https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usFebruary 11 This paper examines how Modernist poetry addresses ‘waste landscape’ or ‘waste’ as both a theme and aesthetic device, revealing a ‘waste management’ re-negotiation with the content and form of the poetry. I investigate how a complex renegotiation presented ‘waste’ under the new forms of meaning and knowledge. Through various kinds of bolder rearrangements made by the modernists, the waste landscapes are fixed into a new jigsaw, of an exteriorized other ‘self.’ I analyse the works of T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Marianne Moore, H.D., Hart Crane, William Carlos Williams, and Wallce Stevens, to befittingly re-read into these waste landscapes. https://ijels.com/detail/waste-landscapes-and-poetic-renewal-in-modernist-poetry/ Tanika Rajeswari V https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1IJELS-112202455-Waste.pdf This study explored the utilization of hedges and boosters in the essays written by AB-English and BS-Information Technology students. Specifically, it aimed to identify significant differences in the frequency of these linguistic features when analyzed against variables such as respondents’ gender and major field of specialization. Through a detailed examination of the essays written by the respondents, the study revealed that female students tend to employ hedges more frequently than their male counterparts. It was also observed that both male and female students make use of boosters in their writing. The overall frequency of hedges and boosters was found to be relatively consistent across both groups, irrespective of gender. These findings underscore the importance for English educators to actively engage students in understanding the strategic use of hedges and boosters. By highlighting their role in crafting nuanced and effective academic essays, teachers can enhance students’ awareness and ability to utilize these linguistic tools to strengthen their academic writing. https://ijels.com/detail/hedges-and-boosters-in-college-essays-a-study-of-linguistic-modulation-in-student-writing/ Salome L. Escalona https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2IJELS-101202511-Hedges.pdf Silence often functions as a nuanced metaphor in literature, encapsulating themes of suppression, resilience, and resistance. In Shashi Deshpande's That Long Silence and Anita Desai's Fasting, Feasting, silence emerges as a central motif that shapes the protagonists' lives within patriarchal frameworks. This paper explores how silence is used to reflect and negotiate female agency in these two novels. Deshpande’s Jaya and Desai’s Uma, though different in their socio-cultural contexts, grapple with similar struggles of identity and autonomy. Jaya’s imposed silence in marriage and Uma’s enforced silence in a patriarchal household underscore how silence perpetuates gender inequality. However, both authors also depict silence as a space for introspection and a subtle form of defiance. Through a comparative analysis, this paper examines how the interplay between silence and voice is integral to the characters' journeys toward self-realization. Drawing from feminist literary theory and cultural criticism, it investigates the layered role of silence as both a tool of oppression and a strategy for survival. Ultimately, the study reveals how silence is repurposed by the protagonists to assert their agency and resist patriarchal constraints. https://ijels.com/detail/silence-as-complicity-gender-power-and-the-ethics-of-witnessing-in-lights-out/ Dr. Qudsi Rizvi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3IJELS-101202517-Silence.pdf From the beginning, I wrote the article using the nanotechnological process of connecting small parts into several larger assemblies of which it consists. The parts are understood independently of each other, and therefore can be read in any order, and in the article they are given in the following order: Critique of the Modular Theory; The Open-Minded Brain; Genesis of Neurons in Adults; Edelman's Theory of Neural Darwinism (ETND); Stonier's Interpretation and Extension of ETND; "The Psychology of Computers (and Robots)"; The One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence 2014-2114 – AI100; Information in the Biosphere; Viruses; Semantic Metabolism according to Tom Stonier (1997); Pattern Recognition vs. Logic; Global Information Infrastructure and Automatic Semantic Indexing; Connectome, Connectomics, Bioinformatics; The Human Brain Projects (EU, USA, Japan, China, R Korea, India); and Microbiome or Other Brain. The relationship between the human brain and information technology is complementary. The brain cannot imitate technology, but we try to design the latter in the image and functioning of the brain. As a rule, there are no information-rounded units for a very specific mental operation in the brain. There are networks in the brain that include visual information about a face, auditory information about a name to recognize a certain person, which “reside” in different parts of the cerebral cortex, but are connected into a single attractor. From the first frames and scenes of a film, we immediately know whether we have already watched it. Evolution uses the principle of “less is more”. The more advanced and the later they arise in evolution, the less “software” certain regions of the brain are loaded with in advance. The functional organization of the most advanced heteromodal associative cortex, which coordinates the internal states of the organism with the external world, is not modular, but interactive and distributed. Aging-related brain atrophy is asymmetrical and affects the right hemisphere more than the left, as the right hemisphere ages faster than the left. Mental activities stimulate the formation of new neurons and connections between them. When remembering an object, such as a locomotive, it is not a stored image somewhere in the brain. The brain remembers the “locomotive” as temporary patterns of connections. However, new patterns do not create new connections, but rather strengthen existing pathways. The strength of the neural connections that create a pattern is a function of repetition and experience. The meaning of a sentence depends on where we place a comma. If there is no mechanism in our brain to recognize the pattern of the meaning of the comma, we cannot perceive the meaning of the sentence. Computers are machines based on binary logic, while the human brain is an “analog device” with complex circuits adapted to recognize patterns of connections (pattern recognition). There is no sufficiently good and comprehensive theory of how the brain works. Since the advent of computers, we have tried to explain the way the brain works with the help of a computer model. To explain biological phenomena, we use a mechanical model, and conversely, to explain computers, we use a model of our brains. In the case of artificial intelligence, we use our nervous systems to sense, learn, reason, and act. In 2014, the Centennial Study on Artificial Intelligence, programs, and policies, and their impact on people, their communities, and society was launched. The »anthropology« of robots and artificial intelligence is developing. Electronic communication systems (Arpanet, Internet, Interspace, etc.) are essential for accelerating the development of our collective intelligence. One of the essential concepts of consciousness is semantic metabolism. Information exists independently of its meaning and must not be confused with the message. The message exists before the meaning and independently of whether the recipients exist or not, but it cannot become meaningful without the recipient, and acquires meaning after being included in the internal information environment of the recipient. Recursive processing of new semantic complexes of information under certain conditions results in the creation of new knowledge structures. The functioning of cellular metabolism as an information processing system is more sophisticated than the information processing performed by a computer, and confirms the giant steps taken by biological sciences in unraveling complex biological systems. Understanding the human brain is one of the greatest challenges of science in the 21st century. To understand how a network transmits information, the type of network, its elements, and its connections must be known. Neural tissue is fundamentally different from the tissues of other organs. The cellular structure of neural tissue and the brain is a genetically inherited product and at the same time a product of experience. In this way, the structure of our nervous systems is personalized! A “map” of synaptic connections between neurons, called a “connectome,” is supposed to show the connectivity of synapses and the flow of information in the brain. The convergence between information communication technology and biology was of decisive importance for the launch of human brain projects (in the EU, USA, Japan, China, R. Korea, India). At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, a new science of psychobiotics emerged, revealing the close connection between the brain and psyche with the microbiome, that is, the four-kilogram population of microbes that live in the human intestine. The intestinal microbiome is unique, just like a fingerprint, but the important difference is that we can change our microbiome! Psychobiotics reveals the biological foundations of the connection between the microbiome and health, as well as mental and other disorders. https://ijels.com/detail/the-connection-of-information-science-and-psychology-in-the-case-of-the-wisdom-paradox-part-two/ Tvrtko-Matija Šercar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4IJELS-101202516-TheConnection.pdf Arvind Adiga has emerged as a strong writer who has emphatically given voice to the social evils of our contemporary postmodern and post-colonial world— both rural and urban . His debut novel The White Tiger is a prominent signature in the realm of Indian writing in English. In the novel he has meticulously depicted the social evils like corruption and poverty in India which are really dangerous and causing real nuisance in society. Aravind Adiga through his novel tries to throw light on the ugly side of social problems to show how such problems have created incorrigible circumstances to the under privileged Indians even in the twenty-first century. https://ijels.com/detail/depiction-of-social-discrimination-in-arvind-adiga-s-the-white-tiger/ Dr. Priyanka https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5IJELS-112202470-Depiction.pdf This paper examines the literary concept of an unreliable narrator and how it is used to create suspense and tension in crime and thriller books. The report begins with an explanation of the term "unreliable narrator" and its origins before delving into the many varieties of unreliable narrators outlined by William Riggan in his book "Picaros, Mad Men, Nafs, and Clowns: The Unreliable First-person Narrator." The article then looks at Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" and Agatha Christie's "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd'' as examples of how an unreliable narrator is used in literature, particularly in detective fiction. The key arguments offered include the various forms of unreliable narrators, the use of an unreliable narrator to build suspense and plot twists, and the implications of an unreliable narrator on reader trust and participation. According to the paper, using an unreliable narrator is a powerful storytelling tactic that challenges readers' assumptions and perceptions of narrative and character and is a technique that has been increasing in use and popularity now. https://ijels.com/detail/unreliable-narrators-agatha-christie-s-murder-of-roger-ackroyd-and-other-examples/ Gopika Arora https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6IJELS-106202411-Unreliable.pdf From ancient Greece on, fictional narratives have entailed deciphering mystery. At almost the same period as the detective branch of the Metropolitan Police was evolving, the genre of detective fiction was also emerging, mainly in the short-story form. In these stories, a mystery or a crime occurs, and an amateur or professional detective is called in to solve it. The first modern detective story is often thought to be Edgar Allan Poe’s The Murders in the Rue Morgue, which first introduced the golden age of detective stories, and the world to private detectives, that would later Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes. Detective fiction is one of the most popular literary genres. From the rigid structures of classic whodunits to the genre-bending experiments of today, crime fiction has undergone a fascinating evolution that is found in an investigative journey, and the eternal human desire to see justice served. https://ijels.com/detail/thematic-formal-and-ideological-aspects-of-literary-fiction-the-rise-of-detective-fiction/ Dr. Cristina Guarneri https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7IJELS-101202523-Thematic.pdf Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports are important non-financial disclosures that provide insights into an enterprise’s commitment to social and environmental responsibilities. With the escalation of global environmental challenges, the focus on the disclosure of environmental responsibility information within CSR reports has intensified. As CNPC (China National Petroleum Corporation) is an environmentally sensitive corporation, this study investigates the legitimation strategies utilized in the environmental discourse of the CNPC’s English CSR Report of 2022, aiming to understand how CNPC constructs its legitimacy in sustainable development for international audience. The findings reveal that: (1) five principal legitimation strategies are employed—authorization, moralization, rationalization, mythopoesis, and altruism—with rationalization as the dominant strategy, representing 65.45% of all cases; (2) these strategies are grounded in diverse sources of legitimacy, such as collective authority and moral values, and are manifested through distinct lexical and syntactic choices; (3) these legitimation strategies constructs an authoritative and credible corporate eco-friendly image for CNPC. These findings contribute to the understanding of legitimation strategies in institutional environmental discourse and offer practical implications for enterprises aiming to enhance their international reputations in sustainable development and facilitate global expansion. https://ijels.com/detail/discursive-construction-of-cnpc-s-eco-friendly-image-in-its-corporate-social-responsibility-report-a-legitimation-strategy-analysis/ Li Ke https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8IJELS-101202521-Discursive.pdf This paper explores the concept of gendered spaces in Arundhati Roy’s “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness”, focusing on the experiences of transgender individuals and the systemic gender discrimination prevalent in contemporary Indian society. Roy’s depiction of spaces—both physical and metaphorical—reveals how gender constructs marginalise and alienate individuals, particularly those who exist outside traditional gender binaries. This article examines the intricate relationships between gender, space, and identity as reflected in Roy’s narrative, offering critical insights into the struggles and resilience of marginalised communities. https://ijels.com/detail/gendered-spaces-a-critical-exploration-of-transgender-identity-and-gender-discrimination-in-arundhati-roy-s-the-ministry-of-utmost-happiness/ Shimna Gopaladhas https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9IJELS-101202520-Gendered.pdf The impacts of climate change are negative and appear in the form of extreme weather events, disrupted ecosystems, and socio-economic challenges, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. Literature such as Barbara Kingsolver's Flight Behavior provides an indispensable lens for viewing these profound environmental and societal impacts. This paper attempts to explicate the extreme polarisation of the environment and anthropogenic catastrophe positioned in climate change in 21st-century literature, as particularly illustrated in Barbara Kingsolver's Flight Behavior. Dellarobia Turnbow — provides a nuanced glimpse into the complex effects of climate change on our ecosystems and rural communities. The unusual migration of monarch butterflies to Tennessee is a powerful symbol of the broader disruptions to the environment wrought by global warming. Kingsolver’s writings capture the feeling of ecological disarray and the need for change. This analysis will examine how the environmental tragedy is leveraged to elaborate on the socio-economic and cultural challenges that communities grapple with in confronting these environmental transformations and in following through with climate change mitigation. The scholarship will examine the conflation of scientific language with a vocabulary of personal transformation and the language of community through a critical lens, isolating how the novel not only furthers the genre of environmental literature but also calls for increased ecological consciousness. In addition, the article will explore the function of storytelling as a tool for creating public awareness and interest in climatic issues, Arguing that novel literature is an indispensable medium for confronting the complexities of global climate change. Through a close reading of Kingsolver's published work, I will argue that literature is both a mirror of our contemporary environmental crises and an illusion of a sustainable future. https://ijels.com/detail/climate-narrative-in-barbara-kingsolver-s-flight-behavior/ Surabhi Chandan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10IJELS-101202535-Climate.pdf This work examined a stylistic analysis of some selected speeches of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) is a new Biafra (Igbo) movement of the people of Eastern Nigeria. It is led by Mazi Nnamdi Kanu agitating for the declaration of Biafra republic. It was initiated in 1967 by former Military administrator of Eastern Nigeria from 1966 who is now Late Ikemba of Innewi, Chief Odimegwu Ojukwu. The aim of this study is to carry out a stylistic analysis of selected speeches of the Indigenous People of Biafra with the intention to ascertain the particular stylistic choices that characterize the speeches. This study combines stylistics principles with Michael Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar as the theoretical framework to examine the pattern of the language used in the speeches. The study reveals that the speeches are characterized by lexico-semantic features such as Collocation, Figurative and Lexical relations which are creatively used to convey the speakers’ intentions of grieving, protesting, self-defending, calling for international aid and so on. It also reveals that the state of agitation, brutality informed their choice of negative words. In view of this, this study concluded that the language pattern of the IPOB speakers are aggressive using propaganda and rhetorical techniques which might be responsible for their being misconstrued as a terrorist group by the Federal government of Nigeria. https://ijels.com/detail/a-stylistic-analysis-of-selected-speeches-of-the-indigenous-people-of-biafra-ipob/ Ijem, Blessing Ugo, Ike Samuel https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11IJELS-101202530-AStylistic.pdf We identify the fundamental elements of reality and their simultaneous co-existence in Aymenem, a village in the Kottayam district of God’s Own Country, Kerala, where the post-colonial novel The God of Small Things is set. Arundhati Roy’s seminal work portrays those tumultuous times when India was plagued with socio-political malpractices such as poignant post-colonial legacies, pollical chaos, social discrimination, casteism, racism, class conflict, gender issues, patriarchy, and economic inequality – only to name a few. In this study, we seek to analyze individualistic perspectives, but also the collective effect of these fundamental elements of the societal irrationalities through the lens of post-colonialism, nature’s roleplay, casteism, gender, and contradiction. Not only do we briefly review the noteworthy reports and scholarly publications along these lines, but also report our contribution in the form of a holistic analysis of the individual-collective behavior, interpersonal and human-nature relationships presented in the novel. Finally, we also discuss our perspectives on the innate conflict, inner chaos, and contradictions at a time when we almost near three decades of the publication of the masterpiece family drama novel, The God of Small Things. https://ijels.com/detail/gender-caste-and-love-laws-in-the-god-of-small-things-contradictions-and-trauma-in-a-post-colonial-panorama/ Srija Nandy https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12IJELS-101202545-Gender.pdf This paper explores eighteenth-century notions of aesthetic value in art as both innate and improvable, focusing on the influential writings of David Hume, Hugh Blair, and Edmund Burke. Hume’s empiricist framework, which emphasizes sensory experience as the foundation of taste, significantly shaped Blair’s more detailed examination of the concept. While Blair aligns with Hume’s emphasis on subjective sensibility, his approach incorporates rationalist elements, suggesting that taste involves a balance between sensory perception and intellectual refinement. In contrast, Burke introduces a unique dimension by asserting the universality of taste, grounded in the uniformity of human sensory experiences. Hume’s emphasis on sensory experience as the foundation of taste, Blair’s blend of empirical and rationalist approaches, and Burke’s focus on the universality of taste reveal the diversity of thought surrounding the concept. By comparing these perspectives, the study highlights the interplay between subjectivity and universality in shaping aesthetic judgment. This comparative reading not only provides a deeper understanding of the historical evolution of taste but also offers a foundation for engaging with broader philosophical and cultural debates on aesthetic value. Additionally, it invites further research into the contributions of other thinkers to the discourse on taste, emphasizing its relevance to contemporary aesthetic and intellectual inquiries. https://ijels.com/detail/eighteenth-century-notions-of-taste-a-comparative-reading-of-hume-blair-and-burke/ Sanjeev Niraula https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/13IJELS-101202533-Eighteenth.pdf In this article the transformation of the Roman Republics form of government in the historical process is reexamined with the theoretical framework of Acemolu and Robinsons The Fall of Nations The authors draw attention to how overarching institutions shape the economic and political development of societies and analyse the structures of the early Roman Republic in this context The Early Republic was a period of intense power struggle between patricians and plebeians While social problems such as the economic and political privileges of the patricians conquest strategies and debts deepened class tensions reforms such as the LicinioSextian Laws brought important gains for the plebeians and allowed Rome to become more inclusive These reforms ensured that Romes political and economic system was controlled by a wider segment of the population and increased social equality and participation However the Roman economy was based on shortterm gains from conquest rather than the longterm dynamism promised by inclusive institutions in the modern sense The large land ownership system called Latifundium established after the Punic Wars allowed large landowners to increase their production by taking advantage of cheap slave labour leading to the economic weakening of small farmers According to Acemolu and Robinson Rome did not have a sustainable economic structure due to the slave economy However while the slaves obtained from the Punic Wars alone did not put the plebeians in a difficult situation Romes cheap grain imports from the conquered lands in an environment without state intervention further weakened the economic power of small farmers For Acemoglu and Robinson the transformation of the republic into an empire signalled the end of institutional inclusiveness and economic development However the Augustan period enabled the Roman economy to gain strength through the development of trade and economic innovations With the reforms carried out by Augustus the economic structure of Rome was strengthened and a transition to a marketoriented model was achieved https://ijels.com/detail/a-critical-contribution/ Yasemin Gültekin https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/14IJELS-10220258-ACritical.pdf This study explores the interplay between class, ideology and consciousness within the socio-political contexts of 19th-century England and 20th-century Egypt in Dickens' Great Expectations and Mahfouz's The Cairo Trilogy respectively from a Marxist perspective. It attempts to provide answers to these objectives: 1) analyze the socio-political and economic contexts of 19th-century England and 20th-century Egypt; 2) examine the ways in which class, ideology and consciousness are represented in the novels, particularly through the experiences of the protagonists; 3) explore the literary techniques used by Dickens and Mahfouz to critique the dominant power structures and social injustice; 4) assess the enduring relevance of the novels' social and political messages to contemporary society. Marxist literary theory is utilized to explore the themes of class, ideology and consciousness within the socio-political contexts of 19th-century England and 20th-century Egypt in the selected novels. The study concludes that both novels critique social hierarchies, capitalist and colonial ideologies and perpetuate the characters' consciousness and unconsciousness. The protagonists, Pip in Great Expectations and Kamal in The Cairo Trilogy, navigate between self-discovery, love and social expectations. They face moral dilemmas and highlight conflicts between personal values and societal norms, making the novels emblematic of the exploration of universal messages that remain relevant to contemporary society. https://ijels.com/detail/class-ideology-and-consciousness-revisiting-dickens-great-expectations-and-mahfouz-s-the-cairo-trilogy-from-a-marxist-perspective/ Ayoub Abdullah Saleh Bill, Dr. Anees Mohammed Ahmed AlNajjar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/15IJELS-101202536-Class.pdf This paper explores the use of visceral imagery and horror within gothic literature, analysing key literature texts such as Frankenstein, The Yellow Wallpaper, Dracula, and how the narrative within these texts exposes the darker aspects of womanhood and the constraints society has placed upon the female identity. The study highlights the themes of bodily autonomy, maternal horror, and psychological confinement. This analysis argues that Gothic literature is key to understanding the complex nature of the female experience, while challenging traditional narratives. https://ijels.com/detail/the-analysis-of-gothic-literature-s-use-of-visceral-imagery-and-horror-to-explore-idealized-notions-of-femininity-and-gender/ Roopak Kautarapu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/16IJELS-101202543-TheAnalysis.pdf The present study focuses on the general neglect of church and the unwanted practices that crept into the ecclesiastical system during the early 19th century and the traces that are researched from Sir Walter Scott’s novel St.Ronan’s Well . The study compasses a general look into the various deviations related to churches and the poor choice of the authorities in appointing Josiah Cargill as the minister of the Parish of St.Ronan’s Well.The study aims to bring to light the various ills that creep into a system, underlining the reasons that lead to such deviations and the need to appoint only such individuals who are totally aware of their responsibility towards society. https://ijels.com/detail/ecclesiastical-deviation-in-the-early-19th-century-and-its-traces-in-scott-s-st-ronan-s-well/ Vivek Chauhan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/17IJELS-101202552-Ecclesiastical.pdf This article critically examines EM Forster’s psychological perspective as reflected in his essays Notes on the English Character and The Mind of the Indian State. By exploring his admitted reliance on psychology—despite limited knowledge in politics, economics, and science—the study argues that Forster’s depiction of the English and Indian characters is significantly influenced by self-fulfilling prophecy and attribution bias. The analysis demonstrates that while Forster extols the virtues of the English national character, his portrayals of the Indian character are laden with negative stereotypes. In doing so, Forster not only reinforces his ingroup favouritism but also overlooks the complex interplay of environmental and individual factors in shaping cultural identity. Contemporary studies on intercultural interactions and cultural psychology are drawn upon to contextualize his bias. The findings challenge the impartiality of Forster’s assessments and invite a reappraisal of his work from a more balanced psychological standpoint. https://ijels.com/detail/outlook-on-the-em-foster-s-psychology-concerning-english-and-indian-character/ Laraib Fatima Niazi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/18IJELS-101202539-Outlook.pdf This paper discusses the effect of passion when deciding the important life matters and judging others through emotional desire instead of reason. First, it demonstrates a short background of Jacobean drama and tragedy as a prominent dramatic genre of that time. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyzes characters’ behaviour that leads to their own destruction. The methods that are employed in this study are the crucial notions of French psychoanalyst-feminist Julia Kristeva and her study of human behavior. Through play’s textual analysis, the study has reached certain findings regarding the presentations of complex characters in Middleton’s play, especially the main female characters. Finally, this study’s conclusions elaborate the Kristeva’s notions concerning certain behaviour that women characters perform in the play that show the motives behind their actions, whether driven by reason or passion. It is worth mentioning that Kristeva’s critical notions related to desire and passion are used as the main tools of analysis to clarify the actions of one of the main female characters in the play, Beatrice, which result from her passional personality. The way Beatrice makes use of her body to achieve certain desires or even used as a means of seduction is analyzed through Kristeva’s scope of studying feminine body. https://ijels.com/detail/reason-and-passion-in-thomas-middleton-s-the-changeling/ Hasan Hussein Karo https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/19IJELS-101202540-Reason.pdf Vikram Seth's poetry has changed a lot over the years. At first, he used formal styles with strict rules for rhythm and rhyme. But later, he started trying out new things, like free verse and different types of poetry. This shift shows how he has grown as a poet, letting him explore deeper feelings and bigger ideas. In his newer poems, Seth pays a lot of attention to how words and their structure work together to create meaning. This shows that he keeps challenging himself as a poet and keeps finding new ways to make his poetry richer and more interesting. In Vikram Seth's poetry, he often uses traditional forms like sonnets with rhyme and meter. He tends to focus more on the beauty of nature and common things rather than himself. Even when he addresses serious topics, his writing feels light and refreshing. https://ijels.com/detail/evolving-artistic-inclinations-in-vikram-seth-s-poetry/ Geetha https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/20IJELS-102202510-Evolving.pdf Afrocentricity is an approach that aims to revitalise the conversation about African aesthetics, politics, and cultural connections. Through a process that involves revisiting and reinterpreting the works of well-known African authors, this technique challenges the long-held beliefs that Africans are backward and lack civilisation. The postmodern literary environment of the postcolonial period has enabled these authors to discover their voices and critically evaluate the limitations placed on their cultural manifestations. Africans and authors of African ancestry have been given the required motivation to break out from traditional patterns as a result of the resurrection of postcolonial literature, which was followed by the Afrocentric movement. This movement calls into question and critiques the unfavourable cultural attitudes and acts of Europeans against African people. Ultimately, Afrocentricity seeks to improve Africans' mental health on the continent and abroad. Promoting a cultural renaissance will accomplish this by recovering and redefining African identity and legacy. It is in this larger context that the present paper attempts to analyse the emergence of postcolonial dynamics shaped by social and cultural disruptions and dialectical disputes vis-à-vis the African paradigm of Afrocentrism, keeping in view the dialectical transition from colonial to postcolonial thought. https://ijels.com/detail/roots-and-resonance-the-african-paradigm-of-afrocentricism/ Narinder K. Sharma, Niharika https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/21IJELS-102202513-Roots.pdf This paper explores the therapeutic impact of literature on mental health, emphasizing its role in emotional catharsis, resilience-building, and fostering empathy. Additionally, it includes empirical data from surveys and case studies to highlight real-world applications of bibliotherapy. The findings suggest that literature can significantly contribute to mental well-being and be integrated into mental health practices. https://ijels.com/detail/the-role-of-literature-in-solving-mental-health-issues/ Arpita Chatterjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/22IJELS-10220259-TheRole.pdf Postcolonialism and ecocriticism are two significant frameworks that intersect profoundly, especially in literature and cultural studies. V.S. Naipaul’s A Bend in the River exemplifies this intersection, exploring themes of identity, colonial legacy, and environmental concerns within a postcolonial context. Naipaul intricately weaves these themes to highlight the lasting effects of colonialism on both individuals and their surroundings. His novel challenges readers to reflect on the struggles of postcolonial societies as they reconcile their histories while facing pressing ecological issues. This study examines how A Bend in the River bridges postcolonial and ecocritical perspectives. A postcolonial reading reveals the deep impact of both colonial and postcolonial forces on the ecological landscapes of formerly colonized regions. Through an ecocritical lens, the novel draws parallels between environmental exploitation and the oppression of indigenous populations, demonstrating how Naipaul intertwines ecological destruction with cultural erosion as twin legacies of imperialism. The novel portrays the complex struggle to reclaim both environmental balance and cultural identity in the aftermath of colonial rule. By linking nature’s subjugation to the marginalization of the colonized, Naipaul’s work underscores the enduring ecological consequences of imperialism and the ongoing fight for restoration. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-postcolonial-and-ecocritical-themes-in-v-s-naipaul-s-a-bend-in-the-river/ Neha Bhutkar, Dr. Sandeep P. Joshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/23IJELS-10220253-Exploring.pdf Marxism locates all forms of art within existing social conditions of economic and politics, even as it approaches the art-object as an important element within social relations through which particular meanings are standardized and held up as good taste in order to marginalize and ignore other meanings. Marxism sees this battle over meaning as reflecting a battle between dominant and oppressed sections of the society. The essence of the Marxism was undeniably the core of Karl Marx’s own intellectual trajectory throughout his life, and his friend and German philosopher Friedrich Engels brought the practice of Marxism as a concept into popularity. Marxism is inextricably associated with the idea of Capitalism where the bourgeoisie class of the society controls the means of production. The present approach of the paper is to inspect closely True History of the Kelly Gang by Peter Carey that describes the autobiographical narration of a real life Australian bushranger, Ned Kelly through the lens of Marxism with its emphasis on Capitalism. Ned Kelly wanted to write his life's historical account for his unborn daughter in order to reveal the truth and reality behind the injustices and enduring struggle that he suffered at the hand of the society. The physical existence of the Kelly family, especially Ned Kelly has been exploited by the wealthy and powerful people of the time. This study mainly aims to conceptualize Peter Carey’s True History of the Kelly Gang from a Marxist point-of-view. It proposes to understand the embedded features of Capitalism as well as different concepts associated with it in the novel True History of the Kelly Gang. https://ijels.com/detail/such-is-life-a-marxist-attempt-to-comprehend-the-injustice-and-unfairness-of-capitalism-in-peter-carey-s-true-history-of-the-kelly-gang/ Rittick Dey https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/24IJELS-102202511-Suchislife.pdf Heroes embody the essence of national spirit and serve as the catalysts for national rejuvenation. Narratives play a pivotal role in conveying heroic tales and upholding the ethos of heroism. While traditionally set in the domain of mainstream media, the responsibility of crafting and disseminating heroic narratives has increasingly shifted to social media in response to societal evolution. This study examines the innovative approaches to heroic narratives on the Chinese social media platform Bilibili. It highlights how Bilibili has transformed traditional heroic storytelling by adopting concise and concentrated narrative modes, featuring accessible and approachable narrative characters, and fostering diverse and dynamic narrative voices. These innovations underscore Bilibili’s role as a pioneering platform for re-imagining heroic storytelling in contemporary social contexts and digital environments. https://ijels.com/detail/heroic-narratives-in-chinese-social-media-a-case-study-of-bilibili/ Rong Xiao, Weining Huang https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/25IJELS-101202548-Heroic.pdf Indian English theatre, with its rich socio-political themes, has played a significant role in reflecting the cultural and political struggles of postcolonial India. One of the most prominent playwrights in this genre is Vijay Tendulkar, whose works often delve into the complexities of power, identity, and societal structures. Ghasiram Kotwal, one of his most notable plays, critiques the exploitation of the marginalized by the ruling elites and explores the dynamics of power and language within a hierarchical society. This paper explores the power dynamics and linguistic hegemony in Vijay Tendulkar's Ghasiram Kotwal through a postcolonial lens. Set in 18th-century Pune during the Peshwa rule, the play critiques both indigenous and colonial power structures by examining the rise and fall of Ghasiram, a low-caste man who gains temporary power only to be undone by the very systems he sought to control. Through the character of Nana Phadnavis, Tendulkar portrays the manipulative authority of colonial rulers, mirroring the ways in which colonial power structures were maintained through local elites. The paper focuses on how language serves as both a tool of oppression and resistance. By analyzing shifts in Ghasiram’s speech patterns as he gains and loses power, the study examines how linguistic authority reinforces social stratification. Drawing on postcolonial theories by Homi Bhabha and Ngugi wa Thiong'o, it is argued that language operates as a key instrument in the maintenance of colonial power, and its subversion becomes a site of resistance. Additionally, the paper examines the use of Brechtian techniques in Ghasiram Kotwal, where the play’s form disrupts the audience’s expectations and questions the prevailing socio-political order. Ultimately, this study highlights the continued relevance of Ghasiram Kotwal in contemporary theatre, offering insights into the intersections of power, language, and postcolonial resistance. It calls for further analysis of these themes in Indian English theatre and underscores the lasting impact of performance in shaping postcolonial identities. https://ijels.com/detail/power-dynamics-and-linguistic-legacy-in-indian-english-theatre-a-postcolonial-study-of-vijay-tendulkar-s-ghasiram-kotwal/ Prasanta Jena, Dr. Dipti Ranjan Maharana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/26IJELS-102202517-Power.pdf The term ‘sin’ not only pertains to theology and religion but also holds significance relevance in the lives of individuals. It affects the morale and behavior of every individual in society. Whether we are aware of the concept of sin or not, it is the foundation of our moral disposition. The effect of sin on one’s life is undeniable. Like the state law, its effects are sometime not readily apparent, but they are highly powerful. As an example it can be observed that despite the fact that by any law it is forbidden to through garbage in public places or monuments, but people consistently disregard this law. However there is no rule in scripture about not throwing garbage in sacred place like church, temple etc. but people usually don’t throw garbage there. It is because in their deep in consciousness there is a sense of sin and ethical value. So it may be observed that how powerful the sense of sin is in the individual’s mind. And here in this paper it is going to discuss how various kinds of sinful acts unfold through this novel. To comprehend the essence of sin, it is essential to ascertain its definition and explore its dimensions. This paper will analyze how these qualities appear through the characters in the novel of Graham Greene's The Third Man. https://ijels.com/detail/dimensions-of-sin-in-graham-greene-s-the-third-man/ Dharmendra Kumar Rana https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/27IJELS-102202516-Dimensions.pdf The Srimad Bhagavad Gita, one of the cornerstones of Indian philosophy, stands unparalleled as a psycho-spiritual and didactic masterpiece that has influenced millions over centuries. This divine dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna transcends cultural, religious, and geographical boundaries, offering profound insights into human psychology, spirituality, ethics, and the art of living. This article explores the multifaceted dimensions of the Bhagavad Gita, illustrating how it addresses psychological dilemmas, provides spiritual solace, and imparts timeless lessons for a purposeful life. Real-life examples, scientific validations, and literary influences are cited to substantiate its transformative power. Verses from the Gita are cited to substantiate its didactic and transformative essence. https://ijels.com/detail/srimad-bhagavad-gita-the-most-influential-and-unique-psycho-spiritual-didactic-literature-on-earth/ Purushattom Bhattacharjee https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/28IJELS-102202528-Srimad.pdf The present article deals with the syntactic and demographic analysis of forty genuine suicide notes collected from the greater Mumbai region. The research aims to measure grammatical and lexical choices and carry out demographic analysis of suicide notes. The primary data of forty suicide notes is collected from different session courts in the Greater Mumbai region. The notes have been anonymized to ensure privacy. An analytical model based on linguistic theories was prepared for syntactic analysis. The suicide victims exhibit certain syntactical choices under emotional load. The demographic outcomes will help to understand the problems faced by the urban population and will help the Government to recommend policies. The noted observations can be used for systematic analysis of suicide notes. https://ijels.com/detail/syntactic-and-demographic-analysis-of-suicide-notes-in-greater-mumbai/ Dr. Leena Potdar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/29IJELS-102202523-Syntactic.pdf This article explores the pervasive themes of surveillance and control in George Orwell’s dystopian masterpiece, “1984”. Written in the aftermath of World War II, Orwell’s novel is a dire warning against the dangers of totalitarian regimes. Through an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms employed by the Party, such as telescreens, the Thought Police, and the linguistic manipulation of Newspeak, this study reveals how Orwell portrays a society stripped of privacy, individuality, and truth. The psychological impacts of these control mechanisms on the populace are examined, illustrating the profound effects of constant surveillance and propaganda on human behavior and thought. Furthermore, the article connects Orwell’s insights to contemporary issues, highlighting the parallels between the fictional world of Oceania and current societal trends in mass surveillance, data privacy, and information manipulation. By drawing on examples from modern technology and political practices, the relevance of Orwell’s warnings in today’s world is underscored. Through this comprehensive examination, the article seeks to deepen the understanding of Orwell’s critique of totalitarianism and its implications for preserving democratic principles and individual freedoms in the face of increasing technological and political control. https://ijels.com/detail/surveillance-and-control-in-george-orwell-s-1984-a-critical-insight/ Rashmi S Patil https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/30IJELS-101202541-Surveillance.pdf Writing skills are one of the undeveloped abilities among students in learning English. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of LAS (Learning Activity Sheets) in scaffolding the Grade 12 HUMSS students' writing skills. A true experimental design with randomized pretest and posttest was used, involving forty (40) students. The data was collected using the survey questionnaire and prewriting and post-writing activities and was analyzed using mean, standard deviation, percentage, and t-test. The findings revealed that LAS quality was high, with adequate pre- and post-writing skills in both control and experimental groups. The experimental group (using LAS scaffolding) exhibited significant improvement in content, structure, organization, vocabulary, grammar, and mechanics, and the control group (conventional approach) showed notable progress. The mean gain ratings for writing skills do not differ significantly between the two groups. This study concluded that the LAS quality is high and provides sufficient standard requirements that are relevant and acceptable for enhancing students' writing skills. Students' writing activities possessed good content, vocabulary, and mechanics skills. https://ijels.com/detail/learning-activity-sheets-in-scaffolding-the-students-writing-skills-in-english/ Joy C. Rodriguez, Adrian V. Protacio https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/31IJELS-102202524-Learning.pdf The 21st century saw significant growth and adoption of technology into the field of education. The educational sector was gradually embracing digitalization and Web 2.0. Nearly all across the world, tools like language applications, online learning software, virtual tutoring, and video conferencing were becoming a component of the academic curriculum. Despite technological advancements in the education sector Third-world nations like India were falling behind and were hesitant to venture into this brand-new field of educational technology. However, the world turned upside down with the outbreak of COVID 19, it forced the entire world to change in many different ways. Clearly education world was not ready to shift from the traditional system to the online mode, the shift was sudden, unplanned, and the teachers did not get time for preparation or training. One cannot deny that the world is not the same ever since, such an event has caused lasting impression on the world. Hence, it is now essential to give technology the attention it deserves and to implement approaches like blended learning as a fundamental component of learning and teaching in the current educational system. The Indian government has been effective in identifying this need. Thus, giving birth to the New National Education Policy (NEP 2020). The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) is a comprehensive policy framework for the future trajectory of education in India. Since the National Policy on Education (NPE) of 1986, it is India's first comprehensive education policy. An extensive change of India's educational system is envisioned by NEP 2020, with a focus on online and blended learning in particular. Thus, this paper aims to discuss Blended Pedagogy in the Light of National Education Policy of India (2020) and to conduct a detailed review and analysis of UGC’s Concept Note on Blended Mode of Teaching and Learning. https://ijels.com/detail/blended-pedagogy-in-the-light-of-national-education-policy-of-india-2020-a-detailed-analysis-of-ugc-s-concept-note-on-blended-mode-of-teaching-and-learning/ Soniya Tufail Khan https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/32IJELS-102202544-Blended.pdf The rich intangible heritage of India encapsulated in its oral traditions has played a significant role in preserving the knowledge of ages. The Pañcatantra and Hitopadesha, being two of the most celebrated and widely acknowledged collections of fables, present a handful of ancient wisdom that is universal in many ways. This paper offers a comparative study between the Pañcatantra and Hitopadesha. The study considers the structural, pedagogical, thematic, and historical aspects for the comparison. The Pañcatantra was composed somewhere around the 3rd Century BCE and Hitopadesha in the 9th – 10th Century CE. The study explores the overlapping thematic areas in both texts and highlights the purpose of crafted stories. The paper presents the context specificity in the texts within the Indian cultural and pedagogical traditions, evaluating the enduring relevance of the fables in the contemporary education system. Drawing on original Sanskrit verses, the study reinforces the potential of ancient wisdom to offer solutions to problems pertaining to governance, diplomacy, ethical conduct, etc. It is further emphasized that the modern education system, in line with its vision for holistic development, must consider the incorporation of ancient wisdom. Furthermore, future research in the fields related to Indian Knowledge Systems is the need of the hour. https://ijels.com/detail/storytelling-traditions-in-indian-knowledge-systems-a-comparative-study-of-pa-catantra-and-hitopadesha/ Dr. Mohit Sharma, Dr. Nikita Balhara https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/33IJELS-102202533-Storytelling.pdf This paper investigates three female characters from Partition literature, focusing on their resistance strategies: Mallika from Manik Bandopadhyay’s Final Solution, Jameela from Krishna Sobti’s Zindaginama, and Amma from Bapsi Sidhwa’s Ice-Candy Man. It attempts to delineate the patriarchy and social rejection that these women are put through by looking at them through the lens of resistance theory, more specifically, postcolonial and feminist lenses. The characters face extreme hurdles, but these form of agency like Mallika’s violent rebellion, Jameela’s quiet endurance, and Amma’s moral defiance, show that everyone can yield different answers to the same challenge. These responses outline a reality in which women are not static figures that historical trauma shatters, but perform dynamic acts of resistance that situationally emerge. https://ijels.com/detail/final-solution-s-mallika-zindaginama-s-jameela-and-ice-candy-man-s-amma-comparing-them-through-resistance-theory/ Hardeep Kaur https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/34IJELS-102202529-Final.pdf This paper explores the concept of multiculturalism in the novels of Paulo Coelho. Coelho, as a literary phenomenon, transcends his culture of origin, establishing a deep connection with readers worldwide through what has been termed his “universal language” (Damrosch 197). The study examines the rhetorical narrative appeal of Coelho's works and delves into his cognitive theory on how readers from various cultural backgrounds, genres, and age groups resonate with his narratives. His works often feature cosmopolitan characters who embody a globally inclusive mindset, reflecting a hybrid cultural nexus between the author and his diverse readership. This cultural blending, in turn, has propelled Coelho to sell over 350 million copies of his books, translated into more than 80 languages. The remarkable global reach of his works raises intriguing questions about how a Brazilian author, writing in Portuguese, can so deeply resonate with individuals across the world. Through his novels, Coelho has constructed a cultural bridge that transcends national borders, embodying a multifaceted, multicultural approach to both reading and writing. https://ijels.com/detail/the-role-of-cultural-identity-and-globalization-in-paulo-coelho-s-fiction/ K. Syed Abthaheer, M. Arunachalam https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/35IJELS-102202532-TheRole.pdf This paper examines the portrayal of women in R.K. Narayan’s The Vendor of Sweets and The Guide, analyzing how female characters navigate and challenge patriarchal expectations in postcolonial India. Focusing on Ambika, Grace, and Rosie, the study explores how each character negotiates identity, agency, and cultural transformation. Ambika embodies silent resilience within traditional frameworks, Grace disrupts societal norms through modern assertiveness, and Rosie reclaims autonomy through artistic expression. By employing feminist and postcolonial perspectives, this paper argues that Narayan’s narratives do not merely depict gender roles but actively interrogate the evolving dynamics of female subjectivity and self- determination. Through these nuanced representations, the novels highlight the tensions between tradition and modernity, social conformity and individual agency, ultimately offering a critical lens on the changing roles of women in Indian society. https://ijels.com/detail/influence-and-reflection-nuanced-portrayals-of-women-in-the-vendor-of-sweets-and-the-guide-by-r-k-narayan/ Nidhi Sharma, Dr. Anil Kumar Jaiswal https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/36IJELS-101202548-Influence.pdf This paper analyzes Julia Kristeva's idea of intertextuality and its transformative effect on scholarly investigation. By investigating how Kristeva's hypothesis reshapes our understanding of content connections, the ponder highlights its suggestions for scholarly feedback and literary thoughts. The paper advances explores how intertextuality impacts basic hones and peruser engagement with texts. https://ijels.com/detail/the-concept-of-intertextuality-in-julia-kristeva-s-hypothesis/ Dr. Minakshi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/37IJELS-101202551-TheConcept.pdf Mastery of English grammar plays a pivotal role in the development of effective writing skills. This paper provides a theoretical exploration of how grammatical competence influences written communication, focusing on its impact on clarity, coherence, precision, and stylistic expression. Drawing from linguistic theories, pedagogical frameworks, and scholarly insights, the study emphasizes grammar as not merely a set of prescriptive rules but as a foundational element that shapes a writer's ability to construct meaning. It critically examines the interplay between grammar instruction and writing proficiency, highlighting the cognitive and communicative dimensions of writing. Furthermore, the paper investigates how an understanding of grammatical structures enhances syntactic variety and textual cohesion, thus empowering learners to express complex ideas more effectively. https://ijels.com/detail/the-role-of-english-grammar-in-developing-writing-skills-a-theoretical-perspective/ Mehreen Andleeb, Aicha Tasra, Sabiha Khatoon, Darakhshan Mazhar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/38IJELS-101202575-TheRole.pdf This paper examines the theme of cultural struggle in Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel The Namesake (2003), focusing on the identity conflicts experienced by Indian immigrants and their American-born children. Through the lens of Gogol Ganguli’s personal journey, the novel presents the complexity of negotiating between inherited Bengali traditions and contemporary American life. The analysis highlights major themes such as naming, belonging, generational conflict, and diasporic dislocation. Drawing upon both textual analysis and scholarly criticism, this study argues that Lahiri uses Gogol’s name and life choices to symbolize the broader immigrant dilemma of cultural hybridity. Ultimately, the novel suggests that integration of cultural identities is possible, but only through self-awareness and reconciliation with one's heritage. https://ijels.com/detail/cultural-struggle-in-jhumpa-lahiri-s-the-namesake/ Dr. Meenu Kumari https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/39IJELS-101202584-Cultural.pdf This case study presents a socio-economic analysis of Baroda village, located in the Sonipat district of Haryana, based on detailed fieldwork conducted among 100 households comprising 245 respondents. The study aims to evaluate the demographic profile, occupational structure, educational attainment, income levels, housing conditions, access to basic amenities, and social dynamics prevalent within the village community. Data collection was carried out using structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews, ensuring representation across various age groups, genders, and social categories. The analysis reveals that agriculture remains the primary occupation for a significant portion of the population, with increasing dependence on non-farm activities such as labor work, private services, and small-scale businesses. A noticeable shift towards urban employment among the youth was observed, driven by limited returns in agriculture and educational aspirations. The literacy rate among respondents is at a moderate level, with notable disparities in education between males and females. Although most households possess basic amenities like electricity and drinking water, access to sanitation, healthcare, and higher education remains inadequate. Caste-based social stratification influences land ownership patterns and employment opportunities, highlighting socio-economic inequality within the village. The study concludes that while Baroda exhibits gradual socio-economic transformation, it still grapples with structural issues such as gender disparity, limited employment diversification, and unequal access to resources. Recommendations include policy interventions focusing on education, skill development, and rural infrastructure to ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the village. This case study contributes to understanding the micro-level dynamics of rural Haryana and aids in grassroots planning. https://ijels.com/detail/exploring-rural-livelihoods-and-social-structures-a-socio-economic-analysis-of-baroda-village-of-sonipat-district/ Pushpender https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/40IJELS-10120258-Exploring.pdf This study presents a geographic analysis of migrant agricultural workers in the Sonipat district of Haryana, aiming to understand their distribution, origin, and role in the agricultural economy. Migration for agricultural labor has emerged as a significant socio-economic phenomenon in India, driven by regional inequalities in employment opportunities, income levels, and agricultural development. The research is based on primary data collected through field surveys and interviews with migrant laborers across various blocks during critical agricultural seasons such as wheat harvesting, rice sowing, and sugarcane cutting. The data highlights that a large proportion of migrant agricultural laborers in Sonipat originate from the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and a few from Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. These migrants are unevenly distributed across the district, with the highest concentration found in blocks like Sonipat, Gohana, and Ganaur. The findings suggest that the demand for labor in Haryana’s highly productive agriculture sector, characterized by double cropping and labor-intensive farming, has created a strong pull factor for migrant workers from less developed states. At the same time, push factors in the migrants’ home states, including unemployment, poverty, and limited land access, compel them to seek seasonal work. While these migrant workers play a crucial role in sustaining the agricultural operations of the region, they often face issues such as a lack of social security, job insecurity, and poor living conditions. This study highlights the importance of addressing the challenges faced by migrant laborers while acknowledging their vital contributions to rural agricultural development. https://ijels.com/detail/geographical-analysis-of-migrant-agricultural-workers-in-sonipat-district-haryana/ Amandeep Gahlawat https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/41IJELS-101202543-Geographical.pdf Zadie Smith's novel, White Teeth, stands as an exciting and keen exploration of cultural identity, migration, and the complexities of multicultural existence in late 20th-century London. This paper argues that Smith's central cultural theme revolves around the dynamic tension between cultural inheritance and adaptation, the construction of hybrid identities, and the persistent, often fraught, compromise of belonging within a diverse, postcolonial capital. Through the interconnected lives of the Jones and Iqbal families – Archie, the characteristically indecisive Englishman; Clara, his Jamaican wife; Samad, the fiercely traditional Bengali Muslim; Alsana, his pragmatic cousin/wife; and their second-generation children Irie, Millat, and Magid – Smith meticulously dissects the promises and drawbacks of multiculturalism. The novel foregrounds hybridity not a smooth but proved to be a chaotic ongoing process. Characters struggling with the weight of history, religion, and national origin, trying to reconcile parental expectations with the realities of contemporary British life. Smith exposes the generational conflicts that arise as children navigate between ancestral roots and the dominant culture, often forging new, syncretic identities that defy easy classification. At the same time, White Teeth offers a sharp critique of simplistic multicultural ideologies, revealing how concepts of "Englishness" and "otherness" are constructed. Smith employs irony, humor, and expansive narrative scope to demonstrate that cultural identity is inherently fluid, performative, and shaped by chance encounters, historical accidents and the relentless passage of time itself. Thus, this paper contends that Smith's profound cultural theme in White Teeth presents multicultural London not as a harmonious quite place, but as a vibrant, chaotic space where identities are constantly remade, traditions are both preserved and overthrown, and the quest for belonging remains a complex, and difficult human struggle. The novel suggests that true understanding lies in embracing the chaos and living with cultural coexistence, symbolized by the shared, imperfect humanity represented in the "white teeth" of its diverse characters. https://ijels.com/detail/zadie-smith-s-white-teeth-a-literary-milestone-of-multiculturalism-identity-and-belonging/ Maha Samih Alanbagi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/42IJELS-101202557-Zadie.pdf This review article examines the persistent barriers and emerging breakthroughs for women in Indian electoral politics, drawing on historical, social, economic, and institutional perspectives. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality, women have historically been underrepresented in legislative bodies, facing multifaceted obstacles including patriarchal norms, economic disparities, and party gatekeeping. The article traces the evolution from pre-independence feminist movements to contemporary reforms like the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which mandated reservations in local governance, and the stalled Women's Reservation Bill. A detailed literature review and analysis of empirical data highlight incremental progress, such as increased voter turnout among women and the rise of female leaders in state assemblies. Comparative tables illustrate disparities across elections, states, and policy impacts. Ultimately, the article argues for holistic strategies to dismantle structural inequalities and foster genuine gender parity in India's democracy. https://ijels.com/detail/barriers-and-breakthroughs-for-women-in-indian-electoral-politics/ Gopinath Choudhury https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/43IJELS-101202598-Barriers.pdf