy Bansal, Dr Mahesh Kumar Arora https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-105202580-Memory.pdf The study explores the intersection of Jungian archetypes and Vedantic philosophy within the context of The Matrix film focusing on the manifestation of archetypal structures within an AIsimulated reality The study examines how the Wachowskis employ the concept of My the divine illusion of perceived reality rooted in Vedic philosophy to construct a technologically mediated universe governed by artificial intelligence AI These archetypes are not merely character functions but are symbolic representations of universal psychic patterns that are repurposed by machine intelligence for control and containment Through a close textual and theoretical analysis this study argues that The Matrix film constructs a mythopoetic digital space in which archetypal narratives are simulated and commodified by AI transforming the collective unconscious into a programmable and manipulable system The cinematic landscape of the film reveals a complex philosophical engagement with the nature of reality identity and freedom in the posthuman age By mapping ancient psychological and metaphysical concepts onto a cybernetic framework the film offers a profound critique of digital modernity and the evolving relationship between human consciousness and machine intelligence https://ijels.com/detail/jungian-archetypes-within-the-ai-simulated-maya-in-the-film-the-matrix/ Pawan Soni https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-105202586-Jungian.pdf When addressing the ‘gender question,’ a key concept that emerges is diversity, particularly within marginalised and underrepresented groups. One such group is Muslim women, whose experiences are often discussed in public and academic discourse, yet rarely centred. This paper seeks to examine the gender stereotypes faced by Muslim women, both within their communities and from external societal structures. It further explores how power dynamics and patriarchal frameworks influence the formation and negotiation of Muslim women’s identities. Recognising the complexity of the term ‘Muslim women’, the paper will highlight the diversity and heterogeneity within this category, including women's lived experiences across different social, economic, and geographical contexts. Special attention will be given to the voices of both indigenous and migrant Muslim women, with a particular focus on the Global South. The study will engage with contemporary Muslim women writers and scholars contributing to a growing body of feminist Muslim scholarship, challenging dominant narratives and reclaiming space within both religious and feminist discourses. Ultimately, the paper aims to foreground the agency of Muslim women as they actively engage in the process of redefining and reclaiming their identities in the face of intersecting forms of marginalisation. https://ijels.com/detail/beyond-the-veil-reimagining-muslim-women-s-identities-in-the-global-south/ Dr. Mirza Sadaf Fatima https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-105202582-Beyond.pdf Anne Frank’s The Diary of a Young Girl is a poignant and enduring memoir that gained international acclaim following the author’s tragic death during the Holocaust. Written as a series of letters to her imaginary friend “Kitty,” the diary not only chronicles Anne’s daily life in hiding but also offers profound reflections on identity, fear, hope, and humanity. Through her candid and emotionally rich narrative, Anne provides a deeply personal account of Nazi persecution and the horrors of the Holocaust. Her voice stands as a symbolic representation of the over one million Jewish children whose lives were lost during this dark chapter in history. This paper explores how Anne’s diary serves both as historical testimony and literary artifact, emphasizing how conflicts rooted in racism, casteism, religious intolerance, and blind nationalism can lead to widespread destruction. It argues for the necessity of fostering empathy, dismantling segregation, and promoting love and humanity in the face of division and hatred. https://ijels.com/detail/resilience-and-survival-a-historical-study-of-trepidation-and-the-holocaust-through-anne-frank-s-the-diary-of-a-young-girl/ Sreelakshmi J https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-105202588-Resilience.pdf Teachers open the path for greater involvement and lifetime literacy skills by arming students with deliberate strategies. This quasi-experimental study investigated the effectiveness of a researcher-made reading drill booklet in enhancing the oral reading fluency of Grade 7 students at Bagumbayan National High School during the 2024–2025 school year. Forty students were selected to participate in a one-group pre-test-post-test design, utilizing Reader’s Theater and Choral Reading strategies as part of their communication arts presentation. The intervention consisted of daily ten-minute reading drills over two months to enhance oral reading fluency, word production per minute (WPM), and pronunciation. Pre-test results indicated low fluency levels, with mean WPM and pronunciation scores falling below grade-level expectations. Following the intervention, significant improvements were observed: WPM and pronunciation scores increased substantially, as confirmed by paired t-tests where t-statistics far exceeded the critical t-tab value. Reader’s Theater and Choral Reading contributed to these gains, with the greatest improvements noted in expressive and audible reading. However, some collaborative aspects, such as turn-taking, remained moderate. The findings demonstrate that structured, researcher-made reading drills effectively enhance key aspects of oral reading fluency, particularly accuracy and expression. It is recommended that such materials be integrated into regular instruction and supplemented with additional activities to further develop reading speed and collaborative skills. https://ijels.com/detail/researcher-made-reading-drill-booklet-and-students-oral-reading-fluency-in-communication-arts-presentations/ Esther Grace A. Sales, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-105202589-Researcher.pdf Second language acquisition (SLA) is a vital field in linguistics and education, involving understanding cognitive abilities, emotional states, and social contexts to develop effective language learning strategies. The study aims to identify cognitive, affective, social, and individual factors influencing L2 learning, assess their impact on language acquisition, and explore the potential for personalized instruction based on these determinants. This mixed-methods study involved 100 English learners aged 8-45, categorized into younger and older groups. Quantitative data was collected through standardized tests such as the modern language aptitude test, Gardener’s attitude/motivation battery, and questionnaires such as motivation questionnaire, exposure questionnaire, and a custom-designed questionnaire for L2 interaction in different contexts. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews and case studies to capture personal experiences in SLA. Quantitative data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis and factorial ANOVA. Thematic analysis of the participant's experiences and case studies was conducted for qualitative data analysis. The study found that age alone is not a predictor of SLA success, whereas motivation, exposure, and aptitude are most important among them. Younger learners had better pronunciation and grammatical accuracy, while older learners performed better in vocabulary and explicit grammatical knowledge. Integrative motivation was a significant predictor of L2 proficiency, while high language aptitude, particularly in phonetic coding and grammatical sensitivity, was linked to faster and more successful acquisition. Immersion environments were found to be more effective for L2 learning. Structural differences were causing negative L1 interference which significantly influences language learning. The study highlights the importance of age, motivation, aptitude, exposure, and L1 influence in L2 acquisition, emphasizing the need for personalized teaching strategies. https://ijels.com/detail/determinants-of-second-language-acquisition-exploring-key-variables-and-their-interactions-in-l2-learning/ Ozlem Isik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/66IJELS-104202550-Determinants.pdf This paper dwells upon the complex phenomenon of the evolution of the English language in the context of Indian literature, presenting a detailed discussion of how Indian writers have creatively appropriated and Indianized English to suit their indigenous cultural and socio-political exigencies. It delves into the ways by which English, a language which was imposed on the colony, has been 'monkeyed' and transformed into an authentic medium of expression. At the heart of this transformation are a set of linguistic innovations—code-mixing, semantic reassignments, syntactic play, and the use of regional idioms—that give writers a way to mirror the diverse and textured reality of Indian experience. Through an examination of the works of some eminent Indian English writers, the research demonstrates how these writers reject English grammar as it is otherwise written, and establish what amounts to an Indian accent in literature. Such recourse to mixed lexicons or hybrid tongues is not only the reflection of local realities but also a form of reclaiming linguistic agency in a postcolonial world. The paper claims that such linguistic creative practice is not mere stylistic exotica, but rather lies at the heart of identity empowerment, prevention of linguistic imperialism, and the telling of authentic life stories. The study, in the end, suggests that Indian English literature is not static but a pulsating and changing phenomenon in the scheme of world literature. By constantly testing the limits of the language, it both redefines the limits of English and enriches the literature of the world. And this continued evolution proves that Indian English writing has more than stood its ground, is a wonderful example of how language adapts and always remains at the centre of cultural self-expression. https://ijels.com/detail/blended-lexicons-and-hybrid-tongues-tracing-linguistic-innovation-in-indian-english-literature/ Dr Linesh Balhara https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/67IJELS-105202598-Blended.pdf Through a critical reading of George Ryga's landmark play The Ecstasy of Rita Joe (1967), this essay examines the ongoing marginalization and resistance of Canada's Indigenous peoples. With its roots in Ryga's personal experience as a cultural outsider and its inspiration from a real-life case of an Aboriginal woman who was murdered, the play effectively exposes the systemic racism, gendered violence, and cultural erasure that Aboriginal communities face. The article frames the ongoing discussion about Indigenous rights with the symbolic act of resistance performed by singer Jully Black, who changed the Canadian national anthem to highlight settler colonialism. The play illustrates how dominant colonial structures like the legal system, the Church, and others criminalize, silence, and obliterate Indigenous identity through Rita Joe's tragic story. The study looks at how memory sequences give voice to subaltern experiences while characters like Father Andrew and the Magistrate enforce assimilation. The study makes the case that Rita and Jaimie both embody marginalized voices fighting against imposed identities and systemic violence, drawing on postcolonial theory, particularly Gayatri Spivak's concept of the subaltern. https://ijels.com/detail/our-home-and-on-native-land-a-perpetual-condemnation-and-combat-of-the-aboriginals-a-case-study-of-george-ryga-s-the-ecstasy-of-rita-joe/ Yukti Bhardwaj https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/68IJELS-105202583-OurHome.pdf The Isha Upanishad, one of the most concise yet profound texts in the Upanishadic corpus, offers a radical vision of divinity pervading all existence. This paper explores the philosophical essence of the Isha Upanishad, with a particular focus on its opening mantra which declares the world to be enveloped by the Supreme Being. Through interpretative analysis, the paper connects the teachings of the Upanishad with the Bhagavad Gita, highlighting shared values of renunciation (tyaga), non-attachment (vairagya), and ethical engagement with the world. Drawing upon Advaita Vedanta, Stoicism, and real-world scenarios, the research contemplates how spiritual wisdom from ancient India remains dynamically relevant to modern life. The paper concludes by affirming the Isha Upanishad’s message of holistic living where inner realization leads to external harmony. https://ijels.com/detail/wholeness-in-renunciation-an-interpretative-inquiry-into-the-isha-upanishad-and-its-echoes-in-the-bhagavad-gita/ Dr. Shiva Sharma, Dr. Vijaykumar Dalsukhbhai Prajapati https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/69IJELS-105202570-Wholeness.pdf This article examines Cassandra, an autobiographical essay written by Florence Nightingale, in its various experiments with the autobiographical form and its implications about representation and individuality. It demonstrates how Cassandra blurs the distinction between autobiography and political tract. Nightingale’s autobiography makes us rethink characteristic features of the autobiography form like the retrospective structure, the conversion narrative, and moments of self-reflection, when viewed from the position of women. Cassandra emerges as a work of persevering intellect from within a social space that had denied women the ability to articulate a critical understanding of their constricted lives, and demands a more meaningful role for women outside the family. Cassandra takes the shape of a collective autobiography bordering on a feminist tract that envisions a change in society on behalf of all women. https://ijels.com/detail/truths-not-yet-believed-florence-nightingale-s-cassandra-as-a-social-autobiography-of-victorian-women/ Madhvi Zutshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/70IJELS-105202594-Truths.pdf This study examines the mechanisms of thought control in dystopian societies as portrayed in George Orwell’s 1984, Animal Farm and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, focusing on the use of language, surveillance, propaganda and indoctrination. It explores how totalitarian regimes suppress individuality, manipulate ideology and enforce conformity through tools such as Orwell’s Newspeak and Thought Police and Atwood’s depiction of religious dogma and patriarchal dominance. By analyzing the psychological impact of such control on characters like Winston Smith and Offred, the research reveals how fear, isolation and repression erode personal autonomy and identity. The study also draws connections between these fictional narratives and real-world issues, including digital surveillance, misinformation and gender inequality. Through comparative analysis, it underscores the enduring relevance of Orwell’s and Atwood’s critiques, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of power, control and resistance and serving as a cautionary reflection on the fragility of intellectual freedom and democratic values in contemporary society. https://ijels.com/detail/control-on-thoughts-and-ideas-in-the-dystopian-society/ Komal Kamini, Dr. Shveta Singh Komal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/71IJELS-105202569-Controlon.pdf Peshwa Bajirao I was an early 18th century general of the Maratha Empire of India. Bajirao I is remembered today as an invincible general. However, he is remembered more prominently for his romance with his second wife Mastani, a figure whose identity in history remains largely unrecorded. Over the past few decades, the love story of Bajirao and Mastani has been the subject of several textual and visual mediums but this study will focus a 2012 novel by Kusum Choppra and will look at Mastani to see how the female who remained mysteriously buried in history finds her space in 21st century exotic historical writing. From being a footnote in most histories, described as the mistress, or the court-dancer, to being the protagonist of Choppra’s novel Mastani, depicted as a fierce princess trained in politics, martial arts and intellectual diplomacy and a true companion to the peshwa, Mastani has come a long way. The paper will try to see, in light of feminism and the self-other dichotomy, how such authorial strategies of recording and recreating the historical female help the narrative thrive in the modern Indian marketplace. https://ijels.com/detail/rewriting-mastani-a-gender-perspective/ Komal Vinayak Tujare https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/72IJELS-105202590-Rewriting.pdf This study identified the predominant registers employed by Grade 12 students on Twitter and assessed the influence of these commonly used registers on their utilization of formal English language. A two-part survey was used to elicit the needed data and mean, and Pearson’s r was applied to obtain results. The findings of the study revealed that the most frequently used registers are dialect registers and the least employed are facetious registers. Further, the participants recognized that their proficiency in formal language is impacted by their utilization of vocabulary specific to Twitter. This suggests that most students face challenges in engaging in formal communication, possibly due to excessive exposure to informal language used on Twitter. Moreover, there exists a notable correlation between the frequency of Twitter usage and the formal English language usage among Grade 12 students. This demonstrates that employing linguistic registers in interacting with X or Twitter may result in a deterioration of their proficiency in formal communication. The study recommends a comprehensive intervention program that language teachers may use to mitigate the impact of the use of informal twitter registers on the language proficiency of the students. https://ijels.com/detail/analysis-of-the-influence-of-the-use-of-twitter-registers-in-the-formal-language-of-grade-12-students/ Josielyne P. Gervacio, Matilda H. Dimaano https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/73IJELS-11220236-Analysisof.pdf Rohinton Mistry was a Parsi writer who depicted the lives and struggles of common man between 1947 – 1984. In his work he portrays about the reality of India aftermath independence. Most of his works such as ‘A fine Balance’, ‘Such a long journey’,‘Family Matters’, ‘The Tale of Firozsha Baag’, has a deep message related to socio-political and cultural realities of India. Major themes include: social inequality, caste system, political oppression, corruption, exile, migration, human resilience, silence, dignity, urban life, poverty, identity, cruelty and communal riots. https://ijels.com/detail/vulnerability-of-disabled-bodies-as-societal-issues-in-a-fine-balance-by-rohinton-mistry/ T. Jenifer, Dr. E. Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/74IJELS-106202514-Vulnerability.pdf This paper explores the intricate human animal relationships and kinship depicted in “Kari the Elephant” by Mukerji, focusing on the profound bond between a young Indian boy and Kari, a five month old elephant. The narrative illustrates how Kari is treated as a family member, emphasizing the emotional connection and mutual care that defines their relationship. Drawing on theories from scholars like Harriet Ritvo and Eric Fudge, the paper argues that Kari embodies moral agency and individuality, challenging traditional views of animals as mere objects. The setting of the Indian jungle serves as an active participant in this bond, highlighting the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and nature. The boy’s interactions with Kari and other animals, such as the snake, crocodile and monkey, further illustrate themes of respect, coexistence and ecological balance. Through these relationships, Mukerji presents a vision of harmony with nature, where both human and animal exist in a shared, interdependent world. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of recognizing the emotional and ethical dimensions of human-animal relationships in literature. https://ijels.com/detail/interspecies-kinship-and-ecological-harmony-in-dhan-gopal-mukerji-s-kari-the-elephant/ S. Sumithra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/75IJELS-1052025100-Interspecies.pdf Rabindranath Tagore, one of the most influential literary figures of modern India, revolutionized the short story form in Bengali literature. This study critically assesses Tagore’s contribution as a short story writer, the thematic depth, narrative innovation, and socio-cultural consciousness embedded in his works. His stories transcend conventional romanticism to explore complex human emotions, social hierarchies, gender roles, and philosophical reflections on freedom and identity. Through a close reading of selected stories, this paper highlights how Tagore blended realism with lyrical prose, effectively portraying the lives of both the marginalized and the elite. The assessment also investigates Tagore’s unique ability to humanize societal critique without didacticism, positioning him as a pioneering force in the evolution of the Indian short story tradition. https://ijels.com/detail/critical-assessment-of-rabindranath-tagore-as-a-short-story-writer/ Rohan Chouhan, Dr. Vibha Singh Thakur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/76IJELS-10620255-Critical.pdf This research examines the representation and framing of climate change in Nepali media during the 29th UN Climate Change Conference (COP29), held from November 11 to 22, 2024, in Baku, Azerbaijan. By analyzing climate-related news content from two major national daily newspapers, state-owned (Gorkhapatra Daily) and private-owned (Kantipur Daily), published during the COP29 period, the findings reveal that public media provided significantly more coverage and prioritized environmental issues compared to private media. This disparity highlights the dominant role of state-owned media in focusing on climate change, while private-owned media took a more selective and less consistent approach to reporting on the issue. The study underscores the need for both media sectors to enhance their coverage by adopting a more balanced, diverse, and comprehensive approach to climate change reporting, ensuring a more inclusive discussion of climate issues in Nepal. https://ijels.com/detail/climate-change-coverage-in-news-media-a-case-study-of-the-nepali-media-in-the-context-of-cop29/ Saugat Mishra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/77IJELS-10620251-Climate.pdf Mary Shelley's Frankenstein explores the themes of femininity and masculinity. The novel has captivated readers with its unique examination of the human condition, scientific ambition, and the consequences of unchecked masculinity. Using feminist and gender studies perspectives, this interpretation analyses how Shelley represents dualities and demonstrates how her education through social norms and family relationships surrounded her with gender roles. Shelley’s tumultuous romance with the renowned romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and their unconventional marriage not only profoundly influenced his perspective on the world but also served as inspiration for his works. However, there was a persistent belief that the conflicts in their marriage fuelled his appreciation for the masculine power and scientific arrogance that were characteristic of Romanticism. The character of Frankenstein, embodied by Victor Frankenstein, serves as a focal point for Mary Shelley's critique of the overwhelming power of masculinity, which comes at the expense of human lives and leads to profound loneliness. This loneliness stems from the neglect of familial responsibilities. Shelley's admiration for her mother's feminist writings, alongside her complicated feelings toward her father, William Godwin, significantly influenced the development of themes such as parental abandonment and the longing for maternal affection in her novel, Frankenstein. The loss of her mother and her separation from her family were significant events in Mary Shelley's life that greatly influenced her writing of the novel. In "Frankenstein," she examines themes of parental responsibility and the consequences of indifference. This work emphasises how Shelley's personal experiences contributed to her feminist perspective and her critique of gender issues. By re-evaluating Shelley's family influences within the framework of feminism and gender studies, this article argues that her experiences provide valuable insights into gender representation and the role of women in nineteenth-century literature. The male characters in the novel are depicted as self-serving and ambitious, while the female characters consistently demonstrate fidelity and a willingness to obey. https://ijels.com/detail/frankenstein-a-feminist-approach-and-gender-studies/ Ann Pathania https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/78IJELS-106202518-Frankenstein.pdf A crime is an act prohibited by law and accompanied by a threat of sanction in the form of a criminal penalty. One example of such a crime is the forgery of a birth certificate for the purpose of obtaining an inheritance. The focus of this study is to analyse the legal aspects of the crime of falsifying birth certificates to gain inheritance rights. To address this issue, the research employs normative legal methods (also known as normative juridical research) conducted through library research. The aim is to understand how the law views and analyzes the crime of falsifying birth certificates with the intent to obtain inheritance. The findings indicate that cases involving birth certificate forgery must be thoroughly investigated, as such actions can cause harm to others. Therefore, it is essential for judges to take clear and decisive action in order to uphold justice. Failure to do so may result in injustice and harm to those who rightfully deserve the inheritance. https://ijels.com/detail/criminal-law-study-on-forging-birth-certificates-for-inheritance-claims/ Herlina Panggabean, Sarbudin Panjaitan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/79IJELS-104202541-Criminal.pdf In today's dynamic and competitive world, the cultivation of soft skills is crucial for personal and professional success. This abstract delves into the profound insights of Chanakya, the ancient Indian philosopher, strategist, and political economist, on the empowerment of individuals through the enhancement of soft skills. Chanakya's teachings, as expounded in his seminal works like the Arthashastra and the Chanakya Niti, offer timeless wisdom that transcends generations and cultures. Drawing upon a rich tapestry of anecdotes, aphorisms, and strategic principles, this abstract explores how Chanakya's teachings serve as a comprehensive guide for individuals seeking to develop and refine their soft skills. Central to Chanakya's philosophy is the cultivation of leadership attributes, communication prowess, emotional intelligence, and adept interpersonal relationships. Ultimately, this serves as a tribute to Chanakya's legacy, inspiring readers to embark on a transformative journey of self-discovery and empowerment. By embracing Chanakya's teachings on soft skills enhancement, individuals can navigate life's myriad challenges with resilience, adaptability, and unwavering confidence, thereby realizing their aspirations and leaving an indelible mark on the world. https://ijels.com/detail/empowering-individuals-chanakya-s-teachings-on-soft-skills-enhancement/ Dr. Ram Avtar, Dr. Rakhi Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/80IJELS-105202596-Empowering.pdf The goal of this study is to make a case that the campus of a university served as the venue for discussion, planning, and mobilization. Campuses have come to represent the perfect arena of power where social demands are made and power battles are fought since they serve as a microcosm of society. The campus acted as both a microcosm of the outside world and a testing ground for ideas and activities before they were introduced to the entire public. In terms of approach the study used a documentary review to highlight the various experiences associated with student activism from three public universities in Uganda. Findings indicate that, the university has developed into a setting for remaking society. The youth of Uganda in the 1990s sparked significant social transformation and began a new chapter in human history. The movement stressed the significant position that higher education institutions hold as centers of research, teaching, and community action. Since the freedom of thinking expressed inside the campus's physical setting gives humanity the vital inventiveness required to create a better and fairer world, the campus' privileged status should continue to be maintained. The study only included three public universities in Uganda, so it may not be feasible to extrapolate the results to other nations. Instead, it may be more practical to provide students with tailored learning support, let alone allow the university to grow organically. https://ijels.com/detail/depictions-of-activism-at-universities-compared-contexts-for-political-engagement/ Johnson Ocan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/81IJELS-102202525-Depictions.pdf This article critically examines the growing impact of climate change as a result of human activities and explores its multifaceted consequences on the environment, human health, and society. It outlines the differences between weather and climate, attributing the accelerated pace of climate change predominantly to anthropogenic factors such as fossil fuel consumption, deforestation, and industrial emissions. The article discusses the severe repercussions of climate change in India, particularly in Kerala, highlighting recent extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and policy responses such as the introduction of the state's first environmental budget. The emotional and psychological responses to ecological degradation—captured through concepts like eco-anxiety, eco-grief, and solastalgia—are explored, emphasizing their rising significance among youth. The study focuses on Alappuzha's youth and their perceptions of climate change, integrating survey data within a theoretical framework that includes environmental psychology and climate activism. “Reparation or Impairment? Youth Perception of Climate Change, Ecological Grief, Eco-Anxiety and Solastalgia in Alappuzha,” adopts a mixed-methods approach to assess awareness, concern, and the emotional impact of environmental changes. The findings suggest a growing urgency to address not only the physical but also the mental health challenges posed by climate change, reinforcing the need for comprehensive policy and community-based action. https://ijels.com/detail/reparation-or-impairment-youth-perception-of-climate-change-ecological-grief-eco-anxiety-and-solastalgia-in-alappuzha/ Thanooja. T, Arya Jose https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/82IJELS-1052025103-Reparation.pdf In the context of AI, where optimization and rapid processing are paramount, Vedic Mathematics presents a valuable set of tools that can enhance algorithmic performance. The methods inherent to Vedic Mathematics—such as pattern recognition, digit manipulation, and modular arithmetic—align with the principles of algorithmic efficiency and computational optimization critical to AI systems. This paper investigates how Vedic techniques can be integrated into modern computational frameworks to improve algorithmic processes, reduce computational overhead, and accelerate problem-solving. We analyze the core Sutras and their applications in comparison with contemporary computational techniques, highlighting how these ancient methods can be adapted to optimize data processing, enhance numerical accuracy, and contribute to algorithmic innovation. By drawing parallels between Vedic Mathematics and current AI methodologies, this study elucidates the potential synergies and practical applications of these historical techniques in advancing the field of artificial intelligence. https://ijels.com/detail/unveiling-the-relevance-of-vedic-mathematics-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence/ Babita Trivedi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/83IJELS-10620256-Unveiling.pdf This paper provides a historical and comparative analysis of sedition laws in liberal democracies, focusing on England, the United States, and India. While freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic governance, its limits—particularly concerning speech deemed seditious—reveal tensions between state security and civil liberties. The study traces the evolution of sedition from its origins in English common law, where it was used to suppress dissent before its eventual abolition in 2009, to its contested application in the U.S. under the Alien and Sedition Acts and later judicial refinements like the "imminent lawless action" test in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). In contrast, India’s retention of its colonial-era sedition law (Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code) demonstrates its continued use as a tool to criminalize political dissent, despite judicial attempts to narrow its scope. Through case studies and legal analysis, the paper highlights the politicization of sedition in contemporary India, where accusations often target activists, journalists, and protesters with little evidentiary basis. A comparative assessment reveals that while England and the U.S. have moved toward greater free speech protections, India’s legal framework remains restrictive, reflecting unresolved anxieties about national unity and democratic dissent. The paper concludes by questioning the necessity of sedition laws in liberal democracies and calls for legislative and judicial reforms to align India’s approach with global standards of free expression. https://ijels.com/detail/free-speech-and-sedition-a-historical-and-comparative-analysis-in-liberal-democracies/ Sahith Mandapalli https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/84IJELS-106202542-FreeSpeech.pdf This study examines the impact of literature-based learning in enhancing the learning of the English language with emphasis on its contribution to the enhancement of cognitive, affective, and sociocultural capabilities. This study justifies the application of different literary materials in the teaching of the language to significantly boost students' critical skills, motivation, and intercultural competencies. A mixed-methods approach was utilized with both quantitative questionnaires and qualitative semi-structured interviews to obtain deep data from twenty undergraduate participants. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, frequency tables, and iterative coding to create key themes substantiated with t-test comparisons of gender differences. Results suggest uniformly high scores on all aspects of literature-based instruction canvassed, and qualitative results state that participatory and interactive pedagogical practice change static language learning to an interactive real-life experience. These findings squarely answer the research question by way of demonstration of how literature-based approaches benefit language ability as well as other learning achievements. The research concludes that the use of literature in the teaching of the English language enhances the language abilities but also enhances essential cognitive as well as socio-emotional skills, offering learners complete development. https://ijels.com/detail/unpacking-the-mechanisms-how-literature-pedagogy-influences-english-language-learning-outcomes/ Dr. Nagamurali Eragamreddy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/85IJELS-106202520-Unpacking.pdf This article explores the themes of trauma and memory in August Strindberg’s one-act modern tragedy, Facing Death, applying the theoretical frameworks of Dominick LaCapra’s trauma theory—particularly his concepts of acting-out and working-through—and Avishai Margalit’s notion of the ethics of memory. It focuses on the characterization of the protagonist, Monsieur Durand, critically examining how his traumatic past and its unsettling memories converge and rupture his sense of self, ultimately leading to his suicide. Based on a hermeneutic methodology with subjective interpretation and argumentation, rather than objective, data-driven analysis, the article contends that Durand’s suicide stems not merely from financial hardship or generosity toward his daughters, but from profound psychological wounds. https://ijels.com/detail/memory-as-burden-and-ethical-duty-trauma-and-the-ethics-of-remembering-in-strindberg-s-facing-death/ Bhabes Kumar Labh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/86IJELS-106202528-Memory.pdf Upon reading Beverley Naidoo’s The Other Side of Truth (2000), it is not difficult to see that Sade and her brother Femi survive their physical journey through lies. This indicates how the face of children’s fiction has changed dramatically from one that is designed to instill morality to one that is more ambiguous, even contradictory in its moral teachings. Along her journey, Sade struggles with her parents’ dictum to always do the right thing ‘when doing the right thing can lead to awful consequences’ (Giles, 2009, p. 349). This paper examines Sade’s moral and emotional growth by examining first its main catalyst, which is fear. It also discusses the stages of Sade’s moral growth by referring to the works of the American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg on moral development. Finally, it examines Sade’s memory, which prepared the ground for her to grow rather than to decline. For each point of discussion and to sharpen the focus on Sade’s growth, her actions will be compared with those of other characters she deals with in the novel. https://ijels.com/detail/nurah-abdul-wahid-abdullah-siddik/ Nurah Abdul Wahid Abdullah Siddik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/87IJELS-106202524-Sade.pdf The quest for Absolute truth unfolds on the battlefield of Kurukshetra (dharma-kshetra), primarily focusing on Arjuna’s psychological turmoil and Krishna’s philosophical advice. Arjuna’s role depicts the mere human psyche bounded by attachment to material life. This article explores the metaphysical and ethical aspects of the Bhagavad Gita, an encyclopaedia of life. Supreme lord’s wisdom provides a framework based on Sankhya Yoga and Karma Yoga for resolving moral quandaries, whereas Arjuna’s moral crisis reflects a universal moral quandary, perplexed between his emotions and his karma. The concept of duty (dharma), action (karma), and salvation (moksha) are highlighted in the study, which further critiques the delusion of illusion (maya) and ignorance (avidya) and the consequences of one’s Akarma. These elements hinder the process of spiritual enlightenment or attaining transcendental consciousness. The pursuit of transcendental consciousness, also called Krishna’s consciousness in Karma Yoga, discusses the cosmic ramifications of the human psyche and, role of divine agency. By applying the Hermeneutic approach, the theory of interpretation, this study portrays Gita as a dynamic interaction of psychological, theological elements and ethical elements that are highly relevant to discussions about responsibility, emancipation, and agency. https://ijels.com/detail/the-path-to-liberation-realising-the-truth-and-living-through-righteous-action-in-the-bhagwat-gita/ Ann Pathania https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/88IJELS-106202535-ThePath.pdf Bhutan's ascent as a moral leader in climate diplomacy complicates prevailing orthodoxies in international relations, particularly those concerning the strategic constraints faced by small states. Drawing upon a cosmology informed by Mahayana Buddhism, anchored in an environmentally prescient constitution, and governed through the paradigm of Gross National Happiness (GNH), Bhutan operationalizes an integrated model of environmental governance that exceeds symbolic engagement. This article delineates the historical, doctrinal, legal, and geopolitical foundations of Bhutan’s green diplomacy, arguing that its principled posture constitutes a replicable and normatively resonant form of statecraft in an era defined by ecological precarity. https://ijels.com/detail/bhutan-s-green-diplomacy-a-model-of-ethical-ecology-and-small-state-influence/ Rasik Rahman KK https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/89IJELS-106202546-Bhutan.pdf Qualitative research examines individuals’ social, cultural, and psychological life experiences by listening to their stories in their own words, and it accepts the existence of multiple realities shaped by lived experiences. This article explores the role of personal narratives within qualitative research, highlighting the function of these stories both as a method of data collection and as a form of knowledge production. It also explains how qualitative research, based on key theoretical approaches such as phenomenology, constructivism and hermeneutics, helps to illuminate the subjective dimensions of identity, emotion, and memory. Furthermore, the researcher is positioned as someone who participates in the process with positionality and simultaneously takes on the role of a reflexive agent. Utilising methods such as in-depth interviews, participant observation, thematic and narrative analysis, this paper demonstrates that qualitative research is beyond numerical generalisations and focuses on understanding human stories. Real-life stories are at the heart of qualitative research because they hold emotions, meanings, and perspectives that cannot be captured by numbers alone. These stories reveal how individuals make sense of their world, offering deep insight into their identities, struggles, and growth. For instance, the story of a Middle Eastern woman learning English in London is not just about learning a language; it is about her identity, fear, pride, and resilience in a new cultural environment. Many studies focus on what people say, but they often miss something deeper: the story itself. This paper fills that gap by showing that meaning is not just found in the content, but in the storytelling process, where both the participant and the researcher shape the understanding together. https://ijels.com/detail/the-power-of-stories-understanding-human-experience-through-qualitative-research/ Ozlem Isik https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/90IJELS-106202547-ThePower.pdf This study assessed the impact, usability, and sustainability of the Solar-Powered Irrigation System (SPIS) among 33 farmers in Tabuk City, Kalinga, and Quezon-Mallig, Isabela. Using a quantitative descriptive design, the research found that SPIS significantly improved crop yield, quality, and farm income, while reducing irrigation and energy costs. Most respondents were male, aged 51–60, with modest incomes and limited formal education, highlighting the need for targeted training. Land ownership was high, and crop farming dominated, but many previously relied on costly diesel pumps or rainfed agriculture. While SPIS was rated highly for energy efficiency and integration with existing infrastructure, moderate ratings for ease of use, system reliability, and low scores for training and technical support revealed operational gaps. Institutional and community support was strong, with widespread willingness to recommend SPIS and confidence in government investment. The study concludes that SPIS offers substantial benefits for smallholder farmers but recommends enhanced technical training, local support hubs, improved financial access, infrastructure upgrades, stronger policy support, and greater community engagement to ensure long-term sustainability and equitable access. https://ijels.com/detail/solar-powered-irrigation-in-upper-chico-river-economic-contribution-challenges-and-sustainability-philippines/ Jessica Donggayao Salwagan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/91IJELS-106202523-Solar.pdf This study aimed to determine the level of awareness and understanding among the employees of the City Government of Tabuk regarding the mandate and functions of the City Internal Audit Services Office (CIASO). It also determined the employees’ level of awareness on the differences between the functions of the CIASO, the Internal Audit on Financial Transactions Section (IAFS) of the City Accounting Office (CAO), and the Commission on Audit (COA). Additionally, it identified challenges faced by the employees and offices audited by the CIASO. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research employed both qualitative and quantitative methods, with data collected through interview and a structured survey questionnaire analyzed via descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings reveal that employees of the City Government of Tabuk possess adequate awareness of the CIASO’s mandate and its distinct functions from the IAFS of the CAO and the COA. Factors such as office affiliation, audit training participation, and job position is significantly associated with awareness levels. Employees in offices with frequent interactions with the CIASO, senior level to chief level employees, as well as those who participated in audit-related training, demonstrated higher levels of awareness. They were more likely to understand its functions, as their work often necessitates collaboration with the internal audit office. Despite improvements in the increased level of awareness, challenges were identified in three key areas: resistance to information disclosure, inability to provide documents, and lack of resources. The study concludes that significant progress has been made in fostering awareness of the CIASO’s role and functions, reflecting the success of its initiatives since its establishment in 2020. However, to further enhance effectiveness, the study recommends expanding inclusivity in external and internal audit activities, tailoring engagement initiatives for less-involved offices, and promoting capacity-building programs. Future researchers are encouraged to explore additional factors influencing awareness, such as organizational culture and technological advancements, and conduct comparative analyses with other local government units. This research underscores the critical role of internal audit in promoting transparency, accountability, and efficiency in local governance. https://ijels.com/detail/tabuk-city-internal-audit-mandate-among-city-government-employees/ Cybill Aira S. Gacuya, Divina D. Cariño https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/92IJELS-106202526-Tabuk.pdf In both Charles Dickens’s Little Dorrit (1857) and George Gissing's In the Year of Jubilee (1894) the spatial logic of the city and its topography play a constitutive role in the formation and development of character. Architectural forms and the labyrinthine nature of nineteenth-century London determine the kinds of action and movement that define and limit characters. In Little Dorrit we see a bleak example of the above in the carceral model represented by the Marshalsea prison for London’s debtors. The novel illustrates how exterior spaces impinge on inner experiences and shape character in tangible ways. Gissing’s In the Year of Jubilee shows us the ideological forms that shape the experience of living in suburban London. While Gissing’s novel describes a higher social class and its aspirations, the novel gives us a fascinating insight into the gendered nature of urban space as experienced by its central character Nancy Lord. Both novels show, in similar yet different ways, how the urban environment directly impacts the spatial grammar of the novel and as a consequence shapes the very form of these novels https://ijels.com/detail/the-city-and-its-subjects-a-reading-of-little-dorrit-and-in-the-year-of-jubilee/ Nellickal A. Jacob https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/93IJELS-106202533-Thecity.pdf This study examines the awareness and engagement of private senior high school students in Tabuk City, Kalinga, regarding local community activities. Findings reveal that students are highly aware (TAWM = 3.881) and engaged (TAWM = 4.011), particularly in culturally significant events such as Barangay Fiestas and environmental campaigns. Awareness and engagement are consistently high across sex, school affiliation, and academic strand, with only minor variations linked to program orientation and resource availability. Female students demonstrate slightly higher levels of participation, though differences are not statistically significant. Key factors moderately affecting engagement include limited access to resources, balancing academic and community commitments, and insufficient invitations to participate—challenges that are systemic rather than group-specific. Peer influence, institutional support, and motivation are crucial in fostering participation, while logistical and cultural barriers persist for some students. The study highlights the importance of strong cultural traditions, effective communication, and supportive school environments in promoting youth involvement, and calls for targeted interventions to address persistent barriers, ensuring equitable and meaningful participation for all students in community initiatives. https://ijels.com/detail/a-comparative-study-of-awareness-and-engagement-in-local-community-activities-among-private-senior-high-school-students-in-tabuk-city-kalinga/ Jeffe M. Mabazza, Dominga M. Calaowa, Aries O. Suyong, Diwanie A. Angbao, Arlyn D. Igana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/94IJELS-106202521-AComparative.pdf The research focuses on depicting the life of two pivotal soldiers struggling to cope with the stress and horrors of war in terms of escapism and heroism which ensues from a comparative approach between Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five and Stephen Crane The Red Badge of Courage. The paper attempts to show how the main character, Billy Pilgrim, in Slaughterhouse-Five grapples while experiencing war incompetently and unpreparedly to ultimately discover his comfort zone through mental diversion from unpleasant aspects of his daily life instead of performing his duty to triumph over the enemy. Whereas in The Red Badge of Courage, the protagonist, Henry Fleming who is enlisted in the military service with his determination and heroic ambition tackles and escapes while seeking courage to fight in the battlefield in order to maintain a good reputation as a duty-bound, fearless and confident soldier. Furthermore, through the close-reading of key scenes and by relying on a thorough analysis of war experiences of the two protagonists in the addressed books, the characters’ aspirational endeavors, and the authors’ non-identical views of the war come to surface as they portray a soldier-like personality, one with idealized notions of glory and heroism whereas the other one representing the senselessness of war. The contrasting reactions of the two central characters towards the war offer stimulating areas for discussion and arouse controversial opinions about the behavior of the presuming war heroes and escapists and how they are attained. As a result of the characters’ dissimilar preferences in shaping their outer and inner personality in public and private life, the research demonstrates how they endeavour desperately to achieve this aim by feeding their brains with different ingredients. Billy, on the one hand, chooses to fight the pointless battle with his own imagination to ease his mind from the harsh reality, and on the other hand, Fleming tortures his mind with his heroic thoughts to win the battle while suffering from an internal conflict. https://ijels.com/detail/a-portrayal-of-soldiers-at-war-in-slaughterhouse-five-and-the-red-badge-of-courage-through-two-contradictory-concepts-of-escapism-and-heroism/ Sipal Baderkhan Yousif https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/95IJELS-106202534-APortrayal.pdf The trauma of partition and the agony experienced by it still continues to haunt millions of direct and indirect victims of the event in both India and Pakistan. This agony was expressed in partition literature written by writers from both countries. Muslims in India went to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan migrated to India, leaving behind everything, including their ancestral houses, traditions, and culture, and became refugees with nothing. Women became the most vulnerable victims, being assaulted, tormented, sexually molested, and abducted by men from different communities in the guise of religion. This sorrow of partition spawned a new literary genre known as "Partition Literature" in almost all Indian subcontinent languages. The opinions and experiences of refugees, victims of community violence, and political leaders are all represented in these stories. Sadaat Hasan Manto, Khuswant Singh, Amrita Pritam, W.H. Auden, Jyotirmoyee Devi, Chaman Nahal, Bhisam Sahni, Bapsi Sidhwa, and many attempted to address a variety of socio-political, cultural, and religious issues, causes, and their legacies in their writings. These writers have documented the horror of Partition in numerous amazing ways, based on their depth of experience, observation, and understanding of the tragic event. The present research offers a critical analysis of Bhisham Sahni's Tamas and Bapsi Sidhwa's Ice Candy Man in order to investigate the socio-political ramifications, pain, and trauma endured by the people during India's partition.The paper will make an additional effort to comprehend the political, social, and cultural transformations that both the countries experienced as a result of the division. https://ijels.com/detail/the-portrayal-of-distress-destitution-and-loss-of-identity-during-the-partition-of-india-a-study-of-bhisham-sahni-s-tamas-and-bapsi-sidhwa-s-ice-candy-man/ Prasanta Kumar Padhi, Chandramani, Anwesha Nayak https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/96IJELS-106202530-ThePortrayal.pdf Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in education offers significant potential to enhance writing competencies. This quantitative study investigated the effect of an AI-integrated instructional approach on the writing performance of Senior High School students at Liberty National High School, Tampakan, South Cotabato. The study measured improvements in students’ writing competencies in English, which focused on vocabulary, grammar, content development, and organization. A quasi-experimental single-group design was employed to assess the effects of an AI-integrated approach in writing. Statistical analyses indicated significant positive gains across all measured domains following the implementation of AI support. The results demonstrated that AI integration facilitated immediate grammar correction, expanded vocabulary use, and improved overall coherence and structural organization in students' written outputs. These findings provide empirical support for using AI technologies to enhance students' writing competencies in English. The study underscores the importance of strategically incorporating AI as a supplementary tool in writing approach to optimize learning outcomes while maintaining academic rigor. https://ijels.com/detail/ai-integrated-writing-approach-and-senior-high-school-students-writing-competencies-in-english/ Sheena S. Diego, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/97IJELS-106202519-AI-Integrated.pdf The paper is an endeavor for examining and understanding of multivariate Marxist notions, elucidating multi dimensionally the horror produce by the class conflicts and other capitalist practices with in the light of various texts. Additionally, the paper practically deals with the analysis of The Pakistani Bride. This research studies the selected novel from the lens of Marxism. The study illustrate the class conflict and exploitation of powerless. Moreover, the Unmasking the Hidden Agenda: How Capitalist Interests Exploit Religion to Control the Masses. However, research on 'The Pakistani Bride', Bapsudhi Sidhwa poignantly portrays how human relationships are reduced to mere monetary transactions. The novel touches on Marxist themes, such as class divisions and the insidious influence of ideology, but only scratches the surface. The present study collects particular information from the text Bapsi Sidhwa’s Novel, The Pakistani Bride, the focus of the current research is dealing with Marxist ideas. With a keen eye for detail, the researcher carefully gathers insights and pinpoint areas within the text where the findings can have the most impact. With a deep dive into the data, the researcher meticulously breaks down the collected information, using intuitive and creative techniques to uncover hidden patterns and bring the findings to life. The novel delineates story of various social groups suffering class conflicts, and the pursuit of their aims inspired by economic and financial advancement. It noticeably portrays the assorted social classes and everlasting antagonism in social and economic framework. The novel furthermore, illustrated religious practices, discovering it as an active and conservative force, utilized by the ruling to justify the class antagonism and unnatural with natural. This study can be used to look at literature through different theoretical frameworks. https://ijels.com/detail/a-marxist-analysis-of-bapsi-sidhwa-s-novel-the-pakistani-bride/ Aizaz Khan, Anita Ayub https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/98IJELS-106202561-AMarxist.pdf Intonation is an important aspect of English Phonetics that helps learners to enhance the Pronunciation skills in English Language. Basically, it changes the pitch of the voice while articulating any words. Generally, the learners of the professional courses in the universities as well as colleges in India cannot make proper intonation in their communication for which the accuracy of pronunciation is not developed among the learners. The present study highlights the impact of technology on teaching Intonation to Indian learners who are learning communicative English, particularly the student of Engineering and Management stream. Specifically, the researcher has adopted the Praat Software in this context. In order to prove whether this technology is effective in teaching Intonation or not, the researcher has collected data from one of the colleges where students are randomly selected from BBA and BCA courses. The samples of the study were based on experimental group (use of Praat software) and control group (following the traditional method). The data were collected through the method of pre-test and post-test for both groups. The findings of the study were really very practical and positive for the students. It means teaching intonation through Praat software is highly effective for the students. https://ijels.com/detail/impact-of-technology-on-teaching-intonation-to-indian-learners-through-digital-learning/ Dr. Dipti Ranjan Maharana, Mr. Rakesh Kumar Dash https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/99IJELS-106202548-Impactof.pdf This study explores the persuasive strategies employed in Pakistani beauty product marketing, paying special attention to the ways in which these commercials impact Pakistani culture. In addition to being business tools, advertisements are cultural artefacts that represent and influence societal norms, values, and ideas. The study intends to identify the subtle ways in which five print media advertisements for beauty products employ persuasive techniques to sway consumer behaviour. The advertisements are examined using Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology to show how language and discourse are used to both promote items and reinforce cultural views and ideologies. This study examines how language, advertising, and consumers' perceptions of beauty interact, emphasising how ads influence societal norms and establish new cultural standards. The study also looks into how advertisers use rhetoric and emotional appeal to connect with consumers by crafting unique language terms to appeal to specific audience segments. In the end, this study offers a thorough grasp of how advertising for beauty products function in Pakistani culture as both commercial instruments and cultural representations, shedding light on the influence of the media on societal values and consumer attitudes. https://ijels.com/detail/voices-of-power-beauty-and-ideology-in-pakistani-tv-advertisements-a-critical-discourse-analysis/ Rimshah Shaukat, Sehreen Mustafa, Armish Rizwan, Kisaa Zahra, Qurat Al Ain, Saliha Arbab https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/ This study explores the persuasive strategies employed in Pakistani beauty product marketing, paying special attention to the ways in which these commercials impact Pakistani culture. In addition to being business tools, advertisements are cultural artefacts that represent and influence societal norms, values, and ideas. The study intends to identify the subtle ways in which five print media advertisements for beauty products employ persuasive techniques to sway consumer behaviour. The advertisements are examined using Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology to show how language and discourse are used to both promote items and reinforce cultural views and ideologies. This study examines how language, advertising, and consumers' perceptions of beauty interact, emphasising how ads influence societal norms and establish new cultural standards. The study also looks into how advertisers use rhetoric and emotional appeal to connect with consumers by crafting unique language terms to appeal to specific audience segments. In the end, this study offers a thorough grasp of how advertising for beauty products function in Pakistani culture as both commercial instruments and cultural representations, shedding light on the influence of the media on societal values and consumer attitudes. https://ijels.com/detail/voices-of-power-beauty-and-ideology-in-pakistani-tv-advertisements-a-critical-discourse-analysis-2/ Rimshah Shaukat, Sehreen Mustafa, Armish Rizwan, Kisaa Zahra, Qurat Al Ain, Saliha Arbab https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/100IJELS-106202568-Voices.pdf This study examines Mohsin Hamid’s novel Exit West (2017), from the perspective of social penetration theory. The prime focus is Saeed and Nadia's relationship, they grow closer in the beginning of their relationship by sharing personal thoughts, experiences, comfort, and security, but once they start migrating through the magical doors, their relationship disrupts and weakens, which underline their emotional transition with physical movements, as they confront external upheavals and internal vulnerabilities, ultimately lead to the social depenetration. Using the lens of Social Penetration Theory given by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973, which is based on the notion that every relationship develops through the gradual process of reciprocal self-disclosure and moves into a deeper level of intimacy by covering the different stages to reach intimacy. Moreover, the study examines how the novel offers a unique application of the given theory by shedding light on the challenging environment for maintaining intimacy in a fragmented world. The study follows a qualitative method with a descriptive and interpretive approach with thematic encoding. The findings of this study will help future researchers to expand the scope of this theory in a broader context. https://ijels.com/detail/unraveling-the-layers-of-intimacy-a-kaleidoscopic-study-of-exit-west-through-the-lens-of-social-penetration-theory/ Muhammad Hamad, Dr. Rafiq Nawab https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/101IJELS-106202538-Unraveling.pdf In the middle of the 19th century the fiction of women novelists in English obtained a separate identity and many renowned women novelists like Jane Austen, George Eliot, Bronte Sisters, and Virginia Woolf proved greater than men qualitatively. They established their own great tradition. Through their novels they described their powers, their inspirations, their weaknesses and their self-realization. Indian women writers writing in English have raised their voice against gender bias and male chauvinism in the patriarchal Indian society. In fiction there is a plentiful expression of feminine sensibility. Indian women novelists have obtained a remarkable place in English literature. Through their novels they introduced the culture of India to the world. Even though in India women are considered as inferior they have proved themselves that they are not less intellectual than their male counterparts. Through their novels the women novelists have vividly portrayed their feminine sensibility. https://ijels.com/detail/rising-feminine-sensibility-in-indian-women-writings-a-kaleidoscopic-view/ Dr. K. Lalitha Bai https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/102IJELS-106202529-Rising.pdf English as a medium of instruction (EMI) enables learners across the world while navigating the unique challenges in the online learning environment. The study was conducted at Sultan Kudarat State University (SKSU)-College of Teacher Education to shed light on the place and role of EMI through descriptive-correlational research design. The 122 BSED students served as respondents and were selected through the probability sampling method. A validated survey questionnaire was used to identify the level of students' awareness on Executive Order No. 210 Series of 2003 section 2, the extent of use of the English language as a teacher's medium of instruction, and the challenges that students faced in using the EMI in online teaching in referenced to grammar, punctuation, vocabulary, and motivation. Results showed that students were aware of Executive Order No. 210 s. 2003 and often used the EMI in online teaching and learning. English Grammar, pronunciation, motivation, and vocabulary sometimes posed challenges in online learning. It concluded that there was a significant positive relationship between the students’ awareness of the EO and their use of EMI. Hence, the study recommends strengthening the use of EMI among students across programs in the institution. https://ijels.com/detail/examining-the-non-language-students-awareness-use-and-challenges-in-emi-courses-in-a-tertiary-school/ Malou J. Belgira, Vanessa M. Epe, Richel L. Suan, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/103IJELS-106202552-Examining.pdf Magic Realism is a literary genre which comprises magical or supernatural elements with the narrative representing the events as something mundane and realistic without inviting the question of improbability and allowing the readers to question reality itself. Ambiguous in its articulation and innovative in its style, magic realism has been employed by several writers across different regions and is considered to be one of the most experimental and popular literary genres. This study explores two texts namely Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude and Salman Rushdie’s Shame and aims to analyze the use of magical realism in these texts. In One Hundred Years of Solitude, magic realism is explored through events within the magical sphere of Macondo. Magic realist elements are explored through the lens of modernization and imperialism with an exploration of the gypsies and the presence of the banana company in the story. In Shame the issue of politics and identity is dealt with regards to the use of magic realism. Events circulating around characters such as Sufiya Zinobia, Raza Hyder, Iskandar Harappa etc. help in emphasizing the issues explored. It further attempts to build a connection between the two texts through a close examination of certain resemblances between the texts and also how it differs from one another in terms of the authors’ experimentation of magical realism. https://ijels.com/detail/magic-realism-representations-in-one-hundred-years-of-solitude-and-shame/ Bonojyotsna Koch https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/104IJELS-106202555-Magic.pdf Vandana Shiva is a globally recognized environmentalist, author, and activist, whose work encompasses the realms of ecological sustainability, anti-globalization, feminism, and the philosophy of science. A former physicist turned radical activist, Shiva has been instrumental in critiquing the global industrial system, particularly the Green Revolution, the biotechnology industry, and Western science. Her arguments are particularly notable for the way they intertwine ecological activism with a deep feminist perspective, calling for both social and environmental justice. This paper attempts a critical examination of the central themes in Shiva’s work, particularly her opposition to Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), her advocacy for food sovereignty and women’s rights, and her critiques of Western scientific practices. While Shiva’s contributions to global ecological and social justice are significant – earning for herself a title of "Gandhi of Grain"– this paper also explores critiques of her ideas, particularly regarding her stance on GMOs and the romanticization of indigenous knowledge. Through a balanced analysis, this paper seeks to understand both the strengths and limitations of Shiva’s intellectual and activist contributions. https://ijels.com/detail/critical-examination-of-vandana-shiva-s-work-and-thought-ecological-activism-feminism-and-the-politics-of-knowledge/ Dr Satyajit T Patil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/105IJELS-106202550-Critical.pdf This paper undertakes a Marxist literary analysis of Francesca Simon’s Horrid Henry series, with a specific focus on the short stories Horrid Henry Robs the Bank (2003), Horrid Henry’s Christmas (1994) and Horrid Henry and the Scary Sitter (1997). It studies the construction of class struggle, alienation and superstructure through the lens of comedy. This is done by positioning Henry as the subaltern figure, whose humorous behavioural transgressions expose and are simultaneously contained by prevailing parental, i.e. capitalist state, ideologies. The study is structured around three comic modalities: farce, lexico-semantics and satirical characterisation. The farcical narrative foregrounds the grotesque inequalities embedded in the superstructure; lexical humour is deployed to represent resistance to conformity to bourgeois norms linguistically; authority figures, like parents, teachers, and even babysitters, are portrayed satirically to expose the arbitrariness of ‘disciplinary’ mechanisms (which mirror marginalisation and propaganda to maintain false consciousness) at the heart of the capitalist state’s apparatus. The Horrid Henry series operates as a discursive site wherein the ideological tensions of capitalism are encoded, negotiated, and pedagogically transmitted through the comic form. Stories from three distinct quinquenniums have been selected for this study to explore the consistency in Simon’s political messages across time. Ultimately, by situating Simon’s series within broader debates on the political function of children’s literature, this research underscores the genre’s consequential role in constructing youth perspectives on class, power and justice. https://ijels.com/detail/alienation-superstructure-and-class-struggle-explicating-francesca-simon-s-horrid-henry-series-within-the-ambit-of-marxism-through-the-lens-of-comedy/ Fionaa Thawani, Dr. Hina Mohnot https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/106IJELS-106202551-Alienation.pdf Jhumpa Lahiri’s Unaccustomed Earth intricately explores themes of femininity, identity, and resilience within the diasporic experience. This paper examines how Lahiri’s female characters navigate the tensions between cultural expectations and personal aspirations, shedding light on their quiet but powerful strength. Through a feminist lens, the study analyses how these women negotiate spaces of autonomy within the constraints of patriarchal traditions and immigrant struggles. Lahiri’s portrayal of femininity moves beyond conventional narratives of defiance and instead emphasizes subtle acts of resistance, emotional endurance, and self-assertion. This paper also considers how Lahiri’s narratives reflect the complexities of immigrant womanhood, particularly in how cultural dislocation shapes their experiences. The intersection of gender and diaspora reveals the multifaceted challenges of assimilation, familial obligations, and personal fulfilment. By focusing on Lahiri’s nuanced female characters, this study highlights the resilience embedded in their everyday struggles, illustrating that strength is not always loud or visible but often found in the ability to endure, adapt, and reclaim agency within restrictive frameworks. Ultimately, this feminist analysis of Unaccustomed Earth underscores how Lahiri reimagines femininity within immigrant narratives, portraying women who, despite being bound by tradition, find ways to assert their identities and reshape their destinies. Through this exploration, the paper contributes to broader discussions on gender, diaspora, and the evolving nature of female strength in literature. https://ijels.com/detail/the-quiet-strength-exploring-femininity-in-lahiri-s-unaccustomed-earth/ Ruchika Rathore, Dr. Deepa S. Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/107IJELS-106202558-TheQuiet.pdf The novel and its main character, Jay, initiate an intense exploration of how artistic choices remain consistent with survival when both economic uncertainty and creative commodities surround us. Through its main protagonist, Jay, the novel scrutinizes philosophical concepts of existence by following his journey from promising concept art to the below-average work he now accepts. Jay’s artistic downfall and his desire to establish a new identity offer readers a method to study the exterior influences that control artistic life. The quarantine situation causes Jay to face his previous transgressions while exploring whether authentic existence remains possible in this capitalist system. Through textual analysis and Sartrean philosophy, this research investigates how the book displays artistic disillusionment, performance, and existential turmoil. This study investigates (1) the manner through which Kunzru employs artists' struggles for critiquing art commodification under neoliberal capitalism, (2) the role of pandemics as existential triggers, and (3) the ethical dilemmas of personal transformations during capitalist survival demands. This study presents an argument regarding the artist's freedom struggles and humanity’s vulnerabilities while navigating dangers in modern-day society through the Blue Ruin depiction. https://ijels.com/detail/between-survival-and-selfhood-the-artist-s-dilemma-in-hari-kunzru-s-blue-ruin/ Rakshita https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/108IJELS-106202559-Between.pdf In the present scenario, in perspectives on Naxalism, Asif Currimbhoy’s play Inquilab reflects the complexity of underlying issues in the social, economic and political institutions of our country which expose India to even greater and bigger challenges and dangers than the external forces. Here, the playwright not only condemns the Naxalite cult of violence strongly but also comes down heavily on the political leaders who have been in power as rulers of our nation over the tardy implementation of constitutional provisions in the realization of the lofty ideals of our forefathers. In this regard, Inquilab is not only about the problem of Naxalism in some states of India; it is also an account of the violent ideology of terrorists throughout the world. The present research paper highlights the social problems of contemporary India in the play Inquilab by Asif Currimbhoy. https://ijels.com/detail/asif-currimbhoy-s-inquilab-a-critique-of-social-problems-of-contemporary-india/ Shikha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/109IJELS-106202598-Asif.pdf This paper explores the quest for meaningful existence among characters portrayed in Kiran Desai’s novel The Inheritance of Loss in light of post-independence socio-cultural and political upheavals. Following India’s independence, new aspirations were awakened among its people, particularly among the marginalized sections, who were historically silenced and suppressed. However, their dreams were often thwarted by entrenched bureaucratic systems and the lingering legacies of colonial power. The novel offers a cross-section of society, revealing the psychological, emotional, and ideological struggles of individuals navigating tradition, modernity, and global change. Characters who lack resilience and openness succumb to neurosis, disillusionment, and alienation. In contrast, those who embrace change, reflect critically, and reach out to others discover self-assertion and emotional harmony. Through such portrayals, Desai presents a nuanced view of survival, resistance, and the formation of new social identities in a changing India. https://ijels.com/detail/quest-for-meaningful-existence-the-socio-cultural-and-political-dialogue-in-kiran-desai-s-the-inheritance-of-loss/ Dr. Rashmi Lohchab https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/110IJELS-1062025201-QUEST.pdf The teaching of English as a second language (ESL) in India continues to face challenges arising from the dominance of the mother tongue, rigid syllabi, and limited exposure to authentic communicative contexts. Traditional grammar-based methods often fail to inspire learners, particularly in technical institutions where literature is marginalized. This article argues that the integration of literature—especially world literature—offers a transformative pedagogical resource for language teaching. Using Isabel Allende’s The House of the Spirits as a case study, the paper explores how literary texts foster linguistic competence, expand vocabulary, and cultivate cultural awareness among learners. The study draws upon classroom experiments conducted with B.Tech students at IPS Academy, Indore, comparing outcomes of traditional grammar teaching with literature-based pedagogy. Findings reveal that literature-based teaching improved learners’ vocabulary, confidence, and communicative skills. Critical perspectives from scholars such as Brumfit, Maley, Krashen, and Sage, along with intertextual insights from Allende’s other works (Eva Luna, Paula, My Invented Country), underscore the universality, creativity, and affective engagement literature brings to ESL classrooms. The paper concludes by advocating for curriculum reform that embeds literary texts into ESL pedagogy to nurture not only linguistic competence but also critical imagination and intercultural dialogue. https://ijels.com/detail/reimagining-language-pedagogy-through-literature-a-study-of-isabel-allende-s-narrative-power-in-enhancing-english-language-skills/ Neetu Shrivas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/111IJELS-108202560-Reimagining.pdf This paper explores the intersection of feminist identity politics and postmodern literature, examining how postmodern narrative strategies disrupt traditional constructions of the self and gender. By analyzing key texts from prominent postmodern feminist authors, the study illustrates how these works rewrite the notion of selfhood through fragmented, decentralized identities, thereby challenging patriarchal norms and enabling new feminist subjectivities. The paper also discusses the implications of such rewriting for feminist theory and broader socio-political discourses on identity. https://ijels.com/detail/rewriting-the-self-feminist-identity-politics-in-postmodern-literature/ Fatima Saleem https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/112IJELS-108202561-Rewriting.pdf The Blue Humanities is an emerging interdisciplinary field that focuses on the ecological, historical, and philosophical engagements with the ocean and aquatic environments. Despite their immense importance, oceans have often been overlooked in humanities scholarship, which has traditionally focused on land-based perspectives. The Blue Humanities aims to correct this imbalance by bringing attention to the ocean’s centrality in human life and the ways it shapes cultural narratives, identities, and histories. The current paper uses the lens of blue humanities to explore Amitav Ghosh’s Sea of Poppies which stands as a cornerstone of his literary exploration of oceanic themes. As the inaugural volume of the Ibis Trilogy, Sea of Poppies charts a world on the brink of profound historical change, where the rippling effects of empire, migration, and colonialism converge. Set aboard the Ibis, a ship traversing the seas of Southeast Asia, the novel intertwines the fates of a diverse cast of characters—indentured labourers, sailors, and opium traders—against the backdrop of the turbulent prelude to the First Opium War. The current paper aims to explore how oceans served not only as routes for transporting goods but also as medium for transmitting ideologies, technologies, and cultural practices. It also seeks to foster regional awareness of the vital need for oceanic sustainability. https://ijels.com/detail/the-indian-ocean-as-an-archive-a-blue-humanities-perspective-on-amitav-ghosh-s-sea-of-poppies/ Dr Arpita Sawhney https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/113IJELS-108202570-TheIndian.pdf The present study examines the trends and challenges of the sex ratio in Haryana, a state that has recorded lowest figures in India. Using secondary data from the Census of India and Sample Registration System (2015–2023), the paper traces changes in Haryana’s sex ratio and explores the social, cultural, and economic factors that continue to influence family preferences for sons over daughters. Although government interventions such as the PC-PNDT (Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection Act, 1994), Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Laadli, and Aapki Beti Hamari Beti have contributed to short-term improvements, particularly around 2019–2020, recent declines show that the problem remains deeply embedded in patriarchal norms, safety concerns, and economic pressures on the family. To provide a contrast, the paper refers to Kerala — the state with the highest sex ratio in the country — where female literacy, healthcare, and social development have consistently created a favourable balance as a role model. By examining Kerala’s experience, the study identifies key lessons for Haryana, suggesting that sustainable progress can only come through consistent long-term investments in education, health, safety, and community-level attitude change, ensuring that daughters are valued equally within families and society. https://ijels.com/detail/bridging-the-gap-sex-ratio-in-haryana-kerala-path-to-balance/ Pragya, Dr. Sudesh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/114IJELS-102202579-Bridging.pdf Today, the majority of scholars and historians concur that Buddhism is a religion, or more accurately, dharma, that encourages thoughtful reflection, strong living free from materialistic cravings, and has established a range of methods, practices, beliefs, artwork, and writing to ensure that there is as little suffering and suffering as possible for humanity. It exhorts people to choose a ‘style of life’ that values life in all its forms and invites them to conduct self-reflection in order to gain life lessons through practicing moral principles. By following the teachings of the Buddha, a person learns how to protect themselves from all problems and suffering. Buddhism states that internal growth ensures harmony and joy in a person's life rather than external events or advancements in worldly possessions in determining personal fulfillment. Actually, if we incorporate Buddha's teachings into our daily routine, we will genuinely wish to address all of our inner problems that irritate us and interfere with our activities. Harmony will come naturally to us since we will sincerely want to achieve a certain goal. It is necessary to learn about the standards of the Buddhism Center and truly understand the directives in order to complete all of the stated tasks. There is a great deal to learn about this religion that dates back 2,500 years and has gained significant international recognition. This research study focuses on the origin and development of Buddhism in India. https://ijels.com/detail/a-historical-review-of-the-origin-and-growth-of-buddhism-in-india/ Raj Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/115IJELS-102202589-AHistorical.pdf Actually, India is a land of villages and agriculture is the main occupation in rural areas. As we know, in the rural Indian environment, the issue of debt has long been seen as a problem rather than a sign of future success. This is primarily because rural household budgets, particularly those of small-holding farmers and all other farmers with low incomes, are no longer in deficit. A large number of studies on the issue of indebtedness in rural India have depicted the fact that in rural Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab farmers commit suicide due to the burden of huge debts every year. Some of the major causes of India's agricultural debt include the country's unpredictable weather or uncertainty of monsoon, the weight of previous debt, the long lag between farming income and expenses, the small size of land holdings, wasteful spending on social ceremonies, and a high rate of illiteracy. It is a well-known fact that there will be a risky consequence if debt is simply used to cover household budget deficits rather than being employed for worthwhile endeavors. In recent years, the average cost of agricultural production has risen and market prices of farmers’ products are not more supportive. Moreover, initiatives taken by the government remain ineffective and beyond the truth. Here it is noteworthy to say that in the current scenario, both the borrower's and the lender's interests suffer because the amount of debt continues to rise over one's ability to repay it. As a result, the web of debts has become a harsh reality of the agriculture sector and farmers of rural India have to face a burden of debts in daily life. The NCRB data indicates that 2,96,438 farmers died due to suicide between 1995-2014 in different states of India. On the contrary, this data shows that a total of 11,290 farmers and agricultural labourers committed suicide in 2022 throughout India. The present research paper is a modest attempt to find out the causes and effects of agricultural debts in India. https://ijels.com/detail/the-problem-of-indebtedness-in-agriculture-sector-in-india-a-study-of-causes-and-effects/ Dr. Bandna Ranga https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/116IJELS-102202593-TheProblem.pdf This study examines the role of media in contemporary India, highlighting its significance as the “Fourth Pillar of Democracy.” It explores how print, broadcast, and digital media contribute to transparency, accountability, and citizen engagement while promoting legal awareness and social participation. The research underscores the transformative impact of digital platforms and social media, which have democratized information dissemination and facilitated citizen journalism. At the same time, the study identifies critical challenges, including political and corporate influence, sensationalism, misinformation, and declining press freedom, which threaten media credibility. The legal and regulatory framework, including constitutional provisions, the Press Council of India, IT Rules, and judicial safeguards, is analyzed to understand how media freedom is balanced with responsibility. The findings reveal a dynamic tension between freedom and accountability, emphasizing the need for strengthened self-regulation, ethical journalism, and digital literacy. The study concludes that a free, responsible, and ethical media is indispensable for sustaining democracy and protecting citizens’ rights in India. https://ijels.com/detail/role-of-media-in-the-present-scenario-in-india-a-case-study/ Dr. Nisha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/117IJELS-102202599-Roleof.pdf As we know, India and Russia have experienced and enjoyed a strong relationship largely due to the ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship’ which was signed on August 9, 1971 in New Delhi. Moreover, on the Kashmir issue, the USSR ( now Russia since 1991) fully supported India’s standpoint of view with letter and spirit. In the present world order, India is again coming closer to Russia. Therefore, some of the foreign policy analysts expressed their opinion that in the new global political scenario, trade and economic ties between the two will affect the future dynamics of global politics. However, Russia has been entangled in warfare with Ukraine for a long time, therefore, India’s role as a world leader can bring the end of this conflict, which will certainly have a positive and long-term impact on the bilateral relationship between the two nations. In recent years, the US is changing its attitude towards India; the fulfillment of Indian military orders by Russia may be a cause of concern for India which will be hampered by the US sanctions. In spite of some radical changes in the global environment, there is a great potential to enhance energy partnerships, transfer of technology, trade cooperation and cultural exchange between the two nations. Here it is noteworthy to point out that the historical foundation of the Indo-Russian strategic alliance is built on key areas such as: politics, defense, nuclear energy, terrorism, and space technology. The Russian President Vladimir Putin made his official visit to India on 6th December, 2021 and met PM Modi which paved a way to better understanding between the two nations. On the contrary, after the formation of the NDA government, PM Shri Narendra Modi made many visits to Russia to strengthen the bilateral relations. Recently, PM Modi visited the Russian city Kazan (22-24 October, 2024) to attend the 16th BRICS Summit. Meanwhile, trade value between the two nations was recorded to be 65.7 billion during the financial 2023-2024. The present research paper highlights the key areas of cooperation between the two nations, India and Russia in the present global scenario. https://ijels.com/detail/insights-of-indo-russian-cooperation-through-bilateral-ties-in-the-present-global-scenario/ Deepak Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/118IJELS-102202591-Insightsof.pdf Good Governance is required to ensure that the public policies have their desired effect. In the recent past, issues of governance have received serious attention from the researchers, policy makers and international development community. Today, ‘governance’ not only occupies centre stage in the development discourse but is also considered as a crucial element to be incorporated in the development strategy. The major focus of the study is on Good Governance and public policy process in India. In this context the present research paper discusses the basic concepts and elements of Good Governance in the first part of the article. The need of the Good Governance in the effective implementation of public policies has been elaborately discussed and the nature of public policy has been mentioned in the next part Various stages and constraints that are involved in public policy process and need for an effective policy has been discussed in detail in subsequent parts. https://ijels.com/detail/good-governance-and-public-policy-in-india/ Dr. Ashok Khasa https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/119IJELS-102202590-Good.pdf Haryana, a north-western state in India, is renowned for its prosperity. Haryana lacks the natural energy resources and economic minerals necessary to establish large-scale industries. Its fertile land is considered best for growing crops. Although the production of sugarcane crops in Haryana is not particularly high, the state still ranks among the leading states in the country in sugar production. The cooperative sugar mill sector in Haryana, India, plays a significant role in the state's agricultural economy. This abstract provides an overview of the current status of cooperative sugar mills in Haryana, highlighting their multifaceted challenges. One of the most important challenges faced by cooperative sugar mills in Haryana is the issue of surplus production capacity. Over the past few years, numerous new mills have been established without a corresponding increase in sugarcane cultivation, leading to underutilization of capacity and financial stress. Surplus capacity has led to increased competition among mills for sugarcane procurement, leading to disputes and unrest among farmers. The secondary data in this article have been collected from various departments and reports published over time. https://ijels.com/detail/an-assessment-of-the-current-status-and-challenges-of-cooperative-sugar-mills-in-haryana-a-geographical-study/ Arun, Dr. Pardeep Kumar Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/120IJELS-102202597-AnAssessment.pdf Male heterosexual desire toward women remains a contentious topic in sociological, psychological, and ethical discourses. Often portrayed as inherently problematic, predatory, or misogynistic, this desire is frequently scrutinized through rigid moral lenses that overlook its multifaceted biological, psychological, and cultural underpinnings. This paper argues that male desire is not intrinsically harmful or disruptive to society; instead, its outcomes hinge on effective management, cultural norms, and individual responsibility. By examining male desire through evolutionary, psychological, relational, and sociological lenses, this study differentiates natural human impulses from their evolution into loving bonds or, when unmanaged, into societal harm. The analysis emphasizes the importance of self-regulation in channeling desire constructively, highlighting gender differences in expression without endorsing stereotypes. It also explores how unregulated desire contributes to relationship breakdowns and broader social issues, advocating for balanced ethical frameworks that integrate desire into healthy interpersonal dynamics. Drawing on recent empirical studies, the paper calls for societal shifts toward education and mutual understanding rather than suppression, promoting fulfilling relationships that blend physical attraction with emotional intimacy. This approach fosters gender equity and reduces stigma around natural desires. https://ijels.com/detail/the-sociology-of-male-heterosexual-impulses-from-physical-urges-to-affection-and-regulation/ Dhirendra Nath Murmu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/121IJELS-102202511-TheSociology.pdf Gender inequality remains a persistent challenge in India, showing notable regional and intra-regional differences. Haryana, despite experiencing rapid economic growth, continues to face significant gender disparities in social, economic, and demographic aspects. This study analyses the status of women in Haryana at the district level, aiming to evaluate women’s overall situation, identify districts that are relatively advanced or disadvantaged, and offer policy recommendations to address gender inequalities. The research relies on secondary data from the Census of India, the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), and official government reports. It uses key indicators related to education, health, economic participation, and governance to assess women’s status across districts. Both descriptive and comparative analyses were conducted to examine variations across districts. The findings highlight notable differences in women’s status across Haryana's districts. Districts with higher female literacy, improved healthcare access, and greater economic opportunities tend to have a higher status for women. In contrast, areas with lower educational levels, poorer health metrics, and limited economic involvement remain behind. These results emphasise that state averages conceal significant local inequalities, reinforcing the need for district-specific analysis. The study finds that tackling gender inequality in Haryana demands targeted, multidimensional, and district-specific policies. By revealing spatial patterns of advantage and disadvantage, the research offers essential insights for policymakers and planners committed to fostering inclusive and gender-equitable development in the region. https://ijels.com/detail/inter-district-variations-in-the-status-of-women-in-haryana-a-multidimensional-analysis/ Kavita https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/122IJELS-102202599-Inter.pdf