https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usApril 11 This piece of work first sheds light on the narrative frame that is used by the writer; then it explains how the combination of the third-person perspective with the stream-of-consciousness technique downplays the effect of subjectivity in a semi-autobiographical novel to allow for a balanced depiction of colonial, post-colonial, and modern Moroccan society. It also points out the fact that writing in the English language enables the author to avoid the pitfalls of post-colonial Moroccan literature that was written in French. Unfortunately, such literature would often emphasize the sentimental, superstitious, and occult aspect of indigenous culture. On the other hand, the essay discusses in detail themes such as cross-cultural conflicts, inter-cultural dialogue, acculturation, and identity crisis, with particular reference to excerpts from the novel and to works of literature, publications and essays that deal with these themes. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-the-themes-of-cross-cultural-conflicts-inter-cultural-dialogue-acculturation-and-identity-crisis-in-lahcen-benaziza-s-the-splendid-life-of-a-frequent-traveller/ Hicham Belefkih https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-102202538-Exploring.PDF Every individual human being possesses certain abilities which are always unique. There is no necessity to compete with anyone’s ability to prove our individual uniqueness. It is important in life to sustain our uniqueness and never become dependent at any point in life. Sudha Murty, an eminent writer discloses her experiences and observations of society in the art of writing short stories and novels. Being a contemporary writer, her writings are a mere reflection of reality, and always had a vision in all her works. The purpose of this paper is to examine the striking similitude of the women protagonists Shrimati and Mridula in Sudha Murty’s novels Gently Falls the Bakula and House of Cards. Shrimati and Mridula are chosen for this analysis as their characters coincide at certain points and they both sail on the same boat. The common difficulties they face as a woman in the family and society are tracked down to the profound understanding of the protagonist’s painful search for themselves. https://ijels.com/detail/realising-oneself-amidst-the-chaos-an-exploration-of-the-innerselves-of-women-protagonists-in-sudha-murty-s-select-novels/ R. Supriya, Dr. R. Jayakanth https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-102202535-Realising.pdf This research paper explores the experiences of women grappling with eating disorders through a phenomenological lens, concentrating on Leib and Körper as both are synonymous with ‘body’- ‘leib’ from Latin generally refers to the ‘body as a subject’ (i.e.) the body that I am, ‘körper’ comes from Middle High German meaning ‘body as an object’ which also denotes the body that I have are utilized in this paper to exhibit the current condition of women’s corporeality. Laurie Halse Anderson’s Wintergirls and Elena and Clara B Dunkle’s Elena Vanishing: A Memoir are the selected literary texts which showcase how beauty standards and internalized trauma shape self-perception and corporeality. Kim Chernin’s Feminist theories enhance the study by revealing the intersection of body image, mental health and societal expectations. By engaging with medical humanities, this research offers valuable insights into the narrative and cultural dimensions of eating disorders, contributing to interdisciplinary conversations on mental health and identity. https://ijels.com/detail/within-the-naked-body-phenomenological-perspectives-on-women-s-corporeality-and-eating-disorders-in-laurie-halse-anderson-s-wintergirls-and-elena-and-clara-b-dunkle-s-elena-vanishing-a-memoir/ Mary Tharshika MV, Dr. Judy Gomez https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-10320256-Within.pdf Cinematic adaptations of literary works, while a staple in film studies, are rarely approached from the perspective of inter-semiotic translation. This paper seeks to explore the translation of emotion from the novels of Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay to Satyajit Ray’s cinematic adaptations, particularly within the Apu Trilogy (1955-1959). Applying Roman Jakobson’s theory of inter-semiotic translation, this study investigates the transmutation of emotional content from written words to the visual medium. Emphasis is placed on the character of Apu, exploring how Ray translates his emotional depth. The paper also addresses the challenges inherent in this process and contributes to the expanding body of research on the intersection of translation studies, film adaptation, and semiotics. By incorporating semiotic analysis and psychoanalytic theories, this paper demonstrates how emotions are conveyed through semiotic systems in both literature and film. https://ijels.com/detail/translating-emotion-across-mediums-an-inter-semiotic-study-of-satyajit-ray-s-cinematic-interpretation-of-bibhutibhushan-bandopadhyay-s-novels/ Dr. Jamirul Islam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-102202537-Translating.pdf The Russian novel, Crime and Punishment, has garnered significant international interest and praise. Various writers laud different aspects of the novel, some even considering it a work of philosophy. However, the character of the protagonist has been difficult to interpret for many and his behavior has been, likewise, challenging to explain. This paper is a detailed examination of this issue from a medical perspective. The evidence is gleaned solely from the text of the novel. A cogent argument is made to account for virtually all of Raskolnikov’s behaviors by one medical diagnosis, that of bipolar disorder. There is a brief discussion of the differential diagnosis, which includes schizophrenia and unipolar depression. I would like to submit that Dostoevsky used mental health as a major theme in this work, something that, perhaps, has not been given the recognition that it deserves. https://ijels.com/detail/the-enigmatic-behavior-of-raskolnikov-in-crime-and-punishment-a-unifying-hypothesis/ Raj Bhanot https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-102202542-TheEnigmatic.pdf The works of Literature other than giving an expression to the thoughts of the author are implicit with the deeper connotative meanings that at first aren't as apparent as the meanings initially inferred by the reader but after a careful consideration of the respective work, the seemingly shrouded revelations camouflaged within the language that can adequately describe the inner wrestlings of the author's mind are transpired before the audience. The writers of Literature who couldn't harmonize their inner tumults, couldn't help but reveal them in their works either. This investigation intends to scrutinize their principal vexations that forced them into a rejection of the force that underpins all of the existence through the philosophical ideas of Arthur Schopenhauer thus broadening the scope for a more thorough enquiry of the human nature and its association with the contemporary literature. https://ijels.com/detail/analysis-of-schopenhauer-s-will-to-live-in-the-works-of-authors-in-the-canon-of-english-literature-who-committed-suicide/ Amoghha Prakash Gupta https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-10320251-Analysis.pdf Campus journalism is an avenue for students to widen their perspectives as they obtain significant insights from various issues and their respective experiences as journalists. This transcendental phenomenological study aimed at identifying, describing, and construing the lived experiences and worldviews of the campus journalists in District 10 of Koronadal City Division. Seven campus journalists served as participants in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather enriching data from the participants. The content experts served as validators of the interview questions. A trial interview was held to ensure the credibility and validity of the results. Arduous Thematic Analysis of the gathered data revealed 8 emerging themes: Empowerment and Ethical Journalism, Resilience and Growth in Pursuits, Assistance and Self-Perception for Development, Constraints and Triumph, Guidance and Aspirations, Commitment and Future, Education and Information, and Academic Rigor and Precision in Communication. Furthermore, these campus journalists, despite being challenged, were still resilient and motivated to achieve their goals. https://ijels.com/detail/construing-the-worldview-of-the-campus-journalists-a-phenomenological-study/ Prinz John T. Alfaro, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-103202514-Construing.pdf The aim of this project is to investigate human-computer interaction patterns in AI-assisted second language writing in order to explore students' strategies and patterns when collaborating with generative AI tools, as well as key hidden states in AI-assisted writing. The project utilizes Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and process mining techniques to analyze the potential patterns of student interactions with AI and evaluate the efficacy of different patterns. The findings will reveal the cognitive mechanisms of human-computer interaction in second language writing, expand the theoretical framework of human-computer collaboration, and provide empirical evidence for effectively guiding students to utilize AI to address key questions in second language writing research. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-human-ai-interaction-patterns-in-artificial-intelligence-assisted-second-language-writing/ Fanxi Shen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-10320255-AStudy.pdf Gautham Buddha, of 6th century BC, and Basava, of 12th century AD, are the two great philosophers who were the first among those who strongly questioned and protested the humiliations, degradations and exploitations that happen to women in social set-ups. They contemplated deeply on human life and explored brand new values to make it all-beautiful which they personally adopted in their own lives while never distancing themselves from the masses. They are also the first among those who gave us new thoughts about faith, God, society, body, and soul; lived without differentiating between men and women; and worked hard for a common goal with an unflinching belief in the innate goodness of mankind. https://ijels.com/detail/contemplating-women-in-the-teachings-of-buddha-and-basavanna/ Dr. Bojamma K.N. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-10220255-Contemplating.pdf This paper explores the transformation and breakthroughs in translation education at higher education institutions in the age of artificial intelligence. It first examines the current state of machine translation and its impact on translation education. It then analyzes the challenges faced by the existing translation talent cultivation models and proposes new trends in the development of future translation education. The paper emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary integration, technology-empowered teaching, and the cultivation of practical skills, offering insights for the sustainable development of translation education. https://ijels.com/detail/the-transformation-and-breakthrough-of-translation-education-in-higher-education-institutions-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence/ Chen Shuangyu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-103202521-The.pdf This article explores the socio-economic and class dynamics present in the works of the renowned Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez. Through a Marxist lens, the study examines how García Márquez’s novels critique the capitalist structures, power imbalances, and social hierarchies that pervade Latin American society. The analysis focuses on three of his most significant works: One Hundred Years of Solitude, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, and Love in the Time of Cholera. Throughout the paper, García Márquez’s critique of authoritarianism, corruption, and imperialism is discussed, revealing his nuanced understanding of the socio-political landscape of Latin America. By situating individual narratives within broader historical and economic contexts, the study provides a comprehensive Marxist interpretation of García Márquez’s literary oeuvre, demonstrating how his novels serve as both a reflection and a critique of the socio-economic realities of his time. https://ijels.com/detail/re-visioning-marquez-through-marxist-lens/ Lilack Biswas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-103202516-Re-Visioning.pdf This study explores the sociolinguistics of power, identity suppression, and resistance in dystopian fiction through a thematic analysis of 1984 by George Orwell, The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. By applying Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Foucauldian discourse theory, the research examines how authoritarian regimes in these texts manipulate language to control thought, suppress individuality, and maintain societal dominance. In 1984, the use of Newspeak illustrates how language can limit freedom of thought and enforce conformity, while in The Handmaid’s Tale, renaming and restricted literacy are used to suppress women’s identities. Fahrenheit 451 portrays censorship through destroying books and eliminating knowledge and independent thought. The study also investigates how language serves as a tool for resistance, as characters reclaim their autonomy through acts of writing, storytelling, and the preservation of forbidden literature. By aligning these findings with sociolinguistic and feminist linguistic theories, the study demonstrates that language in dystopian fiction functions as both an instrument of control and a means of challenging oppression. The research offers insights into how these fictional portrayals of linguistic manipulation reflect broader societal concerns about censorship, identity, and resistance in authoritarian contexts. https://ijels.com/detail/sociolinguistics-of-power-and-identity-in-dystopian-fiction/ Dr. Madoline Massaad https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-103202518-Sociolinguistics.pdf Sigmund Freud, who was often referred to as the “father of modern psychology,” and was recognized by many as the father of psychoanalysis, revolutionized the understanding of the human mind. According to his theory, individuals are driven by an unconscious need to satisfy their wants for pleasure. The foundation of contemporary psychoanalysis was laid by Jung through the use of archetypes as universal symbols and themes that reside in the collective unconscious and Freud in The Interpretation of Dreams (1990) and Civilization and Its Discontents (1930). The concepts of conflicts, the unconscious mind, dreams as symbolic expressions, and conflicts between the id, ego, and superego resonate intensely with the writers seeking to explore the psychological depths of their characters and that writing is not only a creative means, but one that is based on science. In exploring the Victorian novels of Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre, we are able to find specific Freudian concepts in relation to the texts, with a particular attention to the exploration of the main characters of the novels as they relate to psychoanalysis. https://ijels.com/detail/the-interpretation-of-psychology-on-writing-victorian-literature/ Dr. Cristina Guarneri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-103202531-TheInterpretation.pdf The concept of vampires is found ubiquitously in folklore and mythologies across civilizations. The notion of a beautiful belle who faces a tragic end in life, usually by the hands of a vile man, then transcends into the afterlife and remains fuelled by vengeance against men as a whole, especially lecherous men, is one that holds timeless fascination and fear, at the same time. Historical records show that the Yakshis were perceived as harmless fairies, salabhanjikas, in earlier times, in many religious belief systems. Several readings about the gender issues, the issues of marginalised subaltern, issues related to patriarchy and misogyny, all leading to exploitation of vulnerable, unwed women, have already been done. This paper is an attempt to look at the notion of these miasmic creatures as found in Malayalam lore, and to use the concept of the Pontianak from Malay lore as a point of comparison, to decode the parallels encoded in them. https://ijels.com/detail/alluring-afterlives-decrypting-the-parallels-grooved-into-yakshi-and-pontianak-from-south-asian-folklore/ Dr. Deepa Prasad L. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-103202513-Alluring.pdf The research paper explores the dynamic relationship between language and power in postcolonial literature. It examines how language serves as both a tool of colonization and a means of resistance in postcolonial contexts. The study delves into the role of language in shaping identity, expressing cultural heritage, and negotiating power structures. Through a qualitative analysis of key postcolonial texts, the paper investigates how authors use language to challenge colonial legacies, assert autonomy, and redefine selfhood. The findings highlight the centrality of language in postcolonial discourse and its transformative potential in dismantling oppressive systems. https://ijels.com/detail/language-and-power-in-postcolonial-literature-reclaiming-identity-and-resisting-colonial-legacies/ Kirandeep Kaur, Mr. Mukul, Mrs. Sapna, Mrs. Meenakshi, Ms. Navpreet Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-10320253-Language.pdf Meitei women, in particular, bear a heavy burden, facing heightened risks of displacement and gender-based violence. They encounter numerous challenges in overcrowded camps, where they shoulder caregiving responsibilities. Amid their struggle for survival, the concept of dignity often fades away. This paper critically evaluates government initiatives designed to support Meitei women, focusing on relief efforts, rehabilitation programs, and policies that address their socio-economic and psychological needs. The study identifies significant gaps in these interventions, challenges in reaching the most marginalized populations, and the broader implications for women's empowerment in conflict-affected areas. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines qualitative in-depth interviews with displaced women and key stakeholders, alongside an analysis of existing government programs and their outcomes. A sample of 10-20% of displaced women from 5-10 displacement camps across five valley districts will be selected for the study. https://ijels.com/detail/vulnerability-of-meitei-women-idps-and-government-initiative-impact-of-ethnic-turmoil-2023/ Victoria Naorem, Laitonjam Muhindro https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-103202522-Vulnerability.pdf In The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents, Terry Pratchett subverts expectations about story, fantasy, and the environment. The novel features intricate stories within stories. An overarching narrative framework comes from a gentle parody of Victorian children’s literature. Due to magical pollution in a city, rats and one cat have become fully sentient. The rats are guided by a children’s book which, written in a style parodying the talking animal genre, serves as the rats’ cultural lodestone and guide for navigating human society. The rats struggle to reconcile the book’s idyllic world of mostly happy interactions between animals and humans with their experiences. Not content with parodying somewhat cloying children’s literature, Pratchett also dissects the idea of story, including fairy tales. Throughout, the environment and interactions with it are important motifs. The sentient animals hail from the largest city in the world and journey through the countryside grifting the rustic population. The juxtaposition of city and country shows both environments in nuanced lights. The rats’ goal of finding a desert island paradise reflects the desire for nature shown in Victorian Era reform movements. This goal is subverted showing the ironic superficiality of perceptions of nature while encouraging appreciation for whatever environments in which people find themselves. https://ijels.com/detail/subverting-expectations-of-stories-and-environments-in-terry-pratchett-s-the-amazing-maurice-and-his-educated-rodents/ Carl A. Lund https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-101202554-Subverting.pdf The novels The Pale View of The Hills, An Artist of the Floating World, The Remains of The Day and When We Were Orphans hold the history of World War II predominantly and other historical contexts. Kazuo Ishiguro has placed history as an inevitable backdrop for most of his novels. The storyline blends with history and varies from traditional historical fiction. The protagonists are severely affected by the war, and the trauma recurring in the characters. This paper aims to analyse the historical instances and the trauma the characters had to undergo in the former novels of Ishiguro. In The Pale View of The Hills and An Artist of the Floating World, Estuko and Ono, the protagonists, recount their trauma after the disastrous atomic bombs on Nagasaki. The hardship in rebuilding the city after the loss is eminently narrated through the characters. In the novels, The Remains Of The Day and When We Were Orphans the histories are pinned along as important events before World War I and inevitable consequences of the Sino-Japanese War respectively. https://ijels.com/detail/an-exploration-of-historical-backdrops-and-their-consequences-in-former-novels-of-kazuo-ishiguro/ Dhivashini M, Dr. S. Susan Nirmala https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-103202562-AnExploration.pdf Kashi is known as ancient living city of the world and famous as abode of Lord Shiva. Rishi Maharshi of all sects and religion do Yog and sadhana here since beginning weather Sage Agastya in Satyug or Vyas in Dwapar. There are many scriptural descriptions related to the genesis of the worship of Shiva in Kashi and also about creation of Kashi. Poet Charu Sheel Singh records in his poem Kashi as spiritual and cultural centre and also as the ‘city of death’. The rare combination of mystical, mythical, historical and philosophical imagination of Prof. Singh creates a Kashi which is not entirely new but the way he has approached Kashi with the concept of ‘Mandala’ is unique and it remains not a place rather a phenomenon. The characters, legends, Vedic or Puranic stories related to Kashi are part of his consciousness that he melts into figuration. In the beginning of the poem, he has acknowledged his indebtedness for the materials he has drawn from various sources but especially he has mentioned Puranas. Poet Charu Sheel Singh is widely reviewed in the English-speaking world. Prof. P. S. Shastri in a personal letter to poet said that C. S Singh has shown the whole Romantic Scholarship a new pathway to explore. https://ijels.com/detail/exploration-of-kashi-in-charu-sheel-singh-s-kashi-a-mandala-poem/ Dr. Mahima Singh, Shreeyukta Basnet, Shubham Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-103202557-Exploration.pdf In the global economy, business correspondence is crucial to the communication of multinational corporations. The information flow inside a corporate or business environment is facilitated by well-written business letters. English business letter plays an essential written text used for international business communication and it has its own features of a text. However, well-written skills in English business complaint letters are also the skills that Vietnamese office workers face the most obstacles. The current research aims to investigate the linguistic problems of Import-Export employees in writing English business complaint letters at Universal Petroleum Viet Nam Joint Stock Company. The study employed a mixed-method design, combining qualitative and textual analysis. The sample was 16 Import-Export employees and 90 Draft English business complaint letters. The research findings indicated that morphological errors (38.0%) were the most prevalent, followed by mechanical (25.5%), syntactic (18.3%), and lexical errors (18.2%). These results lead to several implications for targeted training programs to enhance employees’ proficiency in writing professional and accurate English business complaint letters. https://ijels.com/detail/an-investigation-into-linguistic-problems-in-writing-english-business-complaint-letters-a-case-study-at-universal-petroleum-viet-nam-joint-stock-company/ Tran Thi Thuy Trang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-103202537-AnInvestigation.pdf This study addressed the importance of listening comprehension in students' English learning by developing a contextualized audio instructional media named Julie Tells and assessing its impact on students' listening comprehension. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Julie Tells by gathering feedback from content experts and students on aspects like content relevance, instructional quality, technical considerations, and acceptability. It also measured students' listening comprehension through pretests and posttests to determine any significant improvements. Research methods employed included Research and Development (R&D) and Quasi-Experimental Design (QED), with instruments such as the Listening Comprehension Test, Instructional Audio Evaluation Sheet, and Students’ Assessment and Feedback on Julie Tells. The study involved ten content evaluators and forty-nine Grade 12 Humanities and Social Science students of Lambayong National High School, selected through purposive sampling. Results showed that Julie Tells, an audio instructional media received excellent evaluations from content experts and highly positive student assessments. Pretest results indicated developing comprehension levels, which significantly improved in the posttest. The mean score difference between the pretest and posttest was significant. Additionally, a moderate positive correlation between students' posttest scores and their assessments of Julie Tells indicated that improved scores were associated with positive learning experiences. Hence, the study demonstrated that Julie Tells effectively enhanced students' listening comprehension, proving a valuable instructional tool. Teachers may use Julie Tells to enhance students' listening comprehension in English classes. Future researchers may replicate this study in different settings, with varied participants and methods, to validate the findings. https://ijels.com/detail/julie-tells-audio-instructional-media-and-students-listening-comprehension-levels-in-english/ Julie Ann A. Gabio, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-103202540-JulieTells.pdf Blended learning has emerged as a transformative approach in English didactics, integrating traditional teaching methods with digital tools to enhance language acquisition. This study explores the intersection of literature, language, and real-world applications in blended learning environments, emphasizing their role in fostering critical thinking, communication skills, and cultural understanding. By analyzing contemporary pedagogical strategies, this research highlights how literary texts serve as dynamic tools for language proficiency, enabling learners to engage with authentic linguistic and cultural contexts. Furthermore, the study examines the effectiveness of digital platforms in complementing traditional literature-based teaching methods, providing flexibility and accessibility in language education. Through a systematic review of previous studies and an assessment of innovative blended learning models, the findings underscore the significance of integrating literature and technology to create immersive, student-centred learning experiences. The study also addresses the challenges associated with balancing face-to-face instruction and online learning, emphasizing the need for teacher training and curriculum adaptation. The implications of this research extend to educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers, offering insights into optimizing English language teaching methodologies. By bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, blended learning emerges as a holistic approach that prepares learners for effective communication in both academic and professional settings. https://ijels.com/detail/innovative-approaches-to-english-didactics-leveraging-blended-learning-through-literature-language-and-real-world-integration/ Hemlata Jain, Shatakshi Misra, Keshav Dev https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-103202563-Innovative.pdf In the Warring States turmoil, Xunzi urgently wished to rebuild an orderly, coordinated, and harmonious society. However, Xunzi also knew that in a great and ever-changing era, no person, however wise or intelligent, can predict the future situation. This being the case, "responsiveness" is very important because only by adapting to changes can we survive in this ever-changing situation. It is not difficult to notice that Xunzi would often mention “responsiveness” and believed that responsiveness is not only an ability that must be cultivated but also a key factor for the survival of a country. Therefore, Xunzi further put forward related proposals, such as adaptation, transformation, and adaptation through righteousness, which enriched the philosophical connotation of "change." Just as Shang Yang emphasized reform, Xunzi also advocated using "change" to become stronger. In addition, Xunzi believed not only that it is important to improve efficiency to upgrade a country’s operations but also that it is just as important to maintain stability and ethics. Therefore, in the promotion of “change,” “ritual,” “righteousness,” and “knowledge” are important and indispensable elements. Xunzi’s manner of governance emphasizes culture, on the one hand, and efficiency, on the other. Overall, it is a manifestation of highly effective performance. Therefore, this paper argues that Xunzi's idea of "change" has a substantial connection with modern management philosophy, is of practical value, and highlights the school of management characteristic of Confucianism. https://ijels.com/detail/respond-with-endless-ways-on-xunzi-s-change-philosophy-and-its-highly-effective-management/ Yiting Duan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-103202568-Respond.pdf The Sorrows of Young Werther is a genre-defining novel written in 1774 by the German polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. It is the story of a complex character by the name of Werther. The novel is a romantic tragedy with unrequited love, a love triangle, and a tragic ending. However, the reader who is following Werther eventually realizes that the protagonist is no longer a sympathetic character. This article explores the reasons behind Werther’s extreme emotions and drastic behaviors. A ‘clinical examination’ of the novel reveals elements of depression, traits of several personality disorders, and, finally, bipolar disorder. We also discover that The Sorrows of Young Werther was based on true events with Werther representing Goethe in his younger days. How many of Goethe’s own personality traits are reflected by Werther is unclear. https://ijels.com/detail/the-diagnoses-of-young-werther-a-clinical-appraisal/ Raj Bhanot https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-103202547-TheDiagnoses.pdf This paper investigates the complicated depiction of family elements and the pressure between conventional values and individual opportunity in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus. By analyzing the dictator part of Eugene Achike and its impacts on his family, especially his children Kambili and Jaja, the paper dives into how the novel reflects broader societal clashes. The investigation centers on the patriarchal specialist, the mental effect on family individuals, and the battle between social conventions and individual independence. Eventually, the ponder highlights Adichie’s evaluation of inflexible traditionalism and her backing for personal flexibility inside familial and social frameworks. https://ijels.com/detail/the-part-of-family-and-convention-in-purple-hibiscus/ Dr. Minakshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-103202554-ThePart.pdf The Muthanga and the Chengara land struggles in Kerala were unprecedented in the way in which the tribal communities questioned the much-acclaimed Kerala Model of Development, which was flaunted all over the country and the world. These struggles also marked the paradigm shift in the Dalit and Adivasi fight for claiming self-respect through a change from a thrust on government-oriented welfare schemes to the just demand for a sizeable, cultivable land for ensuring livelihood for every Adivasi. This paper attempts to look at the emergence and transformation of two subaltern, rebel, women leaders of Kerala, C. K. Janu and Selena Prakkanam, against the historical context of Dalit-Adivasi subjugation and their growth through the Muthanga and Chengara land struggles. From being 'docile' bodies in control of certain political forces, they have, through years of relentless revolt against the conditioning of the society, emerged in the direction of being women who have challenged the gendered male prerogative in the production of knowledge structures as against experience in their pursuit of a dignified living.Their presence in the political visual field of Kerala, rises up every now and then, as a mote in the eyes of the governmental regimes which suppress the uprising with an iron hand, as these women representatives strive to demystify the myths associated with the Dalit and Adivasi cause, foreground instances of the past resistance and build a knowledge base in their authentic, Dalit and Adivasi histories. https://ijels.com/detail/gendered-epistemologies-and-the-women-leaders-of-muthanga-and-chengara/ Srividya S. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-103202546-Gendered.pdf One of the lasting legacies of the cultural interaction between Portuguese, the earliest of the European settlers, and the Bengalis, was the use of curdled milk to create chhana, a form of fresh curd cheese that became the base for most Bengali sweets. Chhana became the primary ingredient in many iconic Bengali sweets like rasogolla, sandesh and rasomalai. These sweets distinguish Bengali cuisine from the rest of India, where sweets are typically made from thickened milk (kheer), lentils (dal), flour or semolina. The evolution of Bengali chhana sweets has functioned as the cultural marker of a community known for its artistic and cultural excellence, not only in India but across the globe. https://ijels.com/detail/chhana-sweets-of-west-bengal-a-culinary-legacy-and-cultural-marker/ Indrajit Chattopadhyay https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-103202564-Chhana.pdf This paper explores the possibility of pedagogical practices for a critical analysis of gender and sexuality through teaching Literature. In the last twenty years there has been a sea change in the perception of gender and sexuality due to feminist and gay movements which has resulted in a corresponding burgeoning body of academic work. It is crucial to locate this work in the pervasive patriarchy in which the site of the classroom exists. This can only be interrogated through tools of critical inquiry. Ismat Chughtai’s ‘Lihaf’, published in 1942, is a useful text to teach through interactive discussions a spectrum of issues such as patriarchy, homosexuality, heteronormativity, child sexuality, and sexual abuse. https://ijels.com/detail/teaching-gender-by-lifting-the-lihaf-chughtai-for-our-times/ Vinita Chandra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-103202552-Teaching.pdf In the dynamic global communication landscape, authentic classroom languages emerged as pivotal lingua franca, facilitating cross-cultural interactions and access to knowledge and opportunities. Proficiency in English, regional and the vernaculars, encompassing linguistic and para-linguistic dimensions, is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in educational success and professional advancement. This study assessed language practices like translanguaging and learners’ engagement, linguistic and para-linguistic competence in English. This study employed a correlational research design, collecting data from 230 students in grades 4 to 6 at Carpenter Hill Elementary School. The findings further provide that translanguaging practices often manifested during evaluation and learning activities as parts of the lesson delivery when teachers give instructions and clarify concepts, specifically using English, Filipino, and Hiligaynon as mediums of instruction, and specifically, translation manifested 136 times throughout 12 sessions, and 658 times for code-switching. It was discovered that the level of learners’ engagement and linguistic and para-linguistic competence in English was considered satisfactory due to the usage of translanguaging practices. In addition, data suggests that the relationship between the extent of using translanguaging and the learners’ engagement and linguistic and para-linguistic competence pose a positive or high correlation. https://ijels.com/detail/translanguaging-practices-and-learners-engagement-linguistic-and-para-linguistic-competencies-in-english/ Francisco M. Valdez Jr., Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-103202550-Translanguaging.pdf Retellings have emerged as an accepted genre in the recent years. The retellings of the Indian epics, particularly of The Ramayana have gained significant scholarly attention and focus. The recent studies posit the retellings provide alternative or counter narratives to challenge and reshape the original tale. The important questions here emerge: 1. Will the tradition of retellings lead us to completely forgetting the Valmiki’s Ramayana? 2. Are we in the process of creating a new Ramayana? 3. Do these retellings align to the epic tradition of India? All these questions are sought to be explored in this paper through an analysis of three modern retellings of The Ramayan: Devdutt Pattanaik’s Sita: An Illustrated Retelling of Ramayana, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The Forest of Enchantment and Amish Tripathi’s Sita: Warrior of Mithila. All these retellings provide fresh viewpoints, voices, and versions to understand Sita as a character, and to reinvent identities, contest meanings, and proclaim political influence. The paper finds the counter-narratives portray Sita as a symbol of empowerment and wisdom and contest the notion of patriarchy reinforced in the mythical narrative. It argues the retellings attain a fresh spin with their narrative techniques and intent, yet confirm to the core story and the scheme of characterization. The alterations in the narrative of the retellings do not necessitate a novel tradition, but a continuation of the historical and mythical chronicle, in accommodation of the India’s cultural diversity and socio-political dynamics. https://ijels.com/detail/narrative-norms-and-nation-a-counter-narrative-tradition-in-select-retellings-of-the-ramayana/ Dr. Dharmapada Jena https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-104202514-Narrative.pdf This paper explores Kamala Das's use of the grotesque in her poetry, highlighting how it can be a tool for vulnerability as well as empowerment. Key poems are the subject of the analysis, which highlights the conflict between identity, love, and death as well as how human relationships are frequently presented as contradictory—both nourishing and harmful. The grotesque is examined as a metaphor for psychological and emotional disarray, especially when it comes to themes of time, love, and loss. It also acts as a kind of subversion, questioning conventional notions of femininity, gender, and beauty. The grotesque in Das's work encourages readers to consider the intricacies of individual and societal identity by fusing feminist, existential, and postcolonial issues. This analysis demonstrates how her poetry employs this style to critique traditional roles and to reflect the fragmented nature of modern existence https://ijels.com/detail/kamala-das-and-the-grotesque-aesthetic-exploring-themes-of-love-identity-and-fragmentation-in-her-poetry/ Fathima.M.S https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-103202556-Kamala.pdf Since antiquity, the oceans and its littoral regions have a vital significance in Hindu religion and its greatness has profusely illustrated in the ancient holy scripts. Today, the ocean has a vital significance in relation to its economic and strategic significance which has been nomenclature as ‘Blue Economy’. Present paper examines the present and prospective positions of sea borne-minerals and other natural resources of the world with special reference to India. The paper also touches on its strategic importance and the potential for shipments, trade, tourism, fisheries, and coastal based industries and its future scenario. Lastly, the paper also reviews the growth and development of ‘Blue Economy’ in the developed and developing countries. The paper also highlights some of the varied problematic areas of ‘Blue Economy’ in the changing socio-economic and political scenario of the world. There are few suggestions, which are essential to pave the way to exploit the sea-born natural resources on a sustainable basis so that a sustainable development of ‘Blue Economy’ may take place in accordance with changing scenarios. https://ijels.com/detail/development-of-blue-economy-with-special-reference-to-coastal-india-a-present-and-future-scenario/ Dr. Wazir Singh https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-103202553-Development.pdf In both English and Arabic creating clear and readable texts hinges on the concept of cohesion This cohesion works by using internal references endophora and external references exophora English tends to favor pronouns substitution and ellipsis to keep things concise whereas Arabic often opts for repeating words and using conjunctions placing more importance on clarity than on brevity This difference in structure poses difficulties for Arabic speakers as they learn English particularly in ESLEFL contexts They frequently grapple with using pronouns accurately picking up on implied links within the text and understanding ellipsis all of which can impede their ability to craft coherent English writing This paper delves into how these two languages utilize internal and external referencing and the roles these play in communication Applying Systemic Functional Linguistics SFL and comparative discourse analysis it determines typical cohesionrelated challenges Arabic speakers encounter The study suggests practical classroom approaches to improve students cohesive ability including direct teaching on reference contrastive practice and realtext training Through the integration of linguistic comparison with classroom practice this paper provides useful recommendations for ESLEFL teachers It equips them with handson tools and techniques to enhance students reading and writing abilities by enhancing their command of cohesive devices https://ijels.com/detail/teaching-cohesion-in-english-and-arabic-the-role-of-endophoric-and-exophoric-references-in-esl-efl-contexts/ Fahd M. S. Eid https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-103202565-Teaching.pdf This study locates Gothic topoi in African oral literature as a way of embodying and evoking social cultural complexities and anxieties inherent in postmodern societies. Elements of giants, monsters, magicality and superstition make oral literature a rich literary mine for excavating Gothic elements and mechanics that animate the oral literary topography. Gothic traditions have been associated with written literature since the inception of Gothic genre in the sixteenth century, and this is regarded as the hegemonic normative ideological perspective which this study challenges and disrupts. Of import is the connection between oral narrative strand and Gothic genre in the overall aesthetic framework of Gothic terror, amalgamation of phantasmagoria and physical realm and naturalization of magicality. This paper concentrates its focus on the Gothic elements located in oral narratives within African setting. As an exemplification of Gothic nuances inhabiting African oral literature, the paper explores how oral narratives cross socially accepted limits allowing the monsters to become embodiment of the Other: anger, savagism, irrationality and sentimentalism reflecting on postmodern terror and horror. This work employs the theoretical arguments of Gothic-postmodernism as propagated by Maria Beville with the representational premise that selected oral narratives elucidate a Gothic space of literary inter-locution. This paper employs a closed library based document analysis of oral narratives and other seminal secondary works to explore ways in which Gothic topoi are embedded in oral narratives; buttressing the notion that meaning of a text is never fixed. The study is motivated by a paucity of serious critical works on Gothic fiction in oral literature that invoke phantasmagoria and use it as a crux to navigate the reading of postmodern life. The scope of this study was selected Kenya’s oral narratives that were purposefully selected using purposive sampling. In essence this helps to fortify Africa’s Gothic postmodernism; thus, dismantling the essentialist hegemonic Gothic traditions as only consigned to written artistic works. It roots for the establishment of Africa’s Gothic-postmodern tradition. Conclusions drawn will make significant contribution to the dialectics surrounding Gothic-postmodern genre in Kenya’s oral literature. https://ijels.com/detail/unearthing-the-gothic-features-in-kenya-s-selected-oral-narratives/ Dr. Julius Kipkorir A. Chepkwony, Prof. Nicholas Kamau Goro https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-10420253-Unearthing.pdf Paul Auster’s City of Glass, a seminal work of postmodern urban literature, unravels the disintegration of Daniel Quinn—a writer who morphs into a detective and ultimately a nameless wanderer—through a labyrinth of material encounters. This paper repositions City of Glass within the framework of new materialism, arguing that Quinn’s identity crisis is not merely a psychological collapse but a material entanglement. By centering the agency of objects—names, the red notebook, and urban spaces—the analysis reveals how nonhuman actors actively co-author Quinn’s subjectivity, reflecting broader tensions in 21st-century urban existence. Quinn’s reliance on pseudonyms, the parasitic vitality of the red notebook, and his submersion into empty apartments exemplify the animacy of objects and their dual capacity to mediate desire and despair. City of Glass prefigures the material logic of 21st-century identity crises, urging a reimagining of human-object relations in an age of ecological and digital precarity. Through this lens, City of Glass critiques the fragility of selfhood in consumerist urban environments, where identity dissolves into a contested terrain shaped by the vibrancy of matter. https://ijels.com/detail/material-entanglements-identity-collapse-and-object-agency-in-paul-auster-s-city-of-glass/ Zhang Xinyi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-103202566-Material.pdf This paper argues that Arun Joshi’s The Strange Case of Billy Biswas represents a reductive image of the otherwise complex and plural community of Indian tribals. The novel promises its reader an intellectual foray into the world of Indian tribals through the narrative of its protagonist Billy Biswas; but Biswas’s voyage as mapped by Joshi lacks serious, rigorous, analytical depth. The novel emulates colonial anthropology and popular culture of early postcolonial India in creating/ consolidating the notion of noble savage and a false civilized/ Hindu- adivasi binary. Our study critiques Joshi’s insistence on the separateness and otherness, his exoticization of the tribal world, and his failure in presenting a fuller, complex view of the lives of those who still remain on the periphery of modern India. https://ijels.com/detail/ecological-romanticism-and-the-critique-of-civilization-in-arun-joshi-s-the-strange-case-of-billy-biswas/ Dr. Suraj Gunwant, Dr. Riya Mukherjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-103202560-Ecological.pdf This paper focuses on the project of “Research on the Translation and External Communication of Hubei Revolutionary Culture”, which aims to conduct a comprehensive research on the status of multilingual foreign propaganda translation of revolutionary cultural heritage sites, educational bases, venues and scenic spots, etc. in Hubei Province, to collate and analyze the problems of the existing translations, and to make up for and improve the translations, so as to promote the international dissemination of the revolutionary culture of Hubei. The study combines online and offline research methods, assesses the quality of translation, explores the communication status quo, and puts forward targeted countermeasures to provide reference for similar revolutionary cultural outreach translation, help enhance cultural confidence and tell Chinese stories well. https://ijels.com/detail/research-on-the-status-quo-and-strategy-of-hubei-revolutionary-culture-outreach-translation/ Liu Yujia, Wei Xianzhe, Chen Gongjun https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-104202510-Research.pdf In the last four decades, a lot of cognitive researchers have grown interested in the cognitive analysis of language in connection to mental and cognitive processes. The current paper aims to conduct the ways in which Nizar Qabani employs conceptual metaphors of love and pain in A Message from under the water poem. Nizar Qabani is a Syrian poet; he is considered one of the most prominent contemporary figures in the Arab cultures. The paper analytical framework is based on Lakoff and Johnson's Conceptual Metaphor Theory and is further enhanced by Kövecses's Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory in terms of a mixed methodology. The findings reveal that metaphtonymy is used more compared to metaphor, and the underlying force and container schemas are more dominant compared to other schemas. The whole comprehension of mental space reveals that love and pain are inseparable concepts in the Arab world. https://ijels.com/detail/cognitive-analysis-of-conceptual-metaphor-theory-in-nizar-qabani-s-poem-a-message-from-under-the-water/ Prof. Abbas Lutfi Hussein, Yasmin Hussein Ismail https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-104202532-Cognitive.pdf This paper articulates masculinity’s diminishing strength in Africa and highlights new women imaging within the interaction of time, cultural analysis and feminist discourse. It limits its search to the 1960s and 1970s socio/economic and political landscapes. Principally, it underlines the timid beginnings of misogyny and stresses on its gradual but steady growth. Guided by a study of Margaret Afuh's Born Before Time (2003) Flowers in the Desert (2009) and Julie Enjema Tala's Daughters of Ekema,(2012) the paper uncovers the female African’s pain under the intersection of patriarchy, culture and gender, and challenges the drawbacks by establishing alternative ways to the traditional orchestrated demeaning behaviours. In theoretical assessment, it uses womanism; an African feminist theory positioned by its theorists as a significant tool for Africa’s positive transformation. The essay premises that the mindset of the empowered African woman is geared towards developing the entire human society. https://ijels.com/detail/overshadowing-masculinity-a-feminist-reading-of-afuh-margaret-s-born-before-her-time-flowers-in-the-desert-and-tala-julie-enjema-s-daughters-of-ekema/ Nfon Rita Gola https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-104202520-Overshadowing.pdf In dystopian fiction, repressive regimes form a stringent system through which they control their subjects. The control is in the form of manipulation through propaganda, re-writing of history to suit regimes’ agenda, creating artificial enemies to unite their subjects to redirect their hate away from the regimes. Also, use of mass psychology, especially the idea of one identifying oneself through many and many acting as one, is one of the primary end-goals of such regimes – a collectivist dystopia. These end-goals become reality when majority of subjects, who once dreamt of living in a utopian society, are convinced to unanimously agree to adapt to a fundamentalist or totalitarian ideology. Beginning of a dystopia is acceptance of an extremist ideology by the majority along with the rise of a didactic authority. In the light of this hypothesis, the present paper analyses, with the help of theory of Mass Psychology that it is not the power alone, but people living in fictional world are to be blamed equally for the ultimate demise of the society they live in. The paper analyses the behaviour of the society through its members in the dystopian novel ‘The Lesson’ by Sowmya Rajendran, published in 2015. The paper also aims at comparing behaviour of the mass in ‘The Lesson’ with other dystopian novels written by foreign authors namely ‘WE’ by Yevgeny Zamyatin, ‘Brave New World’ by Aldous Huxley, ‘1984’ by George Orwell and ‘Fahrenheit 451’ by Ray Bradbury; and with Indian Dystopian novels – ‘Leila’ by Prayaag Akbar, ‘Escape’ and ‘The Island of Lost Girls’ by Manjula Padmanabhan. The study also takes into account how the already marred protagonist living in dystopia, struggles against fellow individuals and authority in order to break the chains of submission and manipulation in the novels mentioned above. https://ijels.com/detail/psychology-of-dystopian-mass-a-study-of-sowmya-rajendran-s-the-lesson/ Ajwani Naresh Tarachand, Dr. Ketan K. Gediya https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-10420256-Psychology.pdf The recruitment and exploitation of child soldiers in Yemen has emerged as one of the gravest humanitarian crises of 2024, with armed groups systematically enlisting children as young as ten years old. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the scale, methods, and consequences of this practice, grounded in findings from a six-month investigation into conflict zones across Yemen. Armed groups operate over six thousand training camps in all the country regions, blending military training with ideological indoctrination to condition and control child recruits. Recruitment strategies target socioeconomically vulnerable children through schools, social media, and community networks, employing a combination of financial incentives, coercion, deception, and intimidation. The study presents disturbing demographic data, revealing that the majority of recruits are boys aged twelve to seventeen, though girls are also recruited to serve in non-combat roles. Educational, economic, cultural, and social factors drive this widespread phenomenon, with the collapse of Yemen’s education system and rising poverty acting as primary catalysts. Psychological manipulation, religious justification, and systemic isolation within camps further entrench children's roles in armed conflict, making escape and reintegration exceedingly difficult. Despite the magnitude of the crisis, this study highlights significant progress made by rehabilitation initiatives led by K.Srelief and the International Labor Organization, which offer job training, mental health care, education, and family support to former child soldiers. These efforts demonstrate that effective prevention and reintegration are possible when rooted in economic empowerment and community resilience. The paper concludes with a call for urgent international collaboration, stronger enforcement of child protection laws, and long-term strategies to dismantle recruitment networks and rebuild Yemen’s social and educational infrastructure. Without sustained action, Yemen risks the continued loss of an entire generation to violence and exploitation. https://ijels.com/detail/yemen-s-child-soldiers-crisis-2024-key-findings-from-a-six-month-investigation/ Abdulaziz Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed, Eman Abdullah Mohammed Ali Al Nyeb https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-104202513-Yemen.pdf The narratives of war often overvalue masculine power over female capacity. Women’s contribution goes unacknowledged, unnoticed and unnamed. Wars valorize men’s valiance as soldiers and decision makers while women take the backseat as mere survivors amidst chaos. This paper focuses on the gendered narratives around war and throws light on what it is to be a woman in the times of war. It brings women on the frontline and rethinks War narratives including the experiences and contributions of a number of women who came out of their cocoon and took the challenges head on. The issues like Anti- Semitism, rape, mother- child relationship, and trauma that the war results in forms the base of the study. It showcases women as rebellious and passionate, having a steel exterior, and protecting a candyfloss heart. They are a testament of hope and resilience. The present paper underscores the narratives’ depiction of women strength amidst three kinds of violence- psychological, physical and sexual and their complex societal re-entry. It is a voice against hyper masculinity and celebrates the ‘invisible women’ in war. https://ijels.com/detail/from-home-to-warfront-women-in-world-war-ii-narratives/ Dr. Manu Bharti https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-104202522-FromHome.pdf Classroom anxiety has become a huge concern in second and foreign language and foreign language learning and a never-ending research in several of the recent decades. Theoretically, this research is supported with Horwitz, and Cope’s theory of anxiety and Krashen’s Affective Filter Hypothesis in learning foreign language. Statistically, the data were gathered from 149 participants enrolled in the grades of ESP course at Ho Chi Minh University of Banking, and then analyzed by SPSS with using Pearson to highlight the correlation between anxiety and performance. In addition, Multiple regression was also used to identify the most powerful factor in contribution. The findings shown that there was moderately significant negative correlation between anxiety and academic performance at the level of .001. Furthermore, emotional anxiety was the most powerful contribution in performance, this means that if the students get higher anxiety, they will head for the poorer performance in their learning process. https://ijels.com/detail/anxieties-as-determinants-of-esp-students-performance-towards-english-language-learning-at-ho-chi-minh-university-of-banking/ Linh Phuong Nguyen, Dung Ngoc Phuong Nguyen, Nam Van Tu, Truc Thanh Thi Nguyen https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-104202528-Anxieties.pdf This article undertakes a critical exploration of selected Odia tribal short stories—Abani Kumar Baral’s “The Bamboo Queen,” Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi’s “Jungli,” Durga Madhab Mishra’s “Buda Kirisani,” Pranabandhu Kar’s “The Vanquished” and “Two Friends,” Rajat Mohapatra’s “The Daughter of Niyamagiri,” Bhubaneswar Behera’s “The Flying Fringe,” and Gayatri Saraf’s “The Burning Mountain.” These stories, while situated within the socio-geographical milieu of Odisha’s tribal heartlands, transcend the realm of ethnographic reportage to emerge as aesthetic articulations of indigenous epistemologies, affective registers, and resistant subjectivities. This article interrogates the inadequacies of conventional historiographic and sociological discourses that often instrumentalize tribal existence as a static and legible category within the developmentalist grammar of the nation-state. In contrast, it posits literature—particularly fiction—as a counter-discursive site which articulates the ontological realities, emotional topographies, and political anxieties of tribal lifeworlds. https://ijels.com/detail/narrating-loss-ecology-and-resistance-refiguring-indigenous-voices-in-odia-tribal-short-stories/ Anjali Tripathy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/44IJELS-104202526-Narrating.pdf The present paper explores how the journey of Helena Norberg Hodge to Ladakh evokes nostalgia. Throughout the book, the author shows her fascination with the Ladakhi culture, which is deeply rooted in ancient tradition. It also shows how her fascination and curiosity about Ladakhi culture is a result of her modern world. It also reflects on how traditional societies were a universal element that was and is part of the ever-evolving modern societies. https://ijels.com/detail/echo-of-the-past-nostalgia-in-ancient-futures-by-helena-norberg-hodge/ Manzoor Hussain Sharah https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/45IJELS-104202546-Echo.pdf The Partition of the Indian Subcontinent in 1947, which resulted in the creation of two separate dominions, remains one of the most tragic and complex events of the twentieth century. Even after the lapse of more than seven decades, , the memory of partition trauma not only throbs in the veins of the victimized people but also torments the collective psyche of India and Pakistan. Each country has its own thesis and theory to prove that it was only the ‘other’ who was responsible for the catastrophic division. The macro narratives of both the countries prioritize the accounts of their policy makers extolling their leaders as heroes. The viewpoints and opinions of those who were affected are often ostracized and elided from the dominant discourses of partition history. The present paper explores the portrayal of political leaders in fictional narratives as perceived by ordinary men and women. It aims to amplify the often-overlooked voices of Partition history. The study examines how these narratives construct the reality of political leaders—whether they critique, condemn, or idealize them. Ultimately, the paper offers a broader perspective on the roles of key political figures in the history of Partition. https://ijels.com/detail/history-from-the-margins-literary-representation-of-leaders-in-partition-narratives/ Dr. Radha S. Gautam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/46IJELS-104202517-History.pdf This paper aims to explore how language and visuals in Instagram posts reflect power dynamics in the food world, focusing on three American foods: burgers, hotdogs and chicken wings as they are deeply ingrained in American culture, reflecting cultural values and preferences. Their popularity cuts across different groups in the U.S. By studying how they're depicted on Instagram, we can uncover hidden power dynamics in food culture. Hence, the paper will dig into how these foods are shown and discussed on the platform using the discourse historical analysis method. Instagram posts to be analyzed will be selected from 2020 onward, including those from chefs, restaurants, and food influencers. The paper shall contend that Instagram content is essentially ideological, reflecting societal beliefs and norms. Language, whether spoken or visual, can reinforce existing power structures. This paper will examine the language in these Instagram posts, focusing on power, history, and ideology. It will also delve into the intricate mechanisms of counter-discourse, exploring how activists strategically design, deploy, and orchestrate digital narratives to challenge prevailing socio-political ideologies. It also underscores the role of Instagram in advocating for justice and amplifying voices in democratic societies. https://ijels.com/detail/decoding-culinary-power-discourse-historical-analysis-of-instagram-food-trends-in-the-united-states/ Mitali Singh, Dr. Vandana Lunyal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/47IJELS-104202542-Decoding.pdf Stoicism, a Hellenistic philosophy primarily originating in ancient Greece, emphasizes the buildout of virtue, modesty, and self-control as key components of a fulfilling life. Its principles guide one on the path of tranquillity and eternal happiness. Stoic philosophy believes that extraneous occurrences and mundane or sublunary assets are not the key to acquiring true happiness. Instead, stoics believe that the path to true happiness primarily lies in cultivating inner resilience and a disciplined mind. William Shakespeare's works often reflect elements of Stoic philosophy, primarily and particularly underscoring nous, discipline, and virtue crucially and decisively in the face of adversity. Characters in his plays frequently grapple with emotions and fate, illustrating the Stoic belief in accepting things beyond our control. The paper explores elements of stoic philosophy like- the victory of reason over passion, the struggle between action and inaction, the endurance of suffering, and the acceptance of fate in two major tragedies: Hamlet and Julius Caesar. The paper aims to study the beliefs rooted in stoicism through closely reading the characters and plot. https://ijels.com/detail/enduring-the-crisis-stoic-figures-in-shakespearean-tragedies/ Ms. Suruchi Joshi, Dr. Shivangi Chanyal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/48IJELS-104202566-Enduring.pdf The majority of African authors' books are reflections of their diverse societies or groups. Similarly, Ngugi eloquently depicts the culture and traditions of his rural Kenyan society in The River Between. The book takes place in Central Kenya in the 1930s, a time before the country became independent from colonial rule. The novel's themes—a fight for leadership and the impact of European culture and religion on Africans—are described in a very realistic manner. One may argue that the novel could have been set in any other African nation because tales of power struggles and cultural and religious conflicts are typical of European settlers in Africa. To critically examine, analyse, and evaluate Ngugi's work's values and contribution to literature is the primary goal of selecting to critique it for study. African writers and critics have differing opinions on what exactly constitutes African literature. Most African authors search for appropriate definitions of "African Literature" because of this. The quest for a new national narrative is what may be called the story of The River Between. The conflict in The River Between occurs between the various members of a community when they come into contact with a new, foreign philosophy. This foreign ideology quickly interferes with the society's main ideological paradigm as it makes its way into the intellectual fabric of the society, upsetting its equilibrium. We can see how the tribes and villages in the story were living in a state of social harmony and stability because everyone wholeheartedly accepted one particular set of beliefs and practises and adhered to it, even though we may not be able to read it explicitly in the text. https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-on-socio-political-dynamics-in-ngugi-wa-thiongo-the-river-between/ Shailja, Dr. Geeta Phogat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/49IJELS-104202536-AStudy.pdf Teaching the English language to indigenous students can be both rewarding and challenging. This study examines the experiences of English teachers in Indigenous Peoples Education (IPEd) schools in Kalamansig, Philippines. It investigates the difficulties they encounter while teaching English to Indigenous learners in multicultural and multilingual settings. By emphasizing teachers' perspectives, the study provides insights for enhancing ESL instruction, curriculum development, and teacher training in Indigenous environments. Employing a qualitative, transcendental methodology, the research explored how teachers describe their teaching experiences, frame their challenges, and envision their professional futures. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six purposefully chosen public school educators from Datu Bak Bak Apang and Datu Etang Integrated Schools. The thematic analysis of the information resulted in fourteen (14) emerging themes derived from 165 identified meanings, 50 initial themes, and 21 clustered themes. Six themes captured teachers' lived experiences: From Necessity to Calling, Professional Resilience and Flexibility, Instructional Downshifting and Adaptability, Silent Classroom Struggle, Reciprocal Language Learning, and Finding Purpose and Fulfillment. Five themes depicted contextual difficulties: Multicultural Classroom Challenges and Adaptations, Adapting and Thriving in Teaching, Adaptive Teaching for Cultural Learning Styles, Curriculum Modification for Meaningful Learning, and Navigating Language Barriers. Three themes sought future perspectives: Commitment, Uncertainty, and Aspirations, Becoming Part of the Community, and Gradual Progress and Future Hope. The results indicate that English teachers in indigenous classrooms act as cultural mediators and language facilitators while dealing with resource limitations and systemic challenges. Despite these obstacles, they show exceptional commitment to their professional advancement and community involvement. Their experiences highlight the need for improved institutional support, focused professional development, and comprehensive policy measures to ensure culturally relevant education is accessible to marginalized indigenous students. https://ijels.com/detail/voices-of-the-language-teachers-in-teaching-indigenous-students-in-the-iped-implementing-schools/ Smilee Joy A. Sonza, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/50IJELS-104202548-Voicesof.pdf The present research is about a critical analysis of religion and human in Jeanette Winterson's Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit. In fact, the Christianity is one of the biggest and important religions in the world. Therefore it mainly deals with speech of God, based on the holy Bible. Despite the holiness of the Bible, It’s not understood the same way by every reader. So, verbally, we talk about the same Christianity but with of different point of view. That difference between the predication of the same God’s speech makes the believers to adopt different principles in the work of the Lord. All in all, several contradictions occurred. To clarify this fact, we have used an exploratory research. This analysis reveals that Christianity is universal and it is only the way and the means we use to benefit from the grace of God. Believers should recognize that God is one and the only one for all. https://ijels.com/detail/religion-and-human-in-jeanette-winterson-s-oranges-are-not-the-only-fruit-critical-outlook/ Dr Hergie Alexis Seguedeme, Dr Ibourahima Boro Alidou Razakou, Dr Abodohoui Olivier Orerien https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/51IJELS-104202543-Religion.pdf While societal discourse often focuses on female discrimination, men also face social stigmas and gender-disparity in various aspects of life. This paper explores the often-overlooked realities of male disadvantage, focusing prevalent social expectations and discrimination against men in the society. https://ijels.com/detail/social-expectations-and-stigmas-unveiling-the-gendered-face-of-discrimination-based-on-true-events-of-life/ Nia Sharma, Arnav Phougat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/52IJELS-104202552-Social.pdf Writing is an indispensable skill in various life contexts. Improving students’ writing skills is necessary for effectively communicating ideas, persuading others, and self-expression. However, writing is considered the most difficult skill, requiring massive effort and mastery of the rules. Students should possess knowledge of grammar, structure, meanings, vocabulary, and other prerequisites for effective writing. Hence, this study used the transcendental phenomenological research design to describe the lived experiences of Grade 12 students in writing English at Kapingkong National High School. The researcher collected data through criterion sampling, in-depth semi-structured interviews, and documentation. Content experts validated interview questions. Thematic analysis revealed relevant themes: Positive outlook, Goal-oriented writing, Writing proficiency, Self-assessment in writing, Grammar problems, Disheartening organizational skill, Scarcity of time, Inevitable ambiguity, Problems on highfalutin terms, Age and learning gap, Technology and communication, Language barrier, Negative outlook, Academic help-seeking behavior, Learning and writing styles, Language resource, Writing routines, English writing competence, Learning and writing styles, and Teacher’s feedback. The research findings suggested that many Grade 12 students struggled to compose grammatically accurate English paragraphs. The study revealed that students' English writing was mostly hindered by a lack of proficiency in English tenses, grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and other related factors. Furthermore, the primary factors contributing to students' inadequate writing skills in English included a lack of imaginative concepts, anxiety related to writing, insufficient structural organization, and an overreliance on peers. This highlighted the need for a learning and development program for students who required assistance enhancing their writing skills. https://ijels.com/detail/writing-english-through-the-lens-of-the-senior-high-school-students-a-phenomenological-inquiry/ Jefrey V. Mabasa, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/53IJELS-104202538-Writing.pdf To enhance second language acquisition, it is essential to develop an understanding of the issues faced by English major students; therefore, the primary objective of this study concerns the identification of the challenges faced by second language learners as perceived by English major students from the Department of Languages and Translation at Tabuk University. Developing fluency in English and speaking confidently in public is rapidly becoming an essential skill for students: it is fundamental to both their studies and when seeking employment following graduation. Increasingly, employers are seeking applicants who can speak English fluently and confidently; therefore, English language acquisition is increasingly perceived as one of the most challenging elements of the teaching and learning process.Via the inclusion of both qualitative and quantitative data, this study analysed the factors that impede the efficacy of public speaking among undergraduate students at Tabuk University. The findings of this study highlight that several elements can impact a student’s use of English in public (such as psychological factors, learning environment, educational system, educational facilities, faculty members, and the curriculum). https://ijels.com/detail/a-study-of-the-challenges-faced-by-english-major-students-from-tabuk-university-when-speaking-english/ Dr. Nadyh N. Alawfi, Dr. Haifa Alatawi, Mashael Abuthuhayr, Reema Ghurm H Alshehri, Sara Mohammad M Abufara, , Leena Salman A Alshehry, Razan Moeed A Alshmrani, Rehab Nasser Albishi, Nadiyah Dhafer Albishi , Hadeel Jawad F Matar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/54IJELS-104202551-AStudy.pdf This paper explores the constellation of masculinities portrayed in the memoirs of Nalini Jameela, with a particular focus on her work Ente Aanungal, translated into English as Romantic Encounters of a Sex Worker (2018). Her negotiation with the complex landscape of masculinities is analysed to understand how life writing as a genre has the potential to present a counter–public discourse that enables the subaltern worlds to assert their voices. Her memoirs also disrupt the hegemonic constructions of gender, sexuality and morality, although there are strategic compromises with the established patterns during many instances. By portraying her experiences with a wide range of masculinities, her narrative brings out the fluid and often contradictory masculinities at play, which are often missed from the regular analysis of mainstream Kerala society. Her autobiographical accounts thus present an alternative perspective on masculinity studies in the context of Kerala. The paper tries to understand how different masculinities are performed and how they are negotiated and resisted within the transactional sexual economies. Her ethnographic-like exploration of her relationships helps us to understand the dualities embedded in Kerala society from a fresh perspective, which can present a cogent critique of the social hierarchies and the moral geographies of this region. https://ijels.com/detail/negotiating-the-masculinities-reading-the-marginal-worlds-in-nalini-jameela-s-romantic-encounters-of-a-sex-worker/ Mirium Xavier https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/55IJELS-104202516-Negotiating.pdf This paper aims to explore the journey of art and literature from the early impressions of creativity and imagination i.e. prehistoric cave paintings to current scenario i.e. use of technology and NFT. While tracing the evolution of art, the influence of economy and technology on how an art object /work is produced or presented and perceived is also discussed. It contends that in the age of hyperreality, not only the distinction between real and simulated is getting blurred, rather the demarcation between physical and virtual is also collapsing as can be noted in the works of contemporary creators like Damein Hirst and Lans King. https://ijels.com/detail/transformations-in-art-and-literature-in-hyperreal-era-a-philosophical-exploration/ Jagveer Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/56IJELS-104202533-Transformations.pdf This research explores the feminist themes in Purabi Basu’s The Stories of Women (Narir Kotha), emphasizing the representation of women’s struggles, resilience, and agency within patriarchal Bangladeshi society. By examining Basu’s narratives through a feminist lens, the study identifies key themes such as internalized patriarchy, gender-based oppression, and female solidarity. The paper compares Basu’s work with global feminist literature, situating it within the broader discourse of Third World feminism. Ultimately, this research highlights how Basu’s storytelling contributes to the on-going fight for gender equality and women’s empowerment. https://ijels.com/detail/unveiling-patriarchal-chains-a-feminist-analysis-of-women-s-struggles-in-purabi-basu-s-the-stories-of-women/ Haydor Uddin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/57IJELS-103202528-Unveiling.pdf The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into public administration is transforming governance processes worldwide, offering the promise of greater efficiency and responsiveness. However, this technological shift also raises profound ethical dilemmas, particularly concerning transparency, accountability, bias, and data privacy. This study critically examines these challenges through an extensive review of global and Indian literature, supplemented by a simulated stakeholder survey. Findings reveal a cautious trust in AI systems, widespread concerns about algorithmic opacity and bias, and a strong demand for human oversight and institutional reforms. Drawing insights from international best practices and stakeholder perspectives, the study proposes actionable reforms, including mandatory transparency protocols, ethics-by-design frameworks, and capacity-building initiatives. It argues that embedding ethical safeguards into AI deployment is essential for preserving democratic accountability and ensuring that technology serves the public interest rather than undermining it. https://ijels.com/detail/governance-in-the-age-of-algorithms-ethical-dilemmas-and-administrative-reforms/ Ms. Sheetal Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/58IJELS-103202587-Governance.pdf Local pharmacies play a vital role in delivering essential healthcare services in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, particularly in providing access to medicines and basic health consultations. Despite their importance, these establishments face several operational challenges such as increasing competition from large pharmaceutical chains, financial constraints, regulatory compliance issues, and evolving customer expectations. This study aims to assess the current operational landscape of local pharmacies by identifying key obstacles and opportunities in areas such as location, branding, pricing strategies, and technological adaptation. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data were collected through structured survey questionnaires administered to pharmacy owners, managers, and staff. The results of the study serve as the basis for proposing an operational plan aimed at enhancing sustainability, improving service delivery, and promoting long-term growth. Recommendations derived from the findings are intended to help local pharmacies adapt to industry demands, strengthen their market position, and continue serving the healthcare needs of their communities effectively. https://ijels.com/detail/challenges-and-opportunities-of-local-pharmacies-in-talavera-nueva-ecija-a-basis-for-an-operational-plan/ Mark Alvin H. Abad, Roberto V. Reyes Jr., Aileen G. Bondoc, Cynthia A. Sandoval, Eleonor F. Dela Cruz, Jaime Duque Santos Jr. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/59IJELS-104202511-Challenges.pdf The photograph, ‘The Vulture and the Little Girl’, also known as the ‘Struggling Girl’, taken by renowned photographer Kevin Carter, first appeared in the New York Times on 26 March 1993, which depicts a young girl in Sudan, crouching on the ground in a state of malnutrition while a vulture stands nearby. This stark and haunting image encapsulates the grim realities of hunger, poverty and death that affect millions across the globe. Mulk Raj Anand’s Coolie, a seminal work of Indian literature, shares similar themes of exploitation, suffering and the brutality of societal systems. The novel, set in pre-independence India, explores the life of Munoo, a young boy who faces the harsh realities of poverty, child labour and an oppressive social hierarchy. This research paper will delve into the connections between the photograph and the themes portrayed in Coolie, drawing parallels between the image of the little girl and the tragic journey of Munoo, in Anand’s novel. The paper brings out how life across art, history and real world go hand in hand regardless of time, clime and space. This paper aims to explore the different facets of predation in human society, analyzing how these "predators" operate within a framework of power, influence, and survival. https://ijels.com/detail/beyond-the-order-a-study-of-the-vulture-and-the-little-girl-and-mulk-raj-anand-s-coolie/ Dr Ritu Tomer Rathi, Shivani Pawar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/60IJELS-10520253-Beyond.pdf The study was conducted in the province of Nueva Ecija an emerging hospitality and tourism industry hotspot toinvestigate how employee satisfaction affects the operational performance of food and beverage establishments In this regard employeesatisfaction is discussed as an independent variable focusing on four essential factors compensation work environment career growth opportunities and management support These factors affect service delivery performance indicators like productivity service quality or globalperformance A structuredsurvey was implemented in 30 establishments collecting data from 120 employees The strongest operational performance predictors were the work environment and the opportunity to access managementsupport A clean safe workplace and practices carried out in management like clear communication and acknowledgmenthelped improve employee morale and productivity tremendously Career paths had a moderate effect on longterm engagement At the same time salary was more relevant to retention than ongoingdaily engagement though it was considered a given in all aspects of the job Correlation and regression methods found Positive relationships between satisfaction dimensions and performance indicators The strongest correlations were found between workplace conditionsand management support The study adds that improving employee satisfaction starts with holisticattention to employee needs These recommendations include reassessing compensation structures cultivating a supportive work environment managing supportpriorities and investing in employee development opportunities Wellfunctioning service providers create unique customer experiences and greater employee satisfaction which leads to higher employee satisfactionresulting in seamless operations higher service quality and sustainablecompetitive advantage The study offers practical implications for managers and restaurant owners and highlights that enhancing employee wellbeing is essential for the sustained success of food and beveragecompanies https://ijels.com/detail/employee-satisfaction-and-its-influence-on-operations-in-food-and-beverage-establishments/ Janry Paul Aganon Santos https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/61IJELS-104202539-Employee.pdf This paper elucidates a variety of themes such as identity, self-discovery and gender disparity coupled with the role of memory and cultural past in shaping Bonita’s journey. Bonita, who embarks on unearthing her Mother’s intriguing past not only discovers her hidden artistic talents but also her perpetual struggle to find her place in a male-driven household. The story also unravels the interwoven similarities between the lives of the protagonist and her mother in their relentless determination to forge their own paths. Desai also highlights Bonita’s continuous efforts, with the help of the Stranger, to resolve the challenges of understanding one’s place in the society while reconciling with a fragmented past. The striking imagery, symbolic elements and second person narration help in comprehending Bonita’s emotional and psychological state. Furthermore, the juxtaposition of the Mexican Revolution and Partition highlights the constant struggle between different cultures and individual lives. Desai skilfully digs into gender roles, lack of feminine agency and societal obligations to mark the woman’s journey. The unresolved conflicts between familial duties and individual desires urge both Bonita and Mother to carve out a niche for themselves. In this way, Rosarita deals with multiple themes, emphasising the never-ending pursuit of self-awareness by referencing Desai’s interviews, autobiographical elements and comparisons with her other works. https://ijels.com/detail/uncovering-self-discovery-belongingness-and-cultural-dynamics-in-anita-desai-s-rosarita-a-thematic-analysis/ Megha Kapil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/62IJELS-104202574-Uncovering.pdf Stories have the power to cut through the barriers of culture, language and time. But not all writers survive the challenges and threats posited by the constantly evolving dynamics of time and all that it encompasses. Some stories wither and fade away like flowers during winter. Only a few are retained in the memories of readers and viewers alike- as stories can be narrated in both the audio-visual form (such as cinema) or in printed manuscripts. Such tales continue to rejoice people even decades after their conceptualization and execution. Rabindranath Tagore is a writer of such many tales which never cease to take readers by surprise irrespective of the age they belong to. In this paper, I shall be focusing on one of his short-stories titled “Kabuliwala” and its screenplay adaptation “Bioscopewala” with undue emphasis upon all those elements that have been remodelled and refashioned to fit a modern day story better. This, in turn, would facilitate a multi-layered understanding of the genius that Tagore was which makes him relevant even to date. This paper shall also seek to explore the possible causes triggering so many movie adaptations of popular novels and stories. https://ijels.com/detail/from-kabuliwala-to-bioscopewala-adapting-tagore-into-a-modern-day-cinema/ Rituparna Mitra https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/63IJELS-104202562-From.pdf This review synthesizes research on impact of education on environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity conservation, and pollution in emerging economies to address the fragmented understanding of education’s role in environmental outcomes amid rapid development and resource constraints. The review aimed to evaluate knowledge on education-environment linkages, benchmark educational approaches, identify mechanisms connecting education expenditure and human capital to sustainability, compare regional variations, and assess innovative educational strategies. A systematic analysis of interdisciplinary empirical and theoretical studies from 2000 to 2023, focusing on emerging economies including China, India, Africa, and ASEAN countries, was conducted using quantitative and qualitative synthesis methods. Findings indicate that education expenditure and higher education significantly reduce CO2 emissions and pollution, though effects vary by region and income level; education fosters biodiversity conservation attitudes, but empirical links to outcomes remain limited; integration of education with government policies and green innovation enhances environmental sustainability; and experiential, interdisciplinary pedagogies improve environmental awareness despite resource and curriculum challenges. These findings collectively demonstrate education’s multifaceted influence on environmental quality, moderated by socioeconomic and institutional factors. The review underscores the need for context-specific, policy-supported educational frameworks that incorporate innovative practices to advance sustainable development in emerging economies. https://ijels.com/detail/from-classroom-to-climate-action-exploring-the-educational-pathways-to-environmental-awareness-a-systematic-literature-review/ Shiwani, Dr. Mukesh Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/64IJELS-104202564-From.pdf Lefebvre’s notion of ‘producing space’ as opposed to what he says is the widely held idea that ‘empty space’ is prior to whatever ends up filling it forms the basis of study for this paper. Positing that space is a social product, Lefebvre goes on to discuss the contours of the production of this space. Within such a framework the paper tries to examine the notion of space as produced in Arundhati Roy’s latest novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. It delves especially on the space of the cemetery trying to understand not just the discourse that creates the space but also the changing dimensions of the space within the novel. The cemetery in the novel becomes a home for Anjum, a transgender and several others like her who are rejects of the mainstream society. However, the way the home extends itself, swallowing the graves as it grows indicates a kind of production where the marginalized starts producing and extending its boundaries over the mainstream. Thus the social space of the cemetery in the novel acquires new dimensions and an earlier discourse associated with that space- a discourse of death, loss, grief and pain gets displaced with a different discourse of home, life, joy etc. The cemetery is therefore not just examined as a mental space but also as a social space as propounded by Lefebvre and the paper attempts to consider different possibilities in examining this space https://ijels.com/detail/the-social-space-of-the-cemetery-in-arundhati-roy-s-the-ministry-of-utmost-happiness/ Dr. Deepthi S. https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/65IJELS-101202549-TheSocialSpace.pdf