https://ijels.com/Open Access international Journal to publish research paperen-usDecember 2 Language is an art that helps to exhibit one’s longings, expectations, thoughts, ideas and suggestions through the process of communication. Communication is basically an exchange of information and is a social skill. Language learning is acquisition of skills whereas subject learning is acquiring knowledge on the subject. Subject knowledge is acquired through language skills. Skills cannot be taught. It has to be practiced. There are various methods of learning a language. The possible way of English language learning is that of learning in a classroom. Classroom teaching and learning process does not yield proper result. This is because of disinterestedness of students and teacher’s way of teaching English language as a grammatical subject. The best way of solving the problem is to involve the learners and get interested in what is being taught. The different methodologies such as technology based, activity based, outcome based teaching and learning are practiced at present. The methodologies and the teaching sources should cater to the needs and interests of the learners. The prime aim is to enhance the skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. To master these skills, one should know grammar. But it is quite evident to see the second language learners stumbling a lot to internalize the grammatical rules. This paper aims at proposing an innovative and interest-oriented language teaching and learning technique which specifies the wants and needs of the learners in terms of grammar, vocabulary, functions, notions and applications. This priori approach is introduced through integration of skills. The basics of grammar are very much needed to make communication self-expressive. When learners are given such activities it kindles the spirit of involvement and motivates them to comprehend the grammatical rules easily. The activities proposed in this paper certainly do accelerate interest and remain as an effective and successful practice serving the purpose. https://ijels.com/detail/interest-oriented-language-teaching-and-learning-through-integration-of-skills/ Dr. A. Tamilselvi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/1 IJELS-NOV-2016-1-Interest Oriented Language Teaching and Learning through Integration of Skills.pdf This paper examines language processing in the human brain and, more specifically, what happens to spoken language when certain areas of the brain are damaged. Language processing is what takes place whenever we understand or produce speech; a normal task, but one of extraordinary complexity, whose mysteries have baffled some of the greatest minds across the centuries. https://ijels.com/detail/processing-language-via-brain/ Alaa L. Alnajm https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/2 IJELS-NOV-2016-3-Processing Language via Brain.pdf This paper examines the different narrative structures used by the popular Nigerian literary artist, Wole Soyinka in his novel, The Interpreters. The choice of this topic is prompted by the opinion of many critics that Wole Soyinka is a difficult writer and that this particular novel is difficult to understand on account of its language. Thus the paper usingan eclectic linguistic approach selected some texts for analysis. The result shows that the author uses narrative structures that taskthe linguistic knowledge of the readers. It discovers that Soyinka’s background as a poet and playwright impacts much on the narrative structure of his novel. The paper thus concludes that the three literary genres: narrative fiction, drama and poetry can find expressions in one another within the hands of a skillful writer. It thus recommends that readers and critics alike should not rush into passing judgments on writers without exhausting the linguistic backgrounds that gave rise to such literary creations. https://ijels.com/detail/a-linguistic-examination-of-different-narrative-structures-in-soyinka-s-the-interpreters/ Innocent E. Agu https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/3 IJELS-NOV-2016-7-A Linguistic Examination of Different Narrative Structures in Soyinka’s the Interpreters.pdf “Borderline”, a play by Hanif Kureishi, portrays the multi-cultural society of Britain from a variety of perspectives and illustrates the difficulties and disadvantages of ethnic minories in a society. However, the play does not reflect the situation only from the perspective of the minorities; it tries to compare and contrast all the possible contrary perceptions in order to offer different perspectives. In the play, Kureishi attempts to lay bare the determining influence of cultural baggage on one’s understanding of other people and events. This paper aims to illustrate how the characters in the play are shaped by their cultures and what kind of difficulties they experience because of the gap between the dominant culture of the host country and the minority cultures in that society. https://ijels.com/detail/an-analysis-of-the-disadvantaged-position-of-ethnic-minorities-in-kureishi-s-borderline/ Ebru Ceker https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/4 IJELS-NOV-2016-2-An Analysis of the Disadvantaged Position of Ethnic Minorities in Kureishi’s “Borderline”.pdf The international insertion of African states both in economic and political realms has redefined Africa’s relations in the international system. Africa’s role in international trade negotiations, military and humanitarian intervention and other forms of bilateral discussions has increased over time. Africa has been able to metamorphose from what The Economist tagged ‘the hopeless continent’ to ‘a rising continent’. It is against this background that this paper critically appraises Africa’s inspiring change through comprehensive political and socio-economic reforms driven by the shared values of ownership, leadership and partnerships, based on the AU vision of an integrated, forward-looking, prosperous, dynamic and peaceful Africa in the global arena. This paper examines Africa’s transition from a continent aimlessly dependent on Europe for survival; EurAfrique to that which is able to enter into mutual partnership with Europe with both the former and latter operating at par; Afro-Europa. Afro-Europeans is used on the model of African Americans by associations and movements militating in favor of equal opportunities for black, mixed-race and mulatto people from overseas territories and Europe. The paper also assesses the contending issues currently bedeviling EU-Africa partnership and further explores what hope there is for the revered partnership. The paper however concludes that Europe and Africa who have a common interest in maintaining a balanced and dynamic global partnership, despite their different situations, have to face the same challenge: promoting a model of economic growth that is both sustainable, inclusive and generates jobs. https://ijels.com/detail/africa-in-international-system-from-eurafrique-to-afro-europa/ AKINYETUN, Tope Shola https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/5 IJELS-N0V-2016-4-Africa in International System_ From Eurafrique to Afro-Europa.pdf Post-colonial Africa has witnessed intermittent and endemic upsurge in chieftaincy disputes, which obviously raises variety of security challenges, which are major setbacks to national development. However, any serious study or analyses of chieftaincy disputes in Africa must necessarily be situated within the context of the post-colonial political economy of most African states. Historically, before the advent of colonial rule, land in Africa had no much economic value, however, with the integration of Africa into the world capitalists system during the colonial period, land which was in most cases under the custodian of traditional rulers became a valuable commodity. Besides, the admixture of colonial and post-colonial native systems produced a cumulous of contradictions in the transfer of land and chieftaincy rights and this resulted in complex and sensitive disputes, sometimes capable of paralysing national security. What are the problems associated with land tenure system and what are its intersections with chieftaincy disputes in Nigeria? How can we possibly explain these disputes in the development of Nigeria? This paper attempts to explore and interrogate the political economy of chieftaincy disputes in Nigeria in general and central Nigeria in particular. Drawing on some lessons from north central Nigeria, the paper would show how these disputes have impacted negatively on the region and suggests the way forward. Our analysis shall be essentially historical, employing both descriptive narrative and empirical tools in analysing the subject matter. https://ijels.com/detail/the-political-economy-of-land-and-chieftaincy-disputes-in-contemporary-africa-examples-from-central-nigeria/ Patrick I. Ukase, Victoria One Abraham https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/6 IJELS-NOV-2016-9-The Political Economy of Land and Chieftaincy Disputes in Contemporary Africa_ Examples from Central Nigeria.pdf The paper examines the pragmatic considerations that affect Yiri’s linguistic choices in the literary text being studied, the politeness strategies employed by the author in the text and how these politeness strategies are used to advance the discourse goals of the text: Blindness of the Mind. The study is anchored in Leech’s (1983) Politeness Theory. A qualitative research design is employed. Six extracts are selected from the text using non-random purposive sampling and subjected to textual analysis. The data are limited to three illocutionary acts that occasion the application of Politeness: rejecting offers, advising, and rebuking. The findings reveal that the lexical and syntactic choices made in the text are often motivated by pragmatic considerations of politeness. The politeness strategies employed in the text are predominantly negative consisting in hedging via indirectness, anecdotes, wordiness, conditionals, pragmatic particles and metaphor. These strategies are ushered in as mitigating and face saving devices to weaken the illocutionary force of the utterances and enable the speaker to conceal his real communicative intention by polite obliquity. The study concludes that the effective manipulation of these politeness strategies is instrumental to the fulfillment of the discourse goals of the text. https://ijels.com/detail/a-pragmatic-reading-of-pusonnam-yiri-s-blindness-of-the-mind-focus-on-politeness-strategies-employed-in-the-text/ Chinelo J. Ezekulie, Dr. Chinyere Henrietta Maduabuchi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/7 IJELS-NOV-2016-11-A Pragmatic Reading of Pusonnam Yiri’s Blindness of the Mind_ Focus on Politeness Strategies Employed in the Text.pdf Zuru Emirate is one of the four existing emirates in Kebbi States, Nigeria. Within the emirate, Fakkawa are mostly found in Fakai Local Government. Because of the prevalence of traditional belief system among the Fakkawa up to the early 20th century and limited literature on the development of Islam in the area, people outside region still look at Fakkawa as traditionalists, which is not the case. Traders and Muslim scholars played important roles in the spread of Islam among the Fakkawa. Also important were the roles of Muslim organizations principally the Jama’atul Izalatil Bid’ah Wa Ikamatis Sunnah. This organization contributed significantly towards the spread of Islam and development of Islamic education among the Fakkawa. Consequently, the traditional belief system has been in a state of decline in the area. Data obtained from books, dissertations and thesis, and through oral interviews, were studied, analysed and corroborated. https://ijels.com/detail/a-history-of-islam-among-the-fakkawa-of-zuru-emirate-1910-2015/ Yusuf Abdullahi https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/8 IJELS-NOV-2016-5-A History of Islam among the Fakkawa of Zuru Emirate, 1910-2015.pdf R. S. Thomas (1913-2000) abounded with antinomies: a passionate advocate of Welsh nationalism he wrote in English; a man of devout faith who all his life experienced the elusiveness of God; an undemonstrative man he composed the most tender elegies for his wife; a poet who hardly ever left the narrow confines of north Wales but who at his death was hailed as a major European poet. He is known for his strong nationalism, his strong dislike for the English “colonizing” Wales, and his intense desire for Wales to have an independent national identity. Objective— The main objective of this research paper is to evaluate the unexplored, less known and sometimes unpredictable poet R S Thomas termed as “one of the major English language and European poets of the 20th century”. The most appropriate perspective for the study of Thomas’s works may perhaps be to view him as an Anglo-Welsh writer. https://ijels.com/detail/element-of-universality-in-the-poems-of-r-s-thomas-an-insight-into-his-work-and-life/ Anamika Sharma https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/9 IJELS-NOV-2016-12-R. S. Thomas The Infinite Quest for Welsh Identity.pdf Raina has been portrayed as one of the major characters in the play Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw. Raina was fascinated towards love and gradually her sense of love got changed because of her psychological issue. In this paper i would like to exhibit the character Raina’s mental condition through the psychoanalytical explanation of Sigmund Freud.To analyse Arms and the Man, most of the researchers used the psychoanalytical approach and qualitative method. Therefore the researchers did attempt to analysis the character of Raina after using the defense contrivance. In this way i have intended to analysis the psychological condition of Raina step by step. First of all the analysis will begin with Id, Ego, Superego, anxiety and at last her defense contrivance.George Bernard Shaw actually proved that in the attributes of Raina there were the presence of idea and reality and secondly the anxiety based on the conflicts between Id, Ego, Superego therefore this major and phenomenal character did generate defense contrivance regarding her changing attitudes towards love. https://ijels.com/detail/raina-petkoff-s-changing-attitudes-towards-love-a-study-of-her-defense-contrivance-based-on-psychoanalytical-analysis/ Farhana Haque https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/10 IJELS-NOV-2016-13-Raina Petkoff’s Changing Attitudes towards Love_ A Study of Her Defense Contrivance Based on Psychoanalytical Analysis.pdf Ashok Malhotra's “Making British Indian Fictions, 1772–1823"(2012) provides a captivating and insightful examination of a pivotal period in literary history, exploring the dynamic interplay between British literary traditions and India as a construct under the backdrop of colonialism. It looks at the changing relationship between the colonizer and colonized by examining the India narratives (plays, novels and poetry) as historical documents. It examines British literature and locates how it was influenced by the Indo-British cultural encounter and critically analyses representations and misrepresentations of India. https://ijels.com/detail/unravelling-the-tapestry-of-literary-encounters-a-comprehensive-review-of-ashok-malhotra-s-making-british-indian-fictions-1772-1823/ Sulipta Tarafdar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/11 IJELS-NOV-2016-19-Unravelling.pdf William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar offers a profound examination of rhetoric, persuasion, and political manipulation, revealing how language becomes a weapon capable of shaping public opinion and determining the fate of the Roman Republic. This paper investigates oratory as both an art of persuasion and a device of deception, focusing on logical fallacies, emotional appeals, and manipulative reasoning embedded in the play’s most pivotal scenes. By analyzing the contrasting rhetorical styles of Brutus and Mark Antony through Aristotelian and modern discourse theory, this article demonstrates Shakespeare’s nuanced grasp of classical rhetoric and its enduring ethical dilemmas. Julius Caesar ultimately exposes the fragility of democracy when spectacle overtakes reason, foregrounding the transformative—and destructive—potential of political language. https://ijels.com/detail/words-as-weapons-the-power-of-oratory-and-logical-fallacies-in-shakespeare-s-julius-caesar/ B. K. Mohan Kumar https://ijels.com/upload_document/issue_files/12 IJELS-NOV-2016-27-Words.pdf